Chapter 17: Ecosystems



|Ecology Essential Question. |How do roles of biotic and abiotic factors influence the ecosystem? |

| |Abiotic factors are the nonliving factors in an ecosystem. These factors play a vital role in the |

| |ecosystem. Biotic factors, living, depend on the abiotic factors. They both determine where an |

| |organism can live. They also determine how much a population can grow. |

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| |Ecology = the study of the interactions among organisms and their environment |

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| |Abiotic factors are the nonliving parts of the environment. |

| |Examples are: sunlight, temperature, rainfall, air, soil, earthquakes |

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| |Biotic factors are living things in an environment. |

| |Examples are: parasitism, disease, predators, prey |

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| |Organization levels of the environment. |

| |Species- a group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring |

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| |Population- group of organisms, all of the same species, which interbreed and live in the same are. |

| |Ex: all the turtles in Town Lake |

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| |Community- a collection of different populations that live together |

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| |Ecosystem- a collection of interacting populations and their physical surroundings (abiotic factors)|

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| |Biomes- a group of ecosystem with the same climate and dominant communities |

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| |Biosphere- the part of the earth where life exists including land, water, and air |

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| |Habitat v. Niche: |

| |Habitat- place here an organism lives |

| |Lots of organism have the same habitat |

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| |Niche- role and position a species has in its environment |

| |Organism want a unique niche |

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| |Symbiotic relationships: |

| |Symbiosis is the permanent relationship between 2 different organisms. |

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| |Mutualism: when both organism benefit from each other |

| |Ex: clownfish and sea anemone, flower and bee |

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| |Commensalism: one organism benefits, the other is not helped or harmed |

| |Ex: pilot fish and shark (fish eats scraps from sharks food) |

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| |Parasitism: one organisms benefits, the other is harmed |

| |Ex: tapeworms, ticks |

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| |Predator/Prey relationship: |

| |Predator- an animal that feeds on another animal |

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| |Prey- that animal that is killed and eaten |

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| |Population Growth: |

| |Logistic Growth- (S-curve) population that plateaus dues to a limiting factor. Logistical |

| |(restricted) growth |

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| |Exponential Growth- (J-curve) population that continuously grows (bottom picture) no limiting |

| |factors. Exponential population growth |

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| |Limiting Factors= any environmental factor that limit the size of a population. There are 2 kinds. |

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| |Density-Dependent: limit the growth of a population when the pop. gets to a certain size. |

| |-Competition: when a population gets big, organisms compete for available resources |

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| |-Predation: if the predator population becomes too large, there will not be enough prey to support |

| |it |

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| |Density-Independent: limit the growth of a population regardless of its size |

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| |Carrying capacity-the largest population that a given environment can support of a long period of |

| |time. Referenced or known as value K |

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| |Ecological Cycles: |

| |Carbon-the cycling of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere through the land and back. The processes |

| |of photosynthesis and aerobic respiration had balance this cycle. However human impact through the |

| |burning of fossil fuels has led to an increase in amount of CO2 in the atmosphere. The excess CO2 |

| |is known as the greenhouse gases has increased Earth’s temperatures. (Climate Change/Global |

| |Warming) |

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| |Water-the cycling of water from the atmosphere down to Earth and back to the atmosphere. This cycle |

| |is driven by solar energy. |

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| |Nitrogen-the cycling of nitrogen from the Earth to the atmosphere and back. The addition of |

| |fertilizers and burning of fossil fuels have unbalanced the cycle. The excess of nitrogen in our |

| |waters leads to restriction of oxygen transport in the bloodstream. |

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| |Oxygen-the cycling of oxygen from the atmosphere and back. This is controlled by photosynthesis and|

| |aerobic respiration just like the carbon cycle. |

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| |Review Questions: |

| |Which of the following is a symbiotic relationship where both organisms benefit? |

| |a. mutualism |

| |b. commensalism |

| |c. altruism |

| |d. competition |

| |Which of the following pairs of animals are most likely to have a predator-prey relationship? |

| |a. dog and tapeworm |

| |b. buffalo and tickbird |

| |c. spider and fly |

| |d. whale and barnacle |

| |Some species of shark allow small fish to enter their mouths without eating them. Inside the mouth, |

| |the small fish feed on debris around the teeth. The sharks get their teeth cleaned, which reduces |

| |the risk of decay and infection. Which term best categorizes this relationship? |

| |a. predation |

| |b. mutualism |

| |c. commensalism |

| |d. parasitism |

| |Which of the following is a density-dependent limitation on population growth? |

| |a. wildfire |

| |b. competition |

| |c. unlimited nutrients |

| |d. severe drought |

| |Which cycle is responsible for the increase in the Earth’s atmospheric temperatures? |

| |a. Water |

| |b. Nitrogen |

| |c. Carbon |

| |d. Oxygen |

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