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McKay, et. al. 11e, Chapter 24 – Study Guide

The West and the World (ca. 1815-1914)

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I contend that we are the first race in the world, and that the more of the world we inhabit the better it is for the human race...If there be a God, I think that what he would like me to do is paint as much of the map of Africa British Red as possible. -Cecil Rhodes

CHAPTER SUMMARY

We live in a world today, in which the consequences of nineteenth-century Western imperialism are still being felt. By about 1914 Western civilization reached the high point of its long-standing global expansion. This expansion in this period took many forms. There was, first of all, economic expansion. Europeans invested large sums of money abroad, building railroads and ports, mines and plantations, factories and public utilities. Trade between nations grew greatly, and a world economy developed. Between 1750 and 1900 the gap in income disparities between industrialized Europe and America and the rest of the world grew at an astounding rate. Part of this was due, first, to a rearrangement of land use that accompanied Western colonialism and to Western success in preventing industrialization in areas Westerners saw as markets for their manufactured goods.

European economic expansion was very often peaceful, but Europeans (and Americans) were also quite willing to force isolationist nations such as China and Japan to throw open their doors to Westerners. Second, millions of Europeans migrated abroad. The pressure of poverty and overpopulation in rural areas encouraged this migration, but once in the United States and Australia, European settlers passed laws to prevent similar mass migration from Asia.

A third aspect of Western expansion was that European states established vast political empires, mainly in Africa but also in Asia. This “new imperialism” occurred primarily between 1880 and 1900, when European governments scrambled frantically for territory. White people came, therefore, to rule millions of black and brown people in Africa and Asia. The causes of the new imperialism are still hotly debated. Competition for trade, superior military force, European power politics and a racist belief in European superiority were among the most important. Some Europeans bitterly criticized imperialism as a betrayal of Western ideals of freedom and equality.

Western imperialism produced various reactions in Africa and Asia. The first response was simply to try to drive the foreigners away. The general failure of this traditionalist response then led large masses to accept European rule, which did bring some improvements. A third response was the modernist response of Western-educated natives, who were repelled by Western racism and attracted by Western ideals of national independence and economic progress. Thus, imperialism and reactions to it spread Western civilization to non-Western lands.

INDUSTRIALIZATION AND THE WORLD ECONOMY (24.1)

Before you read:

How do you believe the opening of the Panama and Suez Canals will affect world trade? Who will benefit most? The least?

Terms to Know:

Neo-Europes

Qing or Manchu Dynasty

Opium Wars

Commodore Perry

Colonel Ahmed Arabi

While you read:

1- How large was the income gap between industrializing and non-industrializing regions? What was the cause of this gap?

2- What factors speeded up intercontinental trade in the late nineteenth century? Where did most of the foreign investments in this period go?

3- What were the motives of both the British merchants and the Chinese government in the opium wars of 1839-1842 and 1856-1860?

4- Khedive Ismail once said, “My country in no longer in Africa; we now form part of Europe.” What did he mean?

After you read:

1- What characterized China's trade with Europe in the centuries before the Industrial Revolution?

It had no significant trade ties with Europe.

It imported European goods and exported silver and gold.

It sent more goods and inventions to Europe than it received.

It was Europe's main source of raw materials.

2- Which region increased its wealth and power relative to the rest of the world in the nineteenth century?

Asia

Europe

Africa

Latin America

Primary Source- Lin Zexu and Yamagata Aritomo on Western Imperialism (24.1)

1- According to Lin, why did China move against the drug trade, and why should Queen Victoria help?

2- What measures does Yamagata advocate? Why? What lessons does he draw from Europe?

GLOBAL MIGRATION AROUND 1900 (24.2)

Before you read:

In your opinion, what forces would be powerful enough to drive people to leave their native lands?

Terms to Know:

Global Mass Migration

“Swallows”

Nativism

While you read:

1- What were some of the differences in migration patterns among the various European states? Why was migration from Italy so heavy?

2- Where did the European migrants go? Why did the migrants leave? What was the primary factor causing some to return?

After you read:

1- What happened to most Chinese immigrants to Cuba?

They spent most of their lives as virtual slaves.

They bought land and started their own farms.

They opened small shops and businesses.

They travelled back and forth to China on an annual basis.

Living In The Past- The Immigrant Experience (24.2)

1- Why did so many Europeans make the difficult and dangerous transatlantic trip to the US?

2- What were the concerns of the US immigration officials as the new arrivals showed up? Did they treat them fairly?

WESTERN IMPERIALISM 1880-1914 (24.3)

Before you read:

How could the Europeans use this as a tool for imperialism?

Terms to Know:

New Imperialism

Boer War

Afrikaners

Berlin Conference

Heinrich von Treitschke

While you read:

1- What distinguished the “new imperialism” from earlier forms of European expansion?

2- What was meant by “effective occupation”? Did it cause of curtail further imperialism?

3- In 1898, a British army faced a French army at Fashoda in north-central Africa. Why?

4- What was the impact of the writings of Edward Said?

5- What did the attacks on imperialism focus on?

After you read:

1- What did the German historian Heinrich von Treitschke argue about imperialism?

Overseas colonies were a drain on national resources

The acquisition of colonies was essential to great nations.

Imperialism was a symptom of cultural and political decline.

Nineteenth-century imperialism was fundamentally irrational.

Individuals in Society: Cecil Rhodes (24.3)

1- In what ways did Rhodes’s career epitomize the new imperialism in Africa?

2- How did Rhodes relate to Afrikaners and to black Africans?

Primary Source: The White Man’s Burden (24.3)

1- What, exactly, is the “white man’s burden”? What are the costs and rewards of undertaking the “civilzing mission”?

2- Are Kipling’s assertions outdated or do they still have resonance in today’s global world?

RESPONDING TO WESTERN IMPERIALISM (24.4)

Before you read:

1. Japan successfully resisted the imperialism of western countries. True or False

Terms to Know:

Hindu Indian National Congress

Empress Dowager Tzu His

Hundred Days Reform

Boxer Rebellion

While you read:

1- Describe the difference between the traditionalist and modernizer response to imperialism.

2- What was the purpose of the Great Rebellion in India 1857-1858?

3- What were the advantages and disadvantages of British rule for the Indians?

4- What was the Meiji Restoration in Japan? Why was it a turning point in Japanese history?

5- How well did the Japanese copy the Europeans? What European ideas were most attractive to them?

6- Does the Qing Dynasty in the period 1860-1912 represent a traditionalist or modernist response to Europe and imperialism?

After you read:

1- Why did some non-Westerners become "modernizers" in the face of the new imperialism?

They believed that only by copying some European achievements could they escape Western domination.

They believed that their own societies were inferior in every way to those of the West.

They believed that European rule would ultimately benefit their own societies.

They believed that the forces of Western imperialism were much weaker than they appeared.

2- Which statement describes the Great Rebellion (1857–1858)?

It was the last major effort to drive the British out of India by military force.

It was an effort by Chinese peasants to protest the economic inequalities that accompanied foreign intervention.

It was a revolt in Korea that was crushed by the combined forces of Japan and the United States.

It was an uprising of Indian peasants who were burdened by excessive taxation.

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Primary Source: The Brown Man’s Burden (24.4)

1- What does Labouchere use to mock Kipling’s poem?

2- According to Labouchere, what drives imperial project? Who makes a better case for the causes and effects of Western Imperialism, Labouchere or Kipling? Why?

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Chapter Timeline

--1840

--1850

--1860

--1870

--1880

--1890

--1900

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