Measuring the Effects of Education on Health and Civic ...

[Pages:387]Measuring the Effects of Education on Health and Civic Engagement

Proceedings of the Copenhagen Symposium

MEASURING THE EFFECTS OF EDUCATION ON HEALTH AND CIVIC ENGAGEMENT: PROCEEDINGS OF THE COPENHAGEN SYMPOSIUM ? ? OECD 2006

3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ?

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We would like to acknowledge the financial support and active participation of 13 OECD countries who have participated in this project so far: Austria, Belgium (Flemish), Canada, Japan, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, South Korea, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom (England and Scotland) and the United States. We are also grateful to the Danish University of Education for generously hosting and co-sponsoring the international symposium on "Measuring the Social Outcomes of Learning" held in March 2006 in Copenhagen, Denmark; to the international group of experts who contributed papers; to the participants of the Symposium; to a number of other experts who contributed at advisory and review meetings which guided the development of the work; to INES Network B members who have actively contributed information on relevant datasets and provided other advice; and to Delphine Grandrieux for help in preparing the manuscript.

Richard Desjardins and Tom Schuller Editors

MEASURING THE EFFECTS OF EDUCATION ON HEALTH AND CIVIC ENGAGEMENT: PROCEEDINGS OF THE COPENHAGEN SYMPOSIUM ? ? OECD 2006

4 ? ABBREVIATIONS

Abbreviations

Cedefop CERI CivEd CSE DESECO ESS EVS IALS IEA ISSP OECD PIAAC PISA SOL WVS

European Centre for the Development of Vocational Training Centre for Educational Research and Innovation Civic Education Study Civic and social engagement Definition and selection of competencies European Social Survey European Values Study International Adult Literacy Survey International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement International Social Survey Programme Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Programme for International Assessment of Adult Competencies Programme for International Student Assessment Social Outcomes of Leaning World Values Survey

MEASURING THE EFFECTS OF EDUCATION ON HEALTH AND CIVIC ENGAGEMENT: PROCEEDINGS OF THE COPENHAGEN SYMPOSIUM ? ? OECD 2006

5 TABLE OF CONTENTS ?

Table of Contents

1. INTRODUCTION: UNDERSTANDING THE SOCIAL OUTCOMES OF LEARNING by Richard Desjardins and Tom Schuller............................................................................................ 11

The Social Outcomes of Learning (SOL) project ................................................................................. 12 This volume .......................................................................................................................................... 13 CSE outcomes of learning .................................................................................................................... 14 Health outcomes of learning ................................................................................................................. 15 2. MEASURING THE SOCIAL OUTCOMES OF LEARNING: OECD NETWORK B'S ROLE AND PERSPECTIVE by Lisa Hudson and Dan Andersson .................................................................................................... 19 The indicator perspective...................................................................................................................... 19 Network B indicators ............................................................................................................................ 20 The symposium papers ......................................................................................................................... 22 3. WHAT IS EDUCATION'S IMPACT ON CIVIC AND SOCIAL ENGAGEMENT? by David E. Campbell ............................................................................................................................ 25 Introduction........................................................................................................................................... 25 Executive summary............................................................................................................................... 27 3.1. Dimensions of engagement.............................................................................................................. 29 Lifelong learning................................................................................................................................... 31 3.2. Evidence for causation .................................................................................................................... 34 Untangling causation ............................................................................................................................ 34 Proximity to college and compulsory education laws .......................................................................... 35 Education and voter registration ........................................................................................................... 36 Conclusions about causation................................................................................................................. 36 3.3. Relative vs. absolute education....................................................................................................... 38 Is education merely an indicator of socioeconomic status? .................................................................. 38 Nie, Junn and Stehlik-Berry.................................................................................................................. 38 Critiques of Nie, Junn, and Stehlik-Berry............................................................................................. 40 Testing the causal mechanisms............................................................................................................. 43 Dimensions of engagement measured in the European Social Survey ................................................. 44 Findings of data analysis....................................................................................................................... 47 Conclusions and policy implications .................................................................................................... 53 Caveats.................................................................................................................................................. 54

MEASURING THE EFFECTS OF EDUCATION ON HEALTH AND CIVIC ENGAGEMENT: PROCEEDINGS OF THE COPENHAGEN SYMPOSIUM ? ? OECD 2006

6 ? TABLE OF CONTENTS

3.4. Content of education ....................................................................................................................... 55 Research on schools and civic education.............................................................................................. 55 How schools might matter .................................................................................................................... 57 Description of the 1999 IEA Civic Education Study............................................................................ 75 Description of independent variables in CivEd .................................................................................... 77 Description of dependent variables in CivEd ....................................................................................... 81 Findings of data analysis....................................................................................................................... 83 Synthesis of results ............................................................................................................................... 93 Nation-by-nation models ...................................................................................................................... 96 Conclusion .......................................................................................................................................... 101

3.5. Conclusion...................................................................................................................................... 102 Summary of report .............................................................................................................................. 102 Possible indicators .............................................................................................................................. 105 Concluding thoughts ........................................................................................................................... 107

References ............................................................................................................................................. 109

Annex: question wordings ................................................................................................................... 119

3.A. What can policy makers do with this information? by Tom Healy........................................................................................................................................ 127

Introduction......................................................................................................................................... 127 Why should we be interested in the CSE outcomes of formal education?.................................................. 128 Formal education impacts on CSE ? what and for whom?................................................................. 129 Formal education impacts on CSE ? how and why? .......................................................................... 133 Some gaps and some questions........................................................................................................... 136 And so what? ...................................................................................................................................... 137 Epilogue .............................................................................................................................................. 139 3.B. A broader social capital perspective by John Andersen and Joergen Elm Larsen ...................................................................................... 141 Introduction......................................................................................................................................... 141 Social capital, education and CSE ...................................................................................................... 142 Civic and social participation in Denmark.......................................................................................... 144 The importance of pre-school learning/education .............................................................................. 146 Recommendations: methodology and reflections over a revised research design .............................. 147 3.C. Defining a framework of indicators to measure the social outcomes of learning by Christine Mainguet and Ariane Baye............................................................................................ 153 Defining a framework of indicators in an international perspective................................................... 153 Main characteristics of a "good" indicator ......................................................................................... 154 From research on civic and social engagement to indicator development.......................................... 155 Consequences for indicator development ........................................................................................... 161

MEASURING THE EFFECTS OF EDUCATION ON HEALTH AND CIVIC ENGAGEMENT: PROCEEDINGS OF THE COPENHAGEN SYMPOSIUM ? ? OECD 2006

7 TABLE OF CONTENTS ?

3.D. Macro-social benefits of education, training and skills by Pascaline Descy................................................................................................................................ 165

Introduction......................................................................................................................................... 165 Characteristics of macro-social benefits ............................................................................................. 165 Investigating macro-social benefits .................................................................................................... 166 Conclusions......................................................................................................................................... 169

4. WHAT ARE THE EFFECTS OF EDUCATION ON HEALTH? by Leon Feinstein, Ricardo Sabates, Tashweka M. Anderson, Annik Sorhaindo and Cathie Hammond .......................................................................................................................... 171

4.1. Executive summary ....................................................................................................................... 172

Objectives ........................................................................................................................................... 172 Overview of the structure of the report............................................................................................... 172 Main findings...................................................................................................................................... 172 Findings on the mechanisms for education effects ............................................................................. 173 Calculating the pecuniary gains .......................................................................................................... 175 Evidence gaps ..................................................................................................................................... 175 Conclusion .......................................................................................................................................... 176

4.2. A conceptual model of the effects of education on health .......................................................... 178

Overview............................................................................................................................................. 178 The basic model .................................................................................................................................. 180 The role of education .......................................................................................................................... 187 Contexts .............................................................................................................................................. 200

4.3. Methodological issues for the review of the evidence ................................................................. 210

A definition of causality ..................................................................................................................... 210 Identifying causal effects .................................................................................................................... 211 Mediation and moderation .................................................................................................................. 213 Within and between country evidence ................................................................................................ 214 The measurement of education ........................................................................................................... 214

4.4. Overall summary of findings from the evidence......................................................................... 215

Direct effects....................................................................................................................................... 215 Costing the benefits ............................................................................................................................ 219 Evidence on mechanisms for educational effects ............................................................................... 221 Interpretation of the finding of health effects ..................................................................................... 222

4.5. Indicator development .................................................................................................................. 225

Summary description of relevant international datasets ..................................................................... 226 Causality ............................................................................................................................................. 227 Conclusions......................................................................................................................................... 229

4.6. Policy discussion ............................................................................................................................ 230

4.7. The presentation of the evidence.................................................................................................. 233

Search criteria for evidence ................................................................................................................ 233

MEASURING THE EFFECTS OF EDUCATION ON HEALTH AND CIVIC ENGAGEMENT: PROCEEDINGS OF THE COPENHAGEN SYMPOSIUM ? ? OECD 2006

8 ? TABLE OF CONTENTS

4.8. Direct effects on health.................................................................................................................. 235 Mortality: does education make lives longer? .................................................................................... 235 Physical health conditions .................................................................................................................. 237 Mental health and well-being ............................................................................................................. 240 Self-rated health.................................................................................................................................. 244 Intergenerational effects: children's health......................................................................................... 246

4.9. Effects on health behaviours......................................................................................................... 251 Risk factor 1: smoking........................................................................................................................ 251 Risk factor 2: alcohol consumption .................................................................................................... 253 Risk factor 3: obesity .......................................................................................................................... 255 Risk factor 4: nutrition ? fruit and vegetable intake ........................................................................... 257 Risk factor 5: physical inactivity ........................................................................................................ 259 Risk factor 6: illicit drugs ................................................................................................................... 261 Risk factor 7: sexual health................................................................................................................. 262 Service use .......................................................................................................................................... 265

4.10. Evidence on the mechanisms: effects on contexts..................................................................... 272 Context 1: the family .......................................................................................................................... 274 Context 2: the workplace .................................................................................................................... 277 Context 3: neighbourhoods and communities..................................................................................... 281 Context 4: the macro-level context (inequality and social cohesion) ................................................. 291

4.11. Evidence on the mechanisms: effects on the self....................................................................... 297 Self-concepts....................................................................................................................................... 297 Beliefs about health and health care ................................................................................................... 304 Patience............................................................................................................................................... 307 Resilience............................................................................................................................................ 310

References ............................................................................................................................................. 314

Appendix 4.1. Glossary of statistical terms ........................................................................................ 341

Appendix 4.2. Compendium of relevant international datasets ....................................................... 345

Appendix 4.3. Journals reviewed in literature research ................................................................... 353

4.A. What does education do to our health? by Wim Groot and Henri?tte Maassen van den Brink ..................................................................... 355

Introduction......................................................................................................................................... 355 What do we know about the effects of education on health?.............................................................. 356 What are the (causal) mechanisms behind this effect? ....................................................................... 357 The implications for educational policy ............................................................................................. 360 The implications for health care policy .............................................................................................. 361 Conclusion .......................................................................................................................................... 361

MEASURING THE EFFECTS OF EDUCATION ON HEALTH AND CIVIC ENGAGEMENT: PROCEEDINGS OF THE COPENHAGEN SYMPOSIUM ? ? OECD 2006

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