European Colonialism - Western Michigan University



European Colonialism

I. Impacts of the Conquest on Europe

II. Impacts of the Conquest on Latin America

III. European Conquest and Exploitation of the Amazon

IV. The Peruvian Andes

V. The Maya in the Yucatan

VI. Conclusions

I. Impacts of the Conquest on Europe

A. European Exploration, Trade and Conquest 1450-1650

1. Spain, Portugal, England, France, Holland and other European nations relatively ____________________ backwaters on the western edge of Asia during 1400s

2. European nations feared the further expansion of the neighboring ____________________________, a far wealthier and more powerful empire that already controlled part of Spain and Eastern Europe

3. Invasion of Latin America part of wider process of European efforts to __________________________ themselves relative to the Islamic empire and much more powerful Chinese empire

4. Invasion of Latin America, North America, Africa and Asia beginning in late 1400s was critical to _____________________________

5. Initial expansion was typically limited to creating _______________________________

A.6. When formal conquest did take place during the 1500s and 1600s, Europeans typically only replaced ___________________________ and did not transform existing economic systems and politics

7. From 1560s in Latin America (and later in other areas) Europeans began to consciously reshape colonial __________________________________

B. Initial Contacts with Latin America

1. Columbus and others thought they had reached ___________

2. goal of westward exploration was to gain access to ___________________________ (spices, precious metals, silk, manufactured goods) without long overland journey across Asia, high costs, and periodic blockades by Islamic empire

B.3. Spain had just become a unified nation, in part linked to spreading ______________________________

4. European wars intensified demand for gold and silver to ____________________

5. conquistador expeditions were typically funded as _____________________________________ intended to make leaders and investors wealthy by exploiting natural resources

B.6. ___________________________________ in 1494 divided Latin America between Spain and Portugal

7. England, Holland, Spain and France divided ______________________________ and invaded and traded with Spanish and Portuguese colonies from 1500s through independence in the 1800s

C. How did small numbers of Europeans conquer Latin American societies?

1. gunpowder, firearms, ________________________________

2. ____________________________________ and fear in the case of the Aztecs

3. alliances with rival __________________________________ who opposed Aztecs and Incas

4. ___________________________________: smallpox, influenza, common cold, tetanus, venereal diseases

C.5. “Fall of the Aztec and Maya Empires”

a. How would you describe the cities of Mexico and Central America?

b. How did the Spanish conquer these much larger empires?

D. How did Latin American silver affect Europe?

1. silver vastly increased the amount of _____________________________________ in Europe and allowed Europe to import luxury goods from China, India, and the Islamic empire

2. silver made European development, including the ______________________________, possible by providing capital for investment in industry

D.3. ____________________________ captured only a limited share of these benefits; most went to England, Holland, France and other nations that sold manufactured goods to Spain, Portugal and their colonies

4. other European nations protected their _____________________________ and promoted growth of manufacturing, while Spanish industry declined

D.5. Spanish wealth wasted on ____________________________________ and wars of Hapsburg empire against Protestant nations of northern Europe, the emerging center of capitalism and industry

6. Brazilian gold paid for import of ________________________________________________ to Portugal

D.7. depletion of Indian labor supplies led to increasing import of ___________________ to Latin America

8. the slave trade became an important source of __________________________________ in Europe, further contributing to European development

II. Impacts of the Conquest on Latin America

A. Initially Only Took Over Position of _______________________________

1. continued to ________________________________ from conquered peoples as Aztecs and Incas had done

2. depended on _________________________ to extract tribute and labor for them

3. began to ______________________________________ in mid-1500s, but distance from Spain and Portugal always gave a high degree of autonomy to colonial officials, church leaders and large landowners

B. Mining 1550-Onward

1. discovery of major _______________________________ deposits made export of precious metals possible

2. need for large amounts of labor for terrible jobs could not be met by existing ________________________

3. major cities like Potosi, Bolivia created with a population of 150,000 in early 1600s, larger than ______________ in Europe except London, Paris and Amsterdam

C. Plantation (Encomienda, Hacienda) Agriculture

1. _________________ production for mines and colonial cities

2. __________________ production for export to Europe in Caribbean and Brazil

3. declining indigenous populations and ________________________________ for plantations led to the growth of the African slave trade

D. What effects did exports have on Latin American development?

1. removal of silver, gold, sugar and other wealth for export to Europe __________________________ most Latin American residents who were forced to work as slaves in mines and on plantations

2. _______________________________________ that existed in Latin America before conquest or that were developed in 1500s were replaced by industrial imports from Europe

D.3. Export of capital meant that there was limited wealth available to _________________ in Latin America

4. much of the available wealth was wasted on ostentatious consumption by ______, just as happened in Spain

5. areas most closely tied to export to Europe are now the ________________________ (e.g. Potosi in Bolivia, Guanajuato in Mexico, Northeast Brazil)

E. What effects did the conquest have on indigenous groups?

1. severe _________________________________ from war, disease, and collapse of agricultural production systems (from 70-90 million in 1500 to 3.5 million by 1650)

2. ___________ for labor in mines and plantations (especially sugar) via encomienda grants to conquistadores

E.3. terrible working conditions and poisoning from mercury (mined and used to separate silver and gold from ore) led to _____________________________ of slaves in mines

4. long history of ___________________ against colonial powers and flight to more remote areas

5. “Indian” clothing imposed by Spanish at end of 1700s to distinguish Indians from mestizos and Spanish, but “Indian” clothing was based on ________________________________________

E.6. consumption of ___________ by Indians encouraged by Spanish as a business opportunity for Spanish landowners, a source of income for the church, and to allow Indians to keep working in terrible conditions

7. Indians forced onto ___________________________________

8. land ownership ______________________________ in the hands of a small number of families, a legacy that remains a central element of inequality today

9. social hierarchy linked ___________________________, another legacy that remains today

III. European Conquest and Exploitation of the Amazon

A. European Conquest

1. most of Amazon conquered by __________________________ Empire; these areas now Brazil

2. some upriver areas conquered by ________________; now part of Ecuador, Colombia, and Peru

3. gradual process during the 1500s and 1600s because of difficult natural conditions and _______________ by large indigenous groups

A.4. during 1500s and 1600s, primary goals of conquest were:

a. search for ___________________________________

b. conversion of indigenous groups to _______________________

c. protecting land from competing ______________________, including Spanish, French, Dutch, and British

B. Video: “Aguirre, the Wrath of God”

1. historical Spanish conquistador who traveled down the Amazon in search of wealth in the early 1500s

2. What does the movie show about:

a. the natural conditions in the region?

b. the difficulty of traveling in the region?

c. the importance of rivers?

d. relations with Peruvian Indians?

B.3. movie is a parable about later efforts to occupy the Amazon: the use of ______________________, lack of knowledge about the region, and the failure of efforts to “conquer” the Amazon

4. Concern to protect the Amazon from ___________________________________ has been a constant theme in the region’s history; recent decades have seen the Brazilian government seek to conquer this frontier as its Manifest Destiny to exploit its resources

B.5. Political control maintained by taking over ______________________________ population centers as missions and forts to control the movement of people and goods on the rivers

6. only ____________________________ made by the Portuguese from their Amazon empire because of difficult natural conditions

C. Effects of Conquest on Indigenous Groups: Dramatic Population Declines

1. causes include ______________________________ (measles, common cold, whooping cough, influenza)

2. In one century (early 1500s to early 1600s), the indigenous population declined by ________________

D. Economic Exploitation: mid-1700s to late 1800s

1. Marquis de Pombal, new imperial governor, launches effort to ____________________ from the Amazon

2. comes into conflict with the _________________________ who sought to protect indigenous groups from exploitation

D.3. Pombal _________________________________ and made Indian labor available to Portuguese settlers

4. use of indigenous labor allows the ________________________________ in the region

5. unique mixture of Portuguese and indigenous culture called ________________________ begins to evolve in the region

D.6. increased exploitation of indigenous labor in gathering and processing forest products for export and on sugar plantations in Northeast Brazil further decimated indigenous groups and forced survivors to ___________________ to more remote regions

7. Pombal established the long term pattern for the Amazon’s relationship with the world economy: extracting ____________________________ for export to the developed countries of Europe and later the U.S. and Japan

E. Effects of Conquest on the Environment

1. high European demand for __________________________________________

2. _________________________________ for export led to extinction of manatees and other large river mammals, as well as the sharp decline of river turtle populations (3 feet long, 150 pounds)

E.3. this reduced the food available to _______________________________, further reducing their size, and removed key parts of river ecosystems

4. another result of reduction and relocation of indigenous populations was the loss of their ______________ _______________________________for utilizing the region’s resources

IV. The Peruvian Andes

A. Role of ______________________ in Conquest

1. Spanish conquistadores formed alliances with ___________________________________ to conquer Incas (and Aztecs in Mexico)

2. Incas had conquered these groups and forced them to pay _______________________ to the Inca empire

3. other indigenous groups saw alliance with Spanish as ___________________________

B. Peruvian Production Systems

1. based on ____________________________________________ among kinship groups

2. a kinship group had members spread across a variety of ___________________________ and specializing in the production of a variety of agricultural goods to reduce risk of crop failure, bad weather, disease

B.3. __________________ (chiefs) were leaders of these kinship groups, allocating labor and goods among the members of the group

4. chiefs did not have ____________________________; had to maintain legitimacy by meeting the needs of members of the group

5. these kinship networks created _____________________________ over land and very valuable ecological areas (e.g. coca fields) between these networks and shifting alliances between networks

C. Post-Conquest Spanish-Indigenous Relations

1. other groups saw Spanish as allies and an opportunity to ____________________________ economic and political interests

2. indigenous groups had been impressed by Spanish _______________________________

C.3. Spanish __________________________ were dependent on kurakas to provide labor and goods, requiring negotiations, provision of goods and land, and limiting Spanish power over Indians

4. despite these limits, labor conditions for Indians were ______________ and many Indians died from maltreatment

C.5. indigenous leaders were able to _______________________________ about resources and labor from Spanish encomenderos

6. Spanish colonial state was very weak; ________________________________________ were the main form of imperial control over Indians

D. How did the discovery of large gold, silver and mercury deposits affect Spanish-Indian relations in Peru?

1. many Indians and their leaders became _________________________ in the new mining-based economy

2. demand for labor for mines _______________________________ for Indian labor dramatically

D.3. existing systems of _____________________________ could not provide enough labor for the mines

4. Indians in Huamanga region had fared relatively well in alliances with Spanish, even being able to offer a _________________________________ to the Spanish king to end the encomienda system

E. What caused the breakdown of the Spanish-Indian alliances?

1. even though population declines were relatively limited, decline and disease were seen as signs of social and religious problems and ____________________________________ into question

2. local societies were dependent on Spanish to __________________________ and protect their interests

E.3. demands for labor from mines and priests exceeded kin groups’ ________________________________ to comply

4. Spanish appeared ____________________________ because of debate over encomienda and weak state presence

F. Indigenous Response: break alliances and rebel against Spanish

1. this led to a Spanish victory and fundamental reorganization of Indians into _______________________ for mines

V. The Maya in the Yucatan

A. Early Spanish Interest in the Yucatan

1. __________________________; rainforest environment did not seem to offer many resources of interest and was not suitable for Spanish military operations

2. Spanish settled in northwestern part, but much of region remained _______________________________ for centuries

B. Effects of Spanish Conquest on Maya

1. European ___________________ reduced population

2. Spanish conquest disrupted ____________________________ that Maya had depended on economically

3. French, Dutch and English _____________________ attacked Maya settlements

B.4. Spanish _____________________ many Maya from coastal regions

5. many Maya _______________________ to regions of the Yucatan outside Spanish control

6. many Maya areas remained outside Spanish and later Mexican control until roads were built into the region in _______________

C. Maya Response to Conquest and Wars with Spanish and Mexicans

1. saw invasions as part of long ___________________________ that repeated themselves

2. some groups formed _________________ with Spanish to advance their own interests, another longstanding pattern

3. did not see Spanish as _______________, as Aztecs had done and been paralyzed

4. ___________________ to Spanish and then the Mexican government has continued ever since the conquest

VI. Conclusions

A. Conquest was an _______________________, lasting decades and even centuries in a few areas because of resistance

B. Existing economic systems were not initially transformed by conquest, but within a century economies and ecosystems were __________________ by Spanish and Portuguese to export silver, gold and agricultural products to Europe

C. ________________________________ were not captured by Spain and Portugal, but instead by England, Holland, France and other northern European nations that were developing capitalism and industry

D. Indigenous populations and ecosystems were ______________________________________ by conquest

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