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Population Geography The changing nature, rate and distribution of the world’s population Nature: Across the globe there has been a natural population increase due to the birth rate being higher than the death rate. This has resulted in a population growth of 1.14% a year. Although birth rates have been declining since the 1960s, the rapid decreasing death rates resulted in a global population growth. The decline of deaths rates began after World War II due to the spread of modern medicine. Over the past 30 years the worldwide population growth rate fell from more than 2% to 1.5% a year, and it is expected that this trend will continue. Developing countries: In developing countries the birth rate was relatively stable at 42 from 1850 until 1960. The rate then started to decline until 1972 where there was a steep decline, which ended at 1975. The birth rate continued to decline until 2000 where the birth rate was 25 births per 1,000 people. The death rate began to decline prior to the birth rate declining which resulted in an increase of population. The death rate began to decrease in 1875 as result of a higher standard of living and improved medical technology. The death rate began to steadily decrease until 1950, where there was a rapid decrease until 2000 where the final rate was 10 deaths per 1000 people. The overall population is increasing as a result of the death rate beginning to decline prior to the birth rate. The rapid decreasing death rate began to decrease in 1875 compared to the birth rate, which didn’t begin to decrease until the 1960’s. This has resulted in the death becoming 10 deaths per 1000 people and 20 births per 1000 people, which has caused a natural population increase, as the birth rate is higher than the death rate. Developed countries: The population growth rates in developed countries are decreasing due to the stabilising birth rates and increasing death rates, This has lead to a natural population decrease in many of the developed countries. Transition countries including Russia and Bulgaria have had a dramatic reversal in mortality trend particularly explained by higher male mortality. This is due to an increase in cardiovascular disease among older men and an increase in accidents, suicides and murders in younger men. The relationship between population growth rates and the wealth of a country: It is noticed that a countries population growth rate is closely correlated with the wealth of a country. The wealthier the country is, the lower the population growth rate this is due to the fact that lower fertility rates are related to economic growth and human development. Wealthier countries are likely to have a higher level of education, which means that women are educated and look to pursue their career prior to starting a family, which results in a lower birth rate. Less wealthy countries have a higher birth rate due to a lower standard of education, lower health conditions and a limited access to family planning. Although this is the case the birth rate of less wealthy countries is declining as these facilities are improving.Global patterns of life expectancy: Globally lower life expectancy is found in developing countries particularly within African with majority of its countries experiencing a life expectancy of 50 years. Highest life expectancy occurs in developing Western and European countries including: USA, UK and Australia which all have a life expectancy of over 75 years.Spatial patterns of fertility and mortality Fertility: Lower fertility rates are found in Western and European developed countries due to a higher standard of education. High fertility rates are located mainly in Africa as a result of a lower standard of education on contraception. Mortality: Low mortality rates are found in Western and European developed countries such as: Australia, England, France and Japan with a mortality rate of 1 death per 1000 births. This low mortality rate may be due to the high standard of living these countries have. High mortality rates are found in African countries the highest mortality rate in the world is in Afghanistan, which has 175 deaths per every 1000 live births. types, volumes and directions of population movements such as rural-urban migration, labour migration and refugee migrationPushPullExpensive living conditionsAffordable living conditionsWar/conflictJob opportunitiesLack of job opportunitiesBetter quality of lifeLack of resourcesWay of lifeLimited education facilitiesBetter education facilitiesCorruption Close community feelPoor security meansSafe environment FamineFreedomLack of facilitiesFamilyFear of persecution Relaxation – appealing sceneryAvoid Conscription RetirementLack of services and infrastructure Change of lifestyle Traumatic experience Politics of the country Definition of migration: Moving from one place to another with the intent of staying there permanently of a very long time. International Migration: Moving from one country to anotherForced/refugee migration: -Fleeing from war-Famine, persecution (asylum seeking)-Refugees.- People who plan to move as a result of war situation not necessarily a refugee. Skilled/labour migration:-People wanting to move for a better way of life e.g. someone from Greece apply for visas and permission to be here. Domestic Migration: -Rural to urban migration: -Sea change: Moving to the coast-Tree change: Moving to the rainforests/nature.-Interstate city to cityDevelopment Geographythe nature of development Development is the process of change that involves an improvement in the quality of life as perceived by the people undergoing change. It is usually focused on reducing poverty and producing a higher standard of living. The nature of development will vary, depending on the context in which is occurring. The area where development mainly occurs includes education, life expectancy, health and sanitation, quality of life and is measured by HDI (human development index) and sometimes GDP.the use of indicators to illustrate spatial variations in the level and rate of development at a global scaleGlobally, developed countries are mainly found in western countries in Europe and North America such as the United Kingdom, Norway, Germany and the United States. These developed countries have a long life expectancy, high standard of living, and a high GDP. Emerging/newly industrialised countries are usually found in Asia and South America and include countries such as China, Chile and Brazil. Emerging countries have improving standards of living, an average GDP and relatively long life expectancy. Comparatively developing countries are found predominately in Africa, The Middle East and The Asia pacific and include countries such as Nigeria, Afghanistan and Haiti. Developing countries have a low life expectancy, poor standards of living and a low GDP – it is common to find that developing countries have been struck by war, conflict and famine. Globally lower life expectancy is found in developing countries particularly within Africa with majority of its countries experiencing a life expectancy of 50 years. Highest life expectancy occurs in developing Western and European countries including: USA, UK and Australia which all have a life expectancy of over 75 years. It is a common characteristic of developing, countries there is an unequal distribution of wealth. Nigeria ‘s GDP has recently grown to $1,555.36 per capita, however In spite of the country’s vast oil wealth, the majority of Nigerians are poor with 71 per cent of the population living on less than one dollar a day and 92 per cent on less than two dollars a day. There is such a large dichotomy between the rich and the poor in this country, which causes a large inequity of income distribution – this is the case in various developing countries. Internal FactorsExternal Factors-High levels of natural resources-Temperate climates-Location/not land locked – non-extreme location. -Stable democratic government-Limited internal conflict-Low levels of population growth-Highly urbanised populations-Cultural attitudes that support gender equality -History as colonial powers-Exports – often manufactured goods and services. -Political agreements e.g. European Union and protectionist policies. issues arising from these spatial patterns of development such as access to food, shelter, social support, health and educational opportunitiesInternal and External factors: equity issues related to ethnicity, class and gender, and ecologically sustainable development.Development has unequal effects. In the pursuit of development there are large groups in society who are ‘left behind’ and who are exploited, or lose out. These groups of people are the most vulnerable and marginalised groups in society; those with the least power and rights. The following groups in society represent some of these marginalised groups: Women: In developing countries, women often have less civil rights compared to men, which makes them vulnerable. They typically have lower levels of education and lower literacy ratesCultural perception: Young girls are also typically not regarded “as important” as their brothers when growing up (as they will eventually marry into another family), so parents invest less in them in terms of food, education, medical care.All these factors make girls/women very vulnerable groups and at greater risk of poverty.Women often involved in all household chores – collecting water, firewood, feeding the family, looking after the children – this means they have no time for a job and to earn a living. This makes them completely reliant on the man in the family. They have no power and no control and thus have limited access to healthcare, education, income, credit, land, training and information. Development policies have also frequently disadvantaged women, undervaluing their contributions to their families & communities, ignoring all their unpaid work and not considering their needs – this further disadvantaged them. ULTIMATELY THE EFFECTS ARE: Women are more likely to suffer poverty and be further marginalised by the country’s pursuit of development as they are largely uneducated and unavailable to work, and also possess very little power or rights to escape the trap of poverty. Child Labour: Children represent a highly vulnerable group in the developing world. As parents try to earn money for the family, they often send their children out to work to help support the family. Working from a young age denies children the possibility of an education, which further disadvantages them. Young girls are the most likely to be involved in unpaid work to support the family, such as collecting firework, looking after siblings, collecting water, household chores.In rural areas, from a young age, children are involved in many cottage industries (e.g. weaving) or agricultural activities. In urban areas, children are forced into labour in the new factories for long hours & little pay. Other children try to earn money from the informal economy, e.g. selling items on the street, collecting/recycling waste.In the worst case, many children end up involved in prostitution or are exploited as part of the sex trafficking industry (see case study on sex trafficking in Bangkok). Rural Poor & the landless: The rural poor lost out when the ‘Green Revolution’ revolutionised agriculture. It meant that rural workers lost jobs as machinery was introduced that could take their place. In addition, poor landowners could not afford such machinery and the new pesticides and chemicals and seeds and therefore they had to borrow money and became indebted. The selling of cash crops was highly unreliable and price fluctuations and bad seasons meant that the poor farmers were not earning enough to both live and repay loans and thus they were eventually forced to sell their land. Once landless – the rural poor were forced to work on farms which only provided seasonal work, or they fled to urban areas in search of work = RURAL TO URBAN MIGRATION. ................
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