Part 1: Referencing



Harvard Referencing Guide? Bullers Wood School2018/2019Version 1.1Contents TOC \o "1-3" \h \z \u Part 1: Referencing PAGEREF _Toc530462679 \h 3Introduction PAGEREF _Toc530462680 \h 3Referencing: What’s the point? PAGEREF _Toc530462681 \h 4Referencing systems PAGEREF _Toc530462682 \h 5Referencing: Two ingredients PAGEREF _Toc530462683 \h 6An example text with in-text referencing PAGEREF _Toc530462684 \h 7Word count PAGEREF _Toc530462685 \h 8Sources PAGEREF _Toc530462686 \h 9Part 2: In-text referencing PAGEREF _Toc530462687 \h 10Textual citations PAGEREF _Toc530462688 \h 11Parenthetical citations PAGEREF _Toc530462689 \h 12Long quotations PAGEREF _Toc530462690 \h 14Part 3: The reference list PAGEREF _Toc530462691 \h 16Books PAGEREF _Toc530462692 \h 17Websites PAGEREF _Toc530462693 \h 19Journal articles PAGEREF _Toc530462694 \h 21Newspaper articles PAGEREF _Toc530462695 \h 22Books with editors PAGEREF _Toc530462696 \h 23Multimedia e.g. YouTube, BBC iPlayer PAGEREF _Toc530462697 \h 24Reference list PAGEREF _Toc530462698 \h 25Part 4: The annotated bibliography PAGEREF _Toc530462699 \h 27Bibliography PAGEREF _Toc530462700 \h 27Annotations PAGEREF _Toc530462701 \h 27Annotated bibliography PAGEREF _Toc530462702 \h 28Part 1: ReferencingIntroductionWhy does evidence show that students who do projects tend to outperform other students of the same ability who don’t do projects (e.g. Jones, 2015; Gill, 2017)? And why do students who do a project tend to outperform students with the same A level grades three years later at university (Gill, 2018)?One reason might be to do with referencing. Knowing what referencing is, how it works, and how to do it means that students can write more academically and that they can better understand academic texts.ReferencesGill, T. (2017) An analysis of the effect of taking the EPQ on performance in other level 3 qualifications, Research Matters, 23, pp. 27–34. Available online at (accessed 18 November 2018).Gill, T. (2018) Preparing students for university study: A statistical comparison of different post-16 qualifications, Research Papers in Education, 33(3), pp. 301–319. doi:10.1080/02671522.2017.1302498Jones, B. (2015) Does the Extended Project Qualification enhance students’ GCE A-level performance? [Research report] (Manchester, AQA Education). Available online at (accessed 18 November 2018).Referencing: What’s the point?There are many reasons why referencing is important. Imperial College London (2017, pp. 12–13) writes thatReferencing is crucial to you to carry out successful research, and crucial to your readers so they can see how you did your research. Knowing why you need to reference means you will understand why it is important that you know how to reference.1. Accurate referencing is a key component of good academic practice and enhances the presentation of your work: it shows that your writing is based on knowledge and informed by appropriate academic reading.2. You will ensure that anyone reading your work can trace the sources you have used in the development of your work, and give you credit for your research efforts and quality.3. If you do not acknowledge another person’s work or ideas, you could be accused of plagiarism. Plus your lecturers are very keen to see good reference lists. Impress them with the quality of the information you use, and your references, and you will get even better mark.(Of course, you should never quote as much as I have quoted above! But this is how you should present a long quotation.) ReferencesImperial College London (2017) Citing and referencing: Harvard style. Available online at (accessed 18 November 2018).Referencing systemsThere are different systems of referencing. The Harvard systems, or styles, are the most popular.You should use a Harvard system unless you are explicitly advised otherwise by either me or your supervisor.If, for instance, you are doing a history project involving lots of references to archive sources, a system using footnotes might be preferable. In such a case, you’ll need to justify your decision, and you’ll need to master and apply the different referencing system on your own.There is no single Harvard system. Different universities, and different journals, have different versions of it. What matters most is that you use one established version – and that you apply it consistently. This guide concerns the Bullers Wood School in-house Harvard style. It’s the one that you’ve been taught.Note that if you want to reference this guidance booklet, it’s:Bullers Wood School (2018) Harvard referencing style [Booklet] (London, Bullers Wood School).Referencing: Two ingredientsYou will recall from the taught lessons that there are two elements to referencing:1. in-text citation or referencing2. the reference list.The ability to cite (= refer to) a text in an essay or report is a skill that improves with practice and feedback.The ability to write a good reference list isn’t really a skill. It’s more a matter of applying reference list rules correctly. This just takes care and time.An example text with in-text referencingStudent participation and success in the EPQ are recognised and encouraged. An A* is worth 28 UCAS tariff points; an A is worth 24, and so on; the AS level top grade, in contrast, is worth only 20 points (UCAS, 2018, pp. 10, 23). Some universities, in fact, include it in their offers (e.g. University of Birmingham, 2018; University of Southampton, 2018). The Russell Group (2017/2018, p. 8) advises prospective undergraduates that its universities ‘value the EPQ which can be drawn upon in your personal statement and at interview’. The University of Cambridge (2004) avowed commitment to the EPQ when proposals for the extended project were first advanced, and it continues to ‘encourage applicants to undertake one’ (University of Cambridge, 2018). The University of Southampton (2018) declares more emphatically that The EPQ offers an unparalleled introduction to the skills needed for students to thrive in Higher Education. The government includes the EPQ in its school and college performance measures. The A* grade is worth 18 performance points, the A is worth 15, etc. (DfE, 2017)…ReferencesDfE (2017) Performance points: A practical guide to key stage 4 and 16 to 18 performance points (London, Department for Education). Available online at (accessed 18 November 2018)Russell Group (2017/2018) Informed choices: A Russell Group guide to making decisions about post-16 education 2017/18 (6th ed.) Available online at (accessed 18 November 2018).UCAS (2018) UCAS tariff tables: Tariff points for entry to higher education from 2018. Available online at 4_and_16_to_18_performance_points__1_.pdf (accessed 18 November 2018).University of Birmingham (2018) Extended Project Qualifications (EPQ): FAQs. Available online at for-university/epq/faqs.aspx (accessed 18 November 2018).University of Cambridge (2004) The University of Cambridge’s response to the interim report of the Working Group on 14–19 Reform (Tomlinson report) [Report response, May 2004]. Available online at (accessed 18 November 2018).University of Cambridge (2018) Entrance requirements: Extended Project Qualifications (EPQ). Available online at (accessed 18 November 2018).University of Southampton (2018) The Learn with Us Transition programme: EPQ support. Available online at (accessed 18 November 2018).Word countYou do not include the reference list in your word count. So the example text above is 174 words long.SourcesA source can be a book, a website, a YouTube clip, a newspaper report, a journal article, a government publication – anything that provides you with information and viewpoints.You should aim to draw on a variety of sources.The number and type of sources that you use will vary enormously according to project.Generally, you should aim to rely on fewer, but better quality resources.But there are times, even in the best academic treatises, when it is entirely appropriate to cite from the lowest quality sources e.g. tabloid newspapers, web blogs of arbitrary members of the public.But it’s worth noting that you will need to show that you’ve consulted with a range of sources, regardless.Part 2: In-text referencingThere are two main ways of citing in the text of your essay or report.Parenthetical citations e.g. (Armstrong, 2005)Textual citations e.g. Armstrong (2005)For a parenthetical citation, the author name appears inside the curved brackets. For a textual citation, the name appears outside, as part of the essay or report text itself.In both cases, the reader could, if she wanted to, look at your reference list to locate the citation details e.g.ReferencesArmstrong, K. (2005) A short history of myth (Edinburgh, Canongate).---The reference list should only list the sources you’ve cited in the text. If you’ve not referred to a source in the text, don’t list it at the end.Equally, the reference list should list all of the sources you’ve cited. You shouldn’t miss any out!You should certainly use a mix of both parenthetical and textual citations.I now list some ways in which these citations could be used.Textual citationsArmstrong (2005) argues humans have been telling myths for at least 20,000 years.This technique makes the voice of Armstrong most prominent. This puts a little bit of distance between you and Armstrong, allowing you to subject her view to analysis/interpretation/criticism…Don’t overuse this technique because it sets your own authorial voice into the background…and comes across as descriptive.According to Armstrong (2005), humans have been telling myths for at least 20,000 years.The phrase ‘according to…’ puts even more intellectual distance between the author and yourself – which can be useful.As Armstrong (2005) shows, humans have been telling myths for at least 20,000 years.‘As’, though, makes it clear that you agree with Armstrong. Use once or twice in an essay; any more than that and you may come across as overly deferential.As Armstrong (2005, pp. 35–36) writes that ‘It is usually during the trauma of initiation that a neophyte hears the most sacred myths of his tribe’.If you quote, then, and only then, do you include page numbers (though only if the quotation is from a text with page numbers).‘p. 1’ means ‘page 1’; pp. 1–3 (the en dash –, not a hyphen - and not an em dash — ) means ‘from page 1 to page 3’.If the text has sections/subsections rather than page numbers, then the section symbol § comes into handy (write ‘section symbol’ into Google and copy and paste it from text’ or copy and paste it from this guide). ‘§1’ means ‘section 1’, ‘§§1.2–1.4’ means ‘sections 1.2 to 1.4’.Page and section numbers always appear inside the curved brackets ( ) or parentheses.As Armstrong writes that ‘It is usually during the trauma of initiation that a neophyte hears the most sacred myths of his tribe’ (2005, pp. 35–36). You can, if you prefer, separate the author from the parenthetical information, so long as there’s no confusion about what links together.Humans have told myths for at least 20,000 years (Armstrong, 2005).This technique is useful because you can use what another writer, or group of writers, has found/argued/reported to substantiate (justify) your own claim. Your voice is in the foreground!Taylor and Jones (2018) attest that practice is more important than innate ability. Write ‘and’ instead in the text. The ampersand ‘&’ only appears inside the ( ).Parenthetical citationsOne scholar writes that ‘It is usually during the trauma of initiation that a neophyte hears the most sacred myths of his tribe’ (Armstrong, 2005, pp. 35–36). This technique allows you to first describe the nature/character/role/status of the writer. In this case, it’s clear that Armstrong is an academic, or ‘scholar’.One scholar writes that ‘It is usually during the trama [sic.] of initiation that a neophyte [youngster] hears the…myths of his tribe’ (Armstrong, 2005, pp. 35–36). If there are errors in the quotation, then keep them, but indicate that you are aware of the mistake by adding, in square brackets, ‘[sic.]’. You can use this too if the author uses outdated language that is no longer appropriate e.g. ‘mankind’ when they mean ‘humankind’.Square brackets [] let you insert your own comments to make the meaning of the passage clear. Paraphrase the quote, though, if you need to do this more than once or twice per quotation.Ellipses ‘…’ indicate that material has been omitted: a useful technique to avoid verbosity, but make sure that you don’t distort the meaning.One scholar writes that ‘In the past, people used to say “lovely” all of the time’ (Armstrong, 2005, pp. 89).Single quote marks for in-text quotations. Never double. Use double quotation marks for quotes in the text, for example, if Armstrong herself puts ‘lovely’ in speech/quote marks.Many scholars argue that myths are really important for humans (e.g. Armstrong, 2005). Using the abbreviation ‘e.g.’ in the parentheses is fine. But write ‘For example’ or ‘for instance’ or ‘such as’ in the text itself. Don’t write ‘e.g.’ in the text itself. It obscures meaning.‘e.g.’ here has the function of showing that Armstrong is one of the scholars that you’ve read who has argued this.One scholar argues that myths are really important for humans (i.e. Armstrong, 2005). ‘i.e.’ means ‘namely’ or ‘that is’. It is used to name or define. So you wouldn’t write The Headteacher at Bullers e.g. Mr Greene. Mr Greene isn’t an example of one of the Headteachers here. He is the Headteacher!You shouldn’t write ‘i.e.’ in your text itself. Avoid abbreviations like this. But they are fine for citations when in curved brackets. Above, Armstrong is the one scholar who you’ve written argues the point.Some studies attest that practice is more important than innate ability (see Taylor & Jones, 2018). Use the ampersand ‘&’ symbol instead of ‘and’ in parentheses. But you should almost never use it in the body of your text (it could be used in tables or in proper names that actually include it e.g. M&S.It is important to drink water every day, but not too much (Benson, 1998; Jones, 2010; Adams, 2018).Three authors make the same claim. Citing more than one text in this way is a powerful tool. It shows that you’ve read widely and have formed a generalisation. It’s not always possible to do, though – it requires a degree of agreement between authors, and it demands that you, the writer, can forge generalisations.If you cite more than one author, best to list them in ascending chronological order (there are other rules but this is the easiest one to follow. Separate different texts with a semi colon ; . Unless you are citing different texts by exactly the same author, when it would be something like this ‘(Stein, 2009, 2012, 2015; Johnson, 2018)’. Long quotations- Are treated differently…- A 40+ word quotation is definitely long…- A 20+ word quotation is probably quite long too…There are different rules for long quotations. As a rule, you should avoid long quotations, unless you really are going to take the quotation to analytical pieces. A long quotation puts your own authorial voice at the very back – you are letting them do the thinking and talking for you, so to speak.It is best explained with an example:Note that here the citation information is included before the indented quotation.Here, citation details are included in the indented quotation. Note that the first parenthesis ‘(‘appears after the last full stop, and there is not a full stop after the second parenthesis p. 4).Rules for long quotationsIndent long quotations e.g. 2.5 cm left & right… No speech marks! (unless they are in the quotation itself)Different font (change from a Roman font to a Sans Serif one, or vice versa)Different font size (quotation should appear smaller than your own text)Different line spacing (single)Part 3: The reference listYour reference list should appear at the end of your essay or report.Use the heading ‘References’ or ‘Reference list’. Write this in bold font. (Don’t use the heading ‘Bibliography’. A bibliography is a list of all of the sources that you’ve read or looked at, not just the ones that you’ve cited (mentioned) in your essay or report.PresentationThe font size, font face, and line spacing of your reference list should match the line spacing of your essay or report.The orderList your references in ascending alphabetical order, for example:de Botton, A. (1997) How Proust can change your life (London, Picador).Goldacre, B. (2009) Bad science (London, HarperCollins).If you refer to two sources by exactly the same author(s), then you put those sources in ascending chronological order. That means you list the source published earlier first:Taleb, N. (2004) Fooled by randomness: The hidden role of chance in life and in the markets (2nd ed.) (London, Penguin).Taleb, N. (2007) The black swan: The impact of the highly improbable (London, Penguin).Hanging indentAlso remember to use a hanging indent. It’s easiest to do this when you’ve listed all of your references. In Microsoft Word, you do this: 1. Highlight the reference(s)2. Right click on what you’ve highlighted, and then click on ‘Paragraph’.3. Then, in the ‘Indentation’ section of the box that appears, click on ‘Hanging’ in the ‘Special’ box.4. Click ‘OK’ and…done!BooksTo reference a book, you need the following information:First and surname of the author(s)The title of the bookThe subheading, if there is oneThe year the book was publishedThe place the book was publishedThe name of the publisher.This information is normally listed on one of the inside pages of the book. A reference in your list should look like this:Pinker, S. (2002) The blank slate: The modern denial of human nature (London, Penguin).The basic format is:The surname, then a comma, then the first letter of the forenameThe year of publication in parentheses (curved brackets)The title in italicsThe subtitle also in italics, introduced with the colon punctuation mark, :The first word of the title and the first word of the subtitle should almost always be capital lettersThe rest of the letters in the title/subtitle should be lower case, except the first words of proper nouns (names)Then you add a new set of parentheses, including information about the place of publication and the publisher.Here’s another book published outside of the UK:Wheelan, C. (2013) Naked statistics: Stripping the dread from the data (New York, USA, Norton Books).Because this book was published outside of the UK, details of the country have been added in the last pair of parentheses.Here’s an old, but recently published book:Dostoyevsky, F. (1886/1997) Crime and punishment (London, Penguin).1886 was when Fyodor Dostoevsky originally wrote this masterpiece. 1997 was when the book was published. In-text, you would write both years e.g. (Dostoyevsky, 1886/1997).A book written by two authors:Berger, P. & Luckmann, T. (1966) The social construction of reality: A treatise on the sociology of knowledge (London, Penguin).Note that the authors are written, not in alphabetical order, but in the order that they appear on the book cover. The & symbol is used instead of ‘and’.A book written by more than two authors:Altrichter, H., Posch, P. & Somekh, B. (1993) Teachers investigate their work: An introduction to the methods of action research (Abingdon, Routledge).Similar to two authors. Use commas to separate author names until you get to the last author – then you use the & symbol.Some books have more than one edition. You should indicate the edition that you’ve looked at.Lipman, M. (2003) Thinking in education (2nd ed.) (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press). Information about the edition is important and therefore appears in curved bracketsYou should write ‘2nd’ not ‘2nd’, ‘3rd' not ‘3rd’, etc.Or write ‘Special ed.’ if it’s a special editionWrite ‘ed.’, not ‘ed’ or ‘edition’ or ‘Ed.’. ‘Ed.’ Stands for ‘Editor’ not edition in reference lists!WebsitesTo reference a website, you need the following information:First and surname of the author(s); or, if the author is a company/institution, the company/institution nameThe title of the web page…and the subheading, if there is oneThe year (or date) that the website was published or last updatedThe date that you looked at the website. Here’s a basic example:Vernon, M. (2017) Rediscovering Plato’s vision. Available online at (accessed 18 November 2018).This website reference starts off like a book reference. But then…there’s a full stop after the title, followed by the phrase:‘Available online at’You then copy and paste the website address. (Make sure that Microsoft Word doesn’t convert what you paste to a hyperlink: copy and paste it as text (‘keep text only’). Click ‘undo’ (or Control Z) if, after you’ve done this, Microsoft Word again tries to convert the text to a hyperlink.)Then, in parentheses, add the date that you looked at the site, in the format ‘12 January 2020’ – not, say ‘12/01/2020).Here’s an example of a web page that has an author and an actual date.Grayling, A. (2017, June 14) Brexit: Enough is enough! Available online at (accessed 18 November 2018).The difference between this and the example above is that you’ve added the date in the first parentheses (curved brackets): 2017, June 14).When writing in text, though, you would only include the year. ‘Grayling (2017) argues that Brexit ought to be stopped’ is correct. ‘Grayling (2017, June 14) argues that Brexit ought to be stopped’ is wrong.Here is an example where no author is listed on the webpage, other than the company/institution:BBC (2018, November 18) Theresa May: Brexit won’t be easier if I’m ousted. Available online at (accessed 18 November 2018). You can use square brackets to include extra, non-essential information describing the source. The word in the square brackets begins with a capital letter:The National Archives (2018, November 6) Armistice and legacy: A graphic novel of the First World War [Blog]. Available online at (accessed 18 November 2018).If a website reproduces text from history, then you should include the original year in the first parentheses:The Nobel Prize (1921/2018) Albert Einstein: Biographical. Available online at (accessed 18 November 2018).In-text, it’s helpful to include both years, for example:Einstein always had ‘a clear view of the problems of physics and the determination to solve them’ (The Nobel Prize, 1921/2018).Journal articlesA journal article is a text that is published in an official academic magazine known as a journal.Eraut, M. (2007) Learning from other people in the workplace, Oxford Review of Education, 33(4), pp. 403–422.The author’s name(s) appear first, followed by the yearThen you include the Title: Subtitle of the article, but not in italicsThen a comma, followed by the title of the journal, with the main words all in capitals (but not words such as ‘of’ and ‘and’)Then it’s another comma followed by the volume number Add the issue number of the journal in curved brackets, if this information is available. Otherwise, just omit itThen you write ‘pp.’, which stands for pages, followed by the first page number and the last page number on which the article appearsUse the en dash (–) for ranges (not a hypen, - , and not an em dash —)The information that you need is usually included in the journal article itself. Sometimes, you might need to use the journal article page.If the journal article has a Digital Object Identifier (DOI), then you should include this after a full stop:Conroy, J., Hulme, M. & Menter, I. (2013) Developing a ‘clinical’ model for teacher education, Journal of Education for Teaching, 39(5), pp. 557–573. doi:10.1080/02607476.2013.836339A DOI is a permanent website address.If you’ve got the article from JStor (which I spoke about in class), then include the stable URL, just like this:Kennedy, D. & Collins, M. (2006) Community politics in Liverpool and the governance of professional football in the late nineteenth century, The Historical Journal, 49(3), pp. 761–788). Available online at include the website address (URL) for journal articles from JStor – not for articles from any other journal or journal database.Newspaper articlesIf the article has a named author and is available online, then it’s:d'Ancona, M. (2018) This budget may not survive the coming Brexit hurricane, The Guardian, 29 October 2018. Available online at (accessed 18 November 2018).If there’s no named author of the article, then you can reference it like this:The Guardian (2018) This budget may not survive the coming Brexit hurricane, 29 October 2018. Available online at (accessed 18 November 2018).If the article has a named author and you’ve read it in a hard copy of a newspaper, rather than online, then the format is:d'Ancona, M. (2018) This budget may not survive the coming Brexit hurricane, The Guardian, 29 October 2018, p. 12.If there's no named author, (sometimes there isn't), you can reference it like this:The Guardian (2018) This budget may not survive the coming Brexit hurricane, 29 October 2018, p. 12. Add extra, non-essential information in square brackets after the title. This could be, for example, ‘Editorial’ or ‘Letter to editor’:Evening Standard (2018) Evening Standard comment: Stop-and-search needs more than words to work; Pakistan's bad law; GBBO rises to occasion [Editorial], 31 October 2018. Available online at (accessed 18 November 2018).Books with editorsSome books have chapters or parts written by different people, with an editor, or editors, overseeing the whole book. The editor(s) usually write a chapter or more of an edited book.If you want to cite an author who has published a chapter (or equivalent) in an edited book, then it’s:Madriz, E. (2000) Focus groups in feminist research. In N. Denzin & Y. Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of qualitative research (2nd ed.) (Thousand Oaks, USA, Sage), pp. 835–850.Note that it’s the name of the book, not the chapter, that is in italicspage numbers are included at the endEd. means ‘editor’ and Eds. stands for ‘editors’. In both cases, the ‘E’ is a capital.Ed. appears in curved brackets (parentheses)A comma appears straight afterwards i.e. (Eds.),You add ‘In’ with a capital I after the title of the chapter/section.Now, perhaps oddly, the initial of the author(s) forename comes before their surname e.g. ‘N. Denzin’ not ‘Denzin, N.’.If you want to refer to the whole edited book, you can do that fairly simply:Denzin, N. & Lincoln, Y. (Eds.) Handbook of qualitative research (2nd ed.) (Thousand Oaks, USA, Sage).Multimedia e.g. YouTube, BBC iPlayerYou may wish to reference YouTube, BBC iPlayer videos, or other multimedia.For a YouTube clip where the creator of the multimedia is clear in the video itself:Timeline (2013) Germania: The battle against Rome [Documentary]. Available online at (accessed 18 November 2018).[Documentary] is non-essential information and so is included in square brackets.For a BBC clip:BBC (2018) Driven: The Billy Monger story [Documentary]. Available online at (accessed 18 November 2018).Be careful of citing a YouTube clip without a respected creator – you are advised not to cite it!Other sourcesThere are lots of other sources that you might cite. Ask you supervisor for specific advice.Reference listWith the examples above, and 1.5 line spacing.Altrichter, H., Posch, P. & Somekh, B. (1993) Teachers investigate their work: An introduction to the methods of action research (Abingdon, Routledge).BBC (2018a) Driven: The Billy Monger story [Documentary]. Available online at (accessed 18 November 2018).BBC (2018b, November 18) Theresa May: Brexit won’t be easier if I’m ousted. Available online at (accessed 18 November 2018). Berger, P. & Luckmann, T. (1966) The social construction of reality: A treatise on the sociology of knowledge (London, Penguin).Conroy, J., Hulme, M. & Menter, I. (2013) Developing a ‘clinical’ model for teacher education, Journal of Education for Teaching, 39(5), pp. 557–573. doi:10.1080/02607476.2013.836339d'Ancona, M. (2018) This budget may not survive the coming Brexit hurricane, The Guardian, 29 October 2018. Available online at (accessed 18 November 2018).de Botton, A. (1997) How Proust can change your life (London, Picador).Denzin, N. & Lincoln, Y. (Eds.) Handbook of qualitative research (2nd ed.) (Thousand Oaks, USA, Sage).Dostoyevsky, F. (1886/1997) Crime and punishment (London, Penguin).Eraut, M. (2007) Learning from other people in the workplace, Oxford Review of Education, 33(4), pp. 403–422.Evening Standard (2018) Evening Standard comment: Stop-and-search needs more than words to work; Pakistan's bad law; GBBO rises to occasion [Editorial], 31 October 2018. Available online at (accessed 18 November 2018).Goldacre, B. (2009) Bad science (London, HarperCollins).Grayling, A. (2017, June 14) Brexit: Enough is enough! Available online at (accessed 18 November 2018).Kennedy, D. & Collins, M. (2006) Community politics in Liverpool and the governance of professional football in the late nineteenth century, The Historical Journal, 49(3), pp. 761–788). Available online at , M. (2003) Thinking in education (2nd ed.) (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press). Madriz, E. (2000) Focus groups in feminist research. In N. Denzin & Y. Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of qualitative research (2nd ed.) (Thousand Oaks, USA, Sage), pp. 835–850.Pinker, S. (2002) The blank slate: The modern denial of human nature (London, Penguin).Taleb, N. (2004) Fooled by randomness: The hidden role of chance in life and in the markets (2nd ed.) (London, Penguin).Taleb, N. (2007) The black swan: The impact of the highly improbable (London, Penguin).The Guardian (2018) This budget may not survive the coming Brexit hurricane, 29 October 2018, p. 12. The National Archives (2018, November 6) Armistice and legacy: A graphic novel of the First World War [Blog]. Available online at (accessed 18 November 2018).The Nobel Prize (1921/2018) Albert Einstein: Biographical. Available online at (accessed 18 November 2018).Timeline (2013) Germania: The battle against Rome [Documentary]. Available online at (accessed 18 November 2018).Vernon, M. (2017) Rediscovering Plato’s vision. Available online at (accessed 18 November 2018).Wheelan, C. (2013) Naked statistics: Stripping the dread from the data (New York, USA, Norton Books).Part 4: The annotated bibliographyBibliographyA bibliography is a list, usually in alphabetical order, of all of the texts/sources (books, journal articles, websites, etc.) you’ve read or engaged with for your project, irrespective of whether you’ve referred to them in your final essay or report.In your bibliography, you need to reference each resource using the Harvard referencing system. If you’ve used a different referencing system, the rationale for this decision must be made explicit elsewhere in your project submissions.AnnotationsYou need to annotate each text/source. This means you need to write, underneath your reference to each text/resource, some comments about it, in prose form.Your comments can vary in nature. You can, for example:?set out your reflections on the subject matter?summarise the text or portions of the text?extract and interpret key points?identify and explore interesting points, or points you may wish to use?evaluate the arguments advanced?assess the quality of the resource e.g. for reliability, impartialitySo, for example,Bloggs, B. (1998) Frogs and their walking habits (London, Tadpole Press).Bloggs is acknowledged as an expert in his field and provides a fascinating account of how frogs mate. His use of diagrams is helpful. However, his book is now quite dated and it does not necessarily reflect possible developments in the field. Therefore, it is important to check whether there have been any relevant advances. The book is produced by Tadpole Press, which may indicate some potential bias: tadpoles have an interest to declare in frog walking habits! It is unclear, for example, why Bloggs did not focus on toads. Annotated bibliographyWriting a good annotated bibliography takes time. But it’s an excellent intellectual investment. You’ll need to show that you can apply the Harvard referencing style correctly. Keep your comments academic in tone. A good strategy is to explain what the text/source is about itself. Then you can add incisive reflections.Your annotated bibliography should be presented in the same way your essay.There should certainly be some texts/sources that you’ve listed but not referred to. You should articulate your reasons for this. This shows that you are discerning writer! ................
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