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7th Grade Review

Geography/ Culture/ Native Americans:

1. Primary source: first hand source/account

Examples: diary entry of someone at the event; newspaper, photograph…

2. Define geography: the study of people, their environment, and their resources

Mountain: high, steep, rugged land that rises sharply

Island: land that is surrounded by water

Peninsula: land surrounded by water on three sides

Hemisphere: half of the Earth (Northern, Southern, Eastern, Western)

Equator: divided Earth into Northern and Southern hemispheres

What happens to climate as one gets closer to the equator? Temperature

increases

Prime Meridian: divides the Earth into Eastern and Western hemispheres

Which hemisphere is the US in? Northwestern

3. Define culture: complete way of life for a civilization

Give an example of an ethnocentric statement: “America has the best culture in the

world!”

4. Eastern Tribes: Iroquois

How geography impacted their culture: Eastern Woodlands: Use of trees to make

longhouses

Iroquois Confederacy: 5 nations of the Iroquois came together to form a

Representative- Democracy

**helped with defense

Label the following features: Atlantic Ocean(A), Pacific Ocean(B), Mississippi River(C), Rocky Mountains(D), Appalachian Mountains(E), Great Plains(F), Gulf of Mexico(G)

| | |

|A. Long Island |E. Niagara Falls |

| | |

|B. Hudson River |F. Catskill Mts |

| | |

|C. Finger Lakes |G. Albany |

| | |

|D. Lake Champlain |Label the areas A-G on the map|

| |( |

Exploration:

Land Bridge Theory: connected Asia to Americas; used to get to American continent

Use the space below to list reasons for exploration for each European nation.

|Portuguese |Spanish |French |

| | | |

|Sea route to India/Asia around Africa |God, Gold, Glory |Northwest Passage |

| | | |

| | | |

Columbus: sailed for Spain

Goals: route to India

Accomplishments: landed in the Americas- colony Hispaniola (NOW: Haiti and

Dominican Republic)

Columbian Exchange: A global exchange of goods and ideas between Eastern and

Western hemispheres

Positive impacts of exploration: Columbian Exchange (new resources)

Negative impacts of exploration: spread of disease and slavery to the “New World”,

destruction of Native American people

Colonization:

[pic]

Reasons for coming to the “New World:”

Pilgrims/ Quakers/ Puritans: religious freedom

What was the first successful English colony? Jamestown

What contributed to its success? Tobacco crop, Native American help,

organization/leadership (No work, no food)

1. New England: Geography: rocky soil, cold winters, short growing season

How geography impacted culture of the area: lumber, fishing, ship building

Mayflower Compact/Fundamental Orders of Connecticut: representative self -

government in the colonies and town meetings (early democracies)

Subsistence Farming: farming just enough to provide for your family

2. Middle: Geography: fertile soil, mild winters

How geography impacted culture of the area: farming (bread basket colonies), trade

Bread Basket: raised wheat, barley, rye

Assemblies: representative governments (early democracies)

3. Southern: Geography: fertile soil, warm climate, long growing season

How geography impacted culture of the area: plantations; cash crops

Cash Crops: crops raised and sold for profit (cotton, indigo, rice, tobacco)

**Plantations

House of Burgesses: first representative government in US (Virginia)- early democracy

Define the following:

Mercantilism: colonies exist for the economic benefit of the “Mother Country”

**colonies make the “Mother country” $$

Salutary Neglect: English colonial policy of not interfering in colonial politics and

economy as long as the neglect benefited England ( led to

autonomy (self-governing bodies in colonies)

The American Revolution:

1. Explain events and how they contributed to the outbreak of the Revolution:

French and Indian War: 1754-1763 between English and French with Native

American Allies- Results in end of French control in North America

**Britain in debt and wants colonies to help pay for the war since it benefitted them

* Albany Plan of Union: Ben Franklin’s idea to create one government for colonies

for the common defense (JOIN or Die snake cartoon)

**didn’t happen but first time it was suggested that the colonies act as one

Proclamation Line of 1763: England’s law forbidding colonists to settle west of

Appalachian Mountains (avoid conflict with Native Americans)

“No taxation without representation”: colonists will not pay taxes if they do not have

representation from the colonies in Parliament

Give Examples: Stamp Act, Sugar Act, Townshend Acts

Boycott: protest based on refusing to buy products or using services (hurt England

economically)

Boston Massacre: British fire into a crowd of unarmed colonists (colonists were

harassing soldiers)- used as propaganda throughout the colonies to

unite them against England

Define Propaganda: ideas spread deliberately to help or harm a cause

Quartering Act: colonists must house and feed the Redcoats (British soldiers)

Boston Tea Party: (1773) American colonists (Sons of Liberty) dressed as Indians threw

British tea into Boston Harbor to protest the Tea Act (Tea Act hurt smugglers)

Coercive Acts/ “Intolerable Acts”: (1774) passed by England to punish the

Massachusetts colony for the Boston Tea Party

Loyalist: colonist who remains loyal to England

Patriot: colonist who supports independence from England (Sons of Liberty)

2. Lexington and Concord: shot heard around the world; start of revolution

**Before Declaration of Independence

Declaration of Independence: (1776) document declaring the colonies independent from

British rule; justified the rebellion in an attempt to gain

foreign support

Battle of Saratoga: Turning Point; American victory convinced French to send aid

French Alliance: helped supply Americans with soldiers, NAVY, money, leadership

Battle of Yorktown: US (with the help of French Navy) surrounds British troops to

force surrender; end of American Revolution

Treaty of Paris: America is now a country and owns land up to the Mississippi

River

Government:

1. Articles of Confederation: agreement to form a government between the states

Positives: Northwest Ordinance

Negatives: weak central government (couldn’t collect taxes; no executive or judicial

branches; 13 separate states and lacked national unity)

Shay’s Rebellion: an uprising of farmers in Massachusetts protesting increased taxes;

federal government couldn’t help; proves how weak the Articles are

Constitutional Convention: delegates from the 13 states came to revise the Articles

Great Compromise: agreement to create a bicameral (2 House) Legislature; Senate: 2

representatives from each state (making small states happy) and House of

Representatives: representatives based on state population (making large

states happy)

3/5’s Compromise: agreement to count 3/5’s of a states slave population for

representation and taxes

2. Constitution: written law of the land

Preamble: introduction; stated the six goals for the nation

Federalism: a division of power between the federal government and state government

Delegated Powers: powers given only to the federal government (regulate foreign trade, make money, foreign policy, regulate interstate trade)

Reserved Powers: powers given only to state government (regulate state trade, schools, marriage and divorce laws)

Concurrent Powers: powers shared by state and federal governments (taxes)

Separation of Powers: powers of the government are divided among 3 branches

Executive: President, Vice President (enforces the law)

Legislative: Congress; House of Representatives & Senate (make the laws)

Judicial: Supreme Court (judges laws to be constitutional)

Checks and Balances: to ensure that no one branch can become too powerful

Judicial Review (Marbury vs. Madison): court decides if laws passed by Congress or

President are constitutional

Electoral College: electors from all states that vote for the President

Bill of Rights: a formal list containing a citizens rights and freedoms

**First 10 Amendments **Federalists vs. Anti-Federalists

Amendment Process/ Elastic Clause: to change the Constitution to adapt/govern to the

times

First 7 Presidents:

George Washington: Explain 4 major precedents established by him:

a. Choosing the cabinet

b. No 3rd term

c. Title of Mr. President

d. Neutrality

What advice did Washington give in his Farewell address: avoid foreign conflicts and political parties

Whiskey Rebellion: protest on tax; Washington reacts to uprising with using the US military to put it down

Explain rise of political parties: Split of opinion on key issues (size of government, constitutional strictness)

Federalists: supporters of a strong central government and loose interpretation Constitution; led by Alexander Hamilton

Democratic-Republicans: supporters of strong central government and strong interpretation of Constitution; led by Jefferson

John Adams:

Alien Act: raised the residency requirement for an immigrant to become a citizen (keep votes from Democratic Republicans)

Sedition Act: could not criticize the government

XYZ Affair: French officials demand a bribe; US refuses.

“Millions for defense, not one cent for tribute” showed strength of the new country

Thomas Jefferson:

Louisiana Purchase: Jefferson buys land (calls it a peace treaty) from Napoleon (France); doubles the size of the United States

Lewis and Clark: explored the Louisiana Territory

Embargo Act: US does not trade with any European country

Non-intercourse Act: US can trade with Europe EXCEPT England and France

James Madison:

War of 1812: US versus England

Causes: Impressment of US sailors; British supplies Native Americans with

weapons

Results: British burn the White House; Battle of New Orleans, Star Spangled

Banner, increased nationalism (pride in America)

War Hawk: American who wants war with England

Nationalism: pride in your country

Treaty of Ghent: ended War of 1812; restored pre war conditions

James Monroe: “Era of Good Feelings”

Monroe Doctrine: US foreign policy to stop Europe from colonizing in the Western

Hemisphere

John Quincy Adams:

Election of 1824: Corrupt Bargain; controversial 3 candidate election; house of reps vote Quincy Adams as winner over Jackson; leader of the house becomes sec. of state

Andrew Jackson: Leader of the common man

Indian Removal Act: forced Native Americans to move West of the Mississippi River

**Trail of Tears

Spoils System: Jackson gave government jobs to unqualified supporters, friends,

and family; kitchen cabinet

Veto: Presidential power to override legislative branch; uses more than all

Presidents before him

National Bank: killed the National Bank

Westward Expansion: how the US acquired land and the settled of these territories

Manifest Destiny: belief that the US had the right to expand its territory

How the US acquired land:

Treaty of Paris(1783): expanded the boundary of the 13 states to the Mississippi River

Louisiana Purchase: doubles the size of the US and gained access to Mississippi River

Mississippi River: trade

Annexation of Texas: Texas becomes a state (cause of Mexican-American War)

Mexican- American War: Mexican Cession; southwest acquired

Motives to move west:

Transcontinental Railroad: made it easier, faster and safer to transport people and

goods between the west and east… connected east and west coast

Gold Rush: get rich quick; 49ers; boomtowns (created when gold was found in an

area and then miners and merchants went there; ghost towns (gold dried up and

they all left)

Homestead Act: government gave away 160 acres of land to those who would

cultivate the land and make it productive farm land (Great Plains became the

Great American Breadbasket)

Cattle kingdom/cowboys: open range… cowboys would round up cattle and

bring them to the RR to be shipped east.

What impact did westward expansion have on Native Americans? Land taken they

were put on reservations (treaties = “broken promises); assimilation

(Americanized); Indian Wars (battles if Native Americans resisted)

How did westward expansion lead to sectionalism? As states entered the Union there

was debates and tensions whether or not they would enter as a free or slave state

Civil War: a war between the people of one country (north and south of US)

Rise of Sectionalism: division among sections within the country (North, South, West)

over economy, immigration, slavery, tariffs

*differences in geography

Rise of Abolition Movement: ban on slavery

Harriet Beecher Stowe, Uncle Tom’s Cabin: novel which helped spread

abolitionist movement in the North and hated in the South

Dred Scott Decision: court case (slave sues for freedom because he went to a free

state) Ruling: slaves have no rights and cannot sue (slaves are property)

Lincoln’s “House divided” speech: need to maintain the Union or America cannot

survive

Missouri Compromise: agreement of 1820 that administered Missouri as a slave state

and Maine as a free state

Kansas-Nebraska Act: act of 1854 establishing that the people of a territory should

decide whether slavery would be allowed

Popular Sovereignty: belief that people can and should govern themselves before

entering the Union as a state, their would be a vote to determine free or slave

Bleeding Kansas: abolitionist attacks on pro slavery towns in Kansas

Election of 1860: Lincoln wins the election without any Southern electoral votes

States’ vs. National Government’s Rights: do states have the right to secede?

Secession: to leave the Union; South Carolina is the 1st state to secede

Fort Sumter: Confederate attack on a Northern fort in South Carolina

Lincoln’s primary reason for fighting the war: to preserve the Union

Advantages of the North: railroads, manufacturing, population, navy, $

Advantages of the South: military leadership, knowledge of the land, motivation

Emancipation Proclamation: declaration by Lincoln freeing all slaves in southern states;

did not actually free slaves… expanded his goal for the Civil War (ending slavery)

Battle of Gettysburg: turning point- last time the south will attack on northern soil

Appomattox Courthouse: end of the civil war; lee surrenders

Reconstruction: rebuilding the south after the Civil War.

Explain the conditions of the south after the Civil War:

Economy: economy of the south was destroyed because no workers (slaves) for

Plantations

Political: CSA leaders are removed; new republican leaders; harsh radical

republicans for the south

Social: the complete way of life is turned upside down for the south, cities are

destroyed

Lincoln’s 10% Plan: lenient; 10% of CSA soldiers had to swear loyalty to the union and

then reapply for statehood

*go easy on the south (preserve the union)

Who assassinated Abraham Lincoln? John Wilkes Booth

Johnson’s Presidential Reconstruction Plan: amnesty for all the south; Southern leaders

back into the Union and Congress

**similar to Lincoln’s (Radical Republicans in Congress hated the plan)

Reconstruction Act: plan by radical republicans; punish the south; no one involved in

Confederate States of America involved in politics; majority of south swear

loyalty; rewrite state constitution; recognize 14 and 15th amendment

*severely punish the south

Freedmen’s Bureau: set up to help freed slaves (education, jobs, food, housing…)

13th Amendment: FREE : abolish slavery

14th Amendment: CITIZENS: African Americans are US citizens

15th Amendment: VOTE: African American males can vote

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D

B

F

E

A

C

G

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