Electrical Engineering - MADE EASY

A Handbook on

Electrical Engineering

Revised & Updated

Contains well illustrated formulae & key theory concepts For

ESE, GATE, PSUs

& OTHER COMPETITIVE EXAMS

Publications

Publications

MADE EASY Publications

Corporate Office: 44-A/4, Kalu Sarai (Near Hauz Khas Metro Station), New Delhi-110016 Contact: 011-45124660, 8860378007 E-mail: infomep@madeeasy.in Visit us at:

A Handbook on Electrical Engineering

? Copyright, by MADE EASY Publications. All rights are reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photo-copying, recording or otherwise), without the prior written permission of the above mentioned publisher of this book.

First Edition: 2012 Second Edition: 2014 Third Edition: 2015 Fourth Edition: 2019

Typeset at: MADE EASY Publications, New Delhi-110016

Director's Message

During the current age of international competition in Science and Technology, the Indian participation through skilled technical professionals have been challenging to the world. Constant efforts and desire to achieve top positions are still required.

B. Singh (Ex. IES)

I feel every candidate has ability to succeed but competitive

environment and quality guidance is required to achieve

high level goals. At MADE EASY, we help you to discover your hidden talent

and success quotient to achieve your ultimate goals. In my opinion CSE, ESE,

GATE & PSUs exams are tool to enter in to main stream of Nation serving. The

real application of knowledge and talent starts, after you enter in to the working

system. Here in MADE EASY you are also trained to become winner in your life

and achieve job satisfaction.

MADE EASY alumni have shared their winning stories of success and expressed their gratitude towards quality guidance of MADE EASY. Our students have not only secured All India First Ranks in ESE, GATE and PSUs entrance examinations but also secured top positions in their career profiles. Now, I invite you to become alumni of MADE EASY to explore and achieve ultimate goal of your life. I promise to provide you quality guidance with competitive environment which is far advanced and ahead than the reach of other institutions. You will get the guidance, support and inspiration that you need to reach the peak of your career.

I have true desire to serve Society and Nation by way of making easy path of the education for the people of India.

After a long experience of teaching in Electrical Engineering over the period of time MADE EASY team realised that there is a need of good Handbook which can provide the crux of Electrical Engineering in a concise form to the student to brush up the formulae and important concepts required for ESE, GATE, PSUs and other competitive examinations. This handbook contains all the formulae and important theoretical aspects of Electrical Engineering. It provides much needed revision aid and study guidance before examinations.

B. Singh (Ex. IES) CMD, MADE EASY Group

CONTENTS

A Handbook on Electrical Engineering

Chapter 1 : Power Systems............................... 1-52

I. Supply System..................................................... 1 II. Line Parameters.................................................. 4 III. Performance of Transmission Line.............14 IV. Concept of Corona...........................................23 V. Mechanical Design of Overhead Lines.....25 VI. Balanced and Unbalanced Faults...............27 VII. Power System Stability...................................32 VIII. Power System Transients...............................36 IX. Economic Load Dispatch...............................38 X. Underground cable.........................................40 XI. Protective Relays..............................................45 XII. Circuit Breakers.................................................48 XIII. Generating Power Stations...........................50 XIV. Loads and Load Curves..................................52

Chapter 2 : Electrical Machines................. 53-101

I. Transformers................................................... 53 II. Electromagnetic System............................. 66 III. Basic Concepts in Rotating

Electrical Machines....................................... 68 IV. D.C. Machines................................................. 70 V. Polyphase Induction Motors..................... 78 VI. Polyphase Synchronous Machines......... 89

Chapter 3 : Power Electronics................... 102-164

I. Power Electronics.......................................... 102 II. Thyristor............................................................ 108 III. Diode Circuits and Rectifiers..................... 116 IV. Thyristor Commutation Techniques....... 124

V. Phase Controlled Rectifiers........................ 129 VI. Choppers.......................................................... 144 VII. Inverters............................................................ 150 VIII. AC Voltage Controllers................................ 159 IX. Electric Drives................................................. 162

Chapter 4 : Measurements and Instrumentation...................... 165-214

I. Characteristics of Instruments and Measurement Systems..............................165

II. Circuit Components (Resistors, Inductors, Capacitors)................................171

III. Galvanometers.............................................173 IV. Analog Meters..............................................175 V. Instrument Transformers..........................183 VI. Measurement of Power and

Wattmeters.................................................... 186 VII. Measurement of Resistance....................191 VIII. A.C. Bridges....................................................197 IX. Magnetic Measurements..........................204 X. Electronic Instruments..............................205 XI. Cathode Ray Oscilloscope........................207 XII. High Frequency Measurements.............211 XIII. Transducers...................................................212

Chapter 5 : Network Theory....................... 215-244

I. Circuit Elements and Signal Waveform..........................................215

II. Network Laws and Theorems..................222 III. Graph Theory ...............................................227

IV. Laplace Transform Analysis and Circuit Transients.........................................230

V. Resonance......................................................234 VI. Magnetically Coupled Circuit.................236 VII. Two Port Network.......................................238 VIII. Network Synthesis......................................241 IX. Dual Network................................................244

Chapter 6 : Control Systems....................... 245-282

I. Introduction..................................................245 II. Mathematical Modelling..........................246 III. Transfer function.........................................253 IV. Time Response Analysis of

Control System.............................................258 V. Stability in Time-Domain..........................265 VI. Industrial Controller...................................269 VII. Compensator................................................272 VIII. Frequency Response Analysis.................273 IX. State Space Analysis..................................281

Chapter 7 : Signals and Systems................ 283-307

I. Introduction to Signals...............................283 II. Linear Time Invariant Systems..................290 III. Fourier Series..................................................292 IV. Fourier Transform..........................................296 V. Laplace Transform.........................................298 VI. Z -Transform....................................................303

Chapter 8 : Analog Electronics................... 308-372

I. Semiconductor Physics.............................308 II. Junction Diode Characteristics..............317 III. Bipolar Junction Transistors.....................327 IV. Transistor Biasing Circuits........................333 V. BJT as an Amplifier......................................336 VI. Junction Field Effect Transistors.............339

VII. Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor............................................344

VIII. Transistor Hybrid Model...........................347 IX. Feedback Amplifiers...................................350 X. Operational Amplifiers..............................354 XI. Large Signal Amplifiers.............................360 XII. The Signal Generators and

Wave Shaping Circuits...............................366

Chapter 9 : Digital Electronics................... 373-418

I. Number System and Codes.....................373 II. Logic Gates....................................................376 III. Boolean Algebra and

Reduction Techniques...............................383 IV. Digital Logic Circuits..................................388 V. Sequential Circuits......................................395 VI. Registers.........................................................400 VII. Counters.........................................................402 VIII. Digital ICs Family........................................406 IX. DACs and ADCs............................................412

Chapter 10 : Electrical Materials.................. 419-448

I. Dielectric Properties of Insulating Materials....................................419

II. Dielectric Breakdown.................................427 III. Magnetic Properties of Materials..........430 IV. Conductive Materials.................................436 V. Semiconductor Materials.........................441 VI. Insulating Materials....................................443 VII. Crystal Structure..........................................446

Chapter 11 : Electromagnetic Theory.......... 449-487

I. Vector Calculus.............................................449 II. Coordinate system

and Transformation....................................450

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