Human embryonic development
Human embryonic development
determination Vs differentiation
stem cells precursor cells specialized cells
cell division cell movement cell adhesion changes
inner cell mass (ICM)
produce all tissues
gastrulation
three germ layers
most cells’ fate restricted (types of cells they can produce)
endoderm => pancreatic bud => only pancreas cells
Creating Embryonic Stem Cell Lines
early human embryos blastocyst
Remove inner cell mass (ICM)
Culture grow in lab indefinitely
Various growth factors => differentiate into variety of specialized cells
beating heart cells
Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) a cloning technique
Remove nucleus from healthy egg => egg now a host for nucleus transplanted from another cell (skin cell)
microscope & small glass pipettes to handle egg cells & to remove & transfer cell nuclei
resulting embryo can generate embryonic stem cells
therapeutic cloning ESC = genetic match to nucleus donor
reproductive cloning implant into surrogate mother => cloned individual (Dolly)
Stem Cell Capabilities
Still largely potential
Potential demonstrated by regeneration in other organisms
regenerative capabilities of the planarian
Urodele limb regeneration
Amputate
Stump cells dedifferentiate=> mass of stemlike cells
produce all the specialized tissues of the limb (muscle, nerves, blood vessels)
zebrafish heart
similar to human heart
unlike human heart, fish heart closes wounds rapidly & regenerates to nearly full function.
Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) important in regeneration
Stem Cells: Animations and Video Clips
Human Development and Stem Cells
Mapping Cell Fates
Creating Embryonic Stem Cell Lines
Cultured Human Embryonic Stem Cells
Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer Video
Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer Animation
Planarian Regeneration and Stem Cells
Newt Limb Regeneration
Zebrafish Heart Regeneration
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