Social and Emotional Development
Social and Emotional Development
Social and emotional development means:
• The development of emotional communication.
• Understanding of self, ability to manage one's feelings .
• Understanding and knowledge of other people.
• Relationships, interpersonal skills and moral behavior.
Emotional Development Importance:
• Emotions are central in all aspects of human activity.
• They are vital to cognitive development because emotional reactions lead to learning that is essential for survival.
• It is also vital to social behavior because babies' emotional reactions like crying, laughing and smiling affect others' interests in powerful ways.
• Similarly the emotional reactions of others regulate children's social behavior.
• Much research indicates that emotions influence children's physical well-being.
• Constant psychological stress in children is associated with various health difficulties.
• Emotions are also important in the emergence of self-awareness.
• Infants can not describe their feelings as adults do . So, they use emotions to communicate.
• In addition to facial expressions, some body movements also provide information .
• International studies have suggested that infants from various cultures show almost the same facial expressions.
• In the initial 2 years of life, babies and toddlers show basic emotions like happiness, sadness, anger and fear.
• Basic emotions are so universal that even non-human primates display them.
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• Beside basic emotions, human beings are capable of another set of emotions called the self-conscious emotions.
• As the name implies, these emotions include shame, pride, embarrassment, guilt and envy.
Birth - 6 months:
• Show signs of almost all basic emotions.
• Smiles socially and laughs.
• Express happiness more when interacting with familiar people.
• Matches adults' emotional expressions while communicating face-to-face
• Develops awareness of self as a knower and actor; like understanding that self is separate from rest of the world.
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7 – 12 months
• Anger and fear increase, especially the case of anxiety.
• They feel secure with caregiver and builds strong caregiver relationship.
• Babies can detect the meaning of others‘ emotional signals .
• They feel much attached to familiar caregivers.
13 - 18 months
• Can play with familiar adults and children.
• Develops awareness of self as an object of knowledge and evaluation, like understanding the psychological and social characteristics of self.
• Understands that others' emotional reactions may differ from one's own.
• Can start feeling empathy.
19 - 24 months
• Display self conscious emotions but the intensity depends on monitoring
and encouragement of adults.
• Adds more words in the vocabulary for talking about feelings.
• Learns to tolerate absence of familiar caregiver.
• Can use words to describe peer's behaviors.
• Learns to use own name or personal pronouns to describe self.
• Can sort others into categories based on age, sex, and other characteristics.
• Starts to develop self control.
2 - 3 Years
• Begins to develop self concept and self esteem.
• Understands causes, effects and behavioral signs of basic emotions.
• Learns to cooperate.
• Empathy increases.
3 - 4 Years
• Improves emotional self-regulation.
• Decreases non-social activities and plays interactively more.
• Forms first friendship.
• Begins to prefer same-sex playmates.
• Improves ability to interpret, predict and influence others' emotional reactions.
• Expresses empathy more by language.
• Solves social problems better.
• Knows many morally relevant rules and behaviors.
5 – 6 Years
• Improves ability to interpret, predict and influence others' emotional reactions.
• Expresses empathy more by language.
• Solves social problems better.
• Knows many morally relevant rules and behaviors.
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