Social and Emotional Development



Social and Emotional Development

Social and emotional development means:

• The development of emotional communication.

• Understanding of self, ability to manage one's feelings .

• Understanding and knowledge of other people.

• Relationships, interpersonal skills and moral behavior.

Emotional Development Importance:

• Emotions are central in all aspects of human activity.

• They are vital to cognitive development because emotional reactions lead to learning that is essential for survival.

• It is also vital to social behavior because babies' emotional reactions like crying, laughing and smiling affect others' interests in powerful ways.

• Similarly the emotional reactions of others regulate children's social behavior.

• Much research indicates that emotions influence children's physical well-being.

• Constant psychological stress in children is associated with various health difficulties.

• Emotions are also important in the emergence of self-awareness.

• Infants can not describe their feelings as adults do . So, they use emotions to communicate.

• In addition to facial expressions, some body movements also provide information .

• International studies have suggested that infants from various cultures show almost the same facial expressions.

• In the initial 2 years of life, babies and toddlers show basic emotions like happiness, sadness, anger and fear.

• Basic emotions are so universal that even non-human primates display them.

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• Beside basic emotions, human beings are capable of another set of emotions called the self-conscious emotions.

• As the name implies, these emotions include shame, pride, embarrassment, guilt and envy.

Birth - 6 months:

• Show signs of almost all basic emotions.

• Smiles socially and laughs.

• Express happiness more when interacting with familiar people.

• Matches adults' emotional expressions while communicating face-to-face

• Develops awareness of self as a knower and actor; like understanding that self is separate from rest of the world.

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7 – 12 months

• Anger and fear increase, especially the case of anxiety.

• They feel secure with caregiver and builds strong caregiver relationship.

• Babies can detect the meaning of others‘ emotional signals .

• They feel much attached to familiar caregivers.

13 - 18 months

• Can play with familiar adults and children.

• Develops awareness of self as an object of knowledge and evaluation, like understanding the psychological and social characteristics of self.

• Understands that others' emotional reactions may differ from one's own.

• Can start feeling empathy.

19 - 24 months

• Display self conscious emotions but the intensity depends on monitoring

and encouragement of adults.

• Adds more words in the vocabulary for talking about feelings.

• Learns to tolerate absence of familiar caregiver.

• Can use words to describe peer's behaviors.

• Learns to use own name or personal pronouns to describe self.

• Can sort others into categories based on age, sex, and other characteristics.

• Starts to develop self control.

2 - 3 Years

• Begins to develop self concept and self esteem.

• Understands causes, effects and behavioral signs of basic emotions.

• Learns to cooperate.

• Empathy increases.

3 - 4 Years

• Improves emotional self-regulation.

• Decreases non-social activities and plays interactively more.

• Forms first friendship.

• Begins to prefer same-sex playmates.

• Improves ability to interpret, predict and influence others' emotional reactions.

• Expresses empathy more by language.

• Solves social problems better.

• Knows many morally relevant rules and behaviors.

5 – 6 Years

• Improves ability to interpret, predict and influence others' emotional reactions.

• Expresses empathy more by language.

• Solves social problems better.

• Knows many morally relevant rules and behaviors.

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