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Middle Ages: National Monarchies48158403302000EnglandThe Normans William the Conqueror Doomsday Book and the ConquestFrance1) How far did the Capetian kings' influence extend from Paris? 2) How did the Capetians initially expand their control of France? 3) What reforms did Philip make while king? Holy Roman Empire1) What obstacles did the emperors face?2) Why was Otto I significant?3) How much of an "empire" was the Holy Roman Empire? Capetian FranceThe feudal monarchy of France grew slowly from humble beginnings. When the last of the Carolingians died, in 987 CE, the feudal lords of France elected a minor noble named Hugh Capet to serve as king. Capet held only a small territory around Paris, and he was in no position to challenge his vassals, some of whom were far more powerful than the king himself. During the next three centuries, however, his descendants, known as the Capetian kings, gradually added to their resources and expanded their political influence. Relying on feudal principles governing the relationship between lord and vassal, they absorbed the territories of vassals who died without heirs and established the right to administer justice throughout the realm. By the early fourteenth century, the Capetian Kings had gradually centralized power and the authority in France.29057601587500Philip II Augustus (1180-1223 CE) was the first Capetian king capable of expanding his influence far beyond the Ile de France (Paris and its immediate surroundings). Philip fought the English/Normans for their territory in France, seizing huge amounts of land over three decades. The new position of Bailiffs, instead of local lords, were used to administer local judicial, financial, and military affairs and owed their position to the king. In time, the bailiffs became part of a larger royal bureaucracy that had no local loyalties and were faithful to Philip alone. Philip's son, Louis VIII, participated in a crusade in southern France against the Cathar heretics, extending Capetian power toward the Mediterranean. 168910011493500Below is an example of the power of a later French king, Philip the Fair and his conflict with a PopeDIRECTIONS: Read carefully and answer the question191389014605000At dawn of the vigil of the Nativity of the Blessed Mary just past, suddenly and unexpectedly there came upon Anagni [a village] a great force of armed men of the party of the King of France... Arriving at the gates of Anagni and finding them open, they entered the town and at once made an assault upon the palace of the Pope. . . .Not even the Pope was in a position to hold out longer. The French king's forces broke through the doors and windows of the papal palace at a number of points, and set fire to them at others, till at last the angered soldiery forced their way to the Pope. Many of them heaped insults upon his head and threatened him violently, but to them all the Pope answered not so much as a word. And when they pressed him as to whether he would resign the Papacy, firmly did he refuse-indeed he preferred to lose his head-as he said in his vernacular: "E le col, e le cape!" which means: "Here is my neck and here my head."Therewith he proclaimed in the presence of them all that as long as life was in him, he would not give up the Papacy... the French appointed guards to keep the Pope in custody after some of the papal doormen had fled and others had been slain. Thus [were] the Pope and his nephew taken in Anagni on the said vigil of the Blessed Mary at about the hour of vespers and it is believed that the Lord Pope put in a bad night.The soldiers, on first breaking in, had pillaged the Pope, his chamber and his treasury of utensils and clothing, fixtures, gold and silver and everything found therein so that the Pope had been made as poor as job upon receiving word of his misfortune. Moreover, the Pope witnessed all and saw how the wretches divided his garments and carted away his furniture, both large items and small, deciding who would take this and who that, and yet he said no more than: "The Lord gave and the Lord taketh away, etc." Source: "William of Hundleby's Account of the Anagni Outrage," trans. by H. G. J. Beck,?Catholic Historical Review,?32 (1947), pp. 200-201.?Questions:1) Why did these French forces attack the pope? 2)What does this incident with the pope say about the power of the French king around 1300? Holy Roman Empire443293517081500As the Carolingian empire faded during the ninth century, counts, dukes, and other local authorities took responsibility for providing order in their own regions. Gradually, some of them extended their influence beyond their own jurisdictions and built larger states. Otto of Saxony was particularly aggressive. By the mid-tenth century, he had established himself as king in northern Germany. He campaigned east of the Elbe and Danube Rivers in lands populated by Slavs peoples (modern-Poland, Czech Republic), and twice he ventured into Italy to quell political disturbances, protect the church, and seek opportunities in the south. In appreciation for his aid to the church, Pope John XII proclaimed Otto emperor in 962 CE. Thus was born the Holy Roman Empire (again). 3365500107886500The imperial title had considerable cachet, and on several occasions energetic emperors almost transformed the Holy Roman Empire into a hegemonic state that might have reintroduced imperial unity to Europe. Conflict with the papacy, however, prevented the emperors from building a strong and dynamic state. Although the popes crowned the medieval emperors, their relations were usually tense, since both popes and emperors large claims to authority in Christian Europe. Relations became especially strained when emperors sought to influence the selection of church officials, which the popes regarded as their own prerogative, or when emperors sought to extend their authority into Italy, where the popes had long provided political leadership. Voltaire, the 18th century French writer, once said that the Holy Roman Empire was "neither holy, nor Roman, nor an empire." Indeed, the Holy Roman Empire was an empire principally in name only. In reality, it was a regional state ruling Germany, though it also wielded influence intermittently in eastern Europe and Italy. In no sense, however, did the Holy Roman Empire restore imperial unity to western Europe. Adapted from Traditions and Encounters Holy Roman Emperor: Frederick Barbarossa (ruled 1152-1190 CE)41332159207500The Holy Roman Empire was a collection of various principalities and small kingdoms in what would later become modern-Germany in the 19th century (you'll learn about that next year). Frederick Barbarossa was elected emperor by the various German princes, none of whom liked powerful emperors asserting themselves. Barbarossa could not outright crush local control by the princes, so he pushed for his more powerful noble vassals to absorb the weaker ones, reducing the decentralization of the empire. The personal loyalty of the princes was unreliable in the long-run but it gave Barbarossa temporary power. He also improved education for bureaucrats while he expanded his own directly owned lands (and thus tax revenue) and attempted to seize wealthy Italian cities in the region of Lombardy. These cities could be heavily taxed, as they were the gateway to trade in the East and did not have the problem of feudalism Barbarossa faced in the Holy Roman empire. He ultimately failed in this quest and his relationship with three different popes was ruined in the process. In 1190 he drowned in a river while on crusade, weighed down by his armor. His son would succeed him as emperor (elected properly as it were) and inherit a more powerful empire than Barbarossa himself had inherited four decades before. 1) What were the major obstacles Barbarossa faced as Holy Roman Emperor? 2) What reforms did Barbarossa put in placeHow did rulers of the High Middle Ages try to harness feudalism or circumvent it to increase their own power?Who was most successful? Why? 1689100322580000 ................
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