TABLE OF CONTENTS - SPF

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Acknowledgements 1. Executive Summary

1.1 Research Goals 1.2 Methodology 1.3 Section Overview 1.4 Conclusion

2. Evolution of Women's Leadership and Empowerment 2.1 Feminist Movement: History and Development 2.1.1 The Commission on the Status of Women (CSW) 2.1.2 UN Women 2.2 Leadership Theories: A Brief Overview 2.3 Women's Leadership, Development, and Empowerment 2.3.1 Follett's Relational Leadership Theory 2.3.2 Feminist Leadership 2.3.3 Women and Development 2.3.4 Women and Empowerment

3. Benefits of Empowering Women: An Overview of Dimensions of Transformation for 2030 Agenda for SDGs

3.1 Women as Global and Transformational Leaders. 3.2 Women as Economic Drivers. 3.3 Women as Change Agents. 3.4 Transformative Approach to Women's Leadership and Empowerment

4. Women's Contributions to Peace and Security during Humanitarian Crisis 4.1 Introduction and Background 4.2 International Momentum 4.3 Contributions of Women and the Peace Table 4.4 Why it's Not Happening 4.5 How to Move Forward

5. Conclusion: Empowering Women and Promoting Sustainable Development to Secure and Maintain Peace

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References Appendices 1. History and Leadership Theories

1A. Historical Timeline of CSW 1B. History of Theories on Leadership 1C. Overview on Theories of Women's Development, Leadership and Empowerment. 1D. Global Gender Gap Report, 2015: WEF 2. Key Moments for Women in Peace and Security (Since Beijing) 3. Key Experts / Practitioners 4. Women Peace Activists Who have Fallen Victim to Violence 5. Findings of Syrian Refugee Needs Assessment 6. Map of Jordan Showing Population of non-Jordanians by Nationality

Figures 1: References Relating to Women's Empowerment and Women's Leadership 2: The Leadship Grid 3: The Six Essential Elements of the Sustainable Development Goals 4: Interconnections between Personal, Relational and Enterprise Transformation 5: Women are Key Drivers of Economic Growth 6: Women Board Directors (WBD) Align with Strong Performance at Fortune 500 Companies 7: Women in Parliament

Tables 1: Traits and Skills Critical to Leaders 2: Characteristics of a Transformational Leader 3: Recommendations for Expanding Women's Leadership 4: The Overall Influence of Women in Peace Processes

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This report on global perspectives on women`s leadership and empowerment for peacebuilding is the culmination of two months of in-depth investigation, beginning in February 2016. First and foremost, I would like to express my profound gratitude to Sasakawa Peace Foundation for the financial support and Ms. Mari Kogiso, Director of International Project Planning and Development Department, for her excellent guidance and commitment to working on this vital area of women`s leadership in humanitarian crisis.

I would like to express my heartfelt thanks to the many eminent scholars, practitioners and leaders from civil society who have given countless hours to provide rich contextual and practical guidance. I would like to particularly thank my research team, Aimee Tiu Wu (evolution of women`s leadership) at LearnLong Institute for Education and Learning Research (NFP), Tala Al-Rousan (women`s leadership in humanitarian crisis) of Harvard Humanitarian Initiative and Maria Rebecca Aristrenas (research assistant for women in peace and security) of Harvard University whose tenacious work was integral to this project.

I would like to express my deep appreciation to David Perkins, Nannerl O. Keohane, Nancy J. Adler and Marie O`Reilley for their superior editorial and technical comments and advice, and also to Swanee Hunt, Amarthya Sen and Henry J. Steiner for their generous support as always. For your time and essential feedback, I sincerely thank Nancy Long Sieber, Robin J. Ely, Nancy Mcgaw, UN Women executives, including Ms. Phumzile Mlambo-Ngcuka, Ms. Palvi Kannisto, and Ms. Queenee Choudhury as well as the Harvard librarian community especially Marcella Flaherty. Lastly, to Ms. Mitsuko Gakiya, I am indebted to her for her inspirational and moral support on women`s leadership worldwide.

Mariko Gakiya

Mariko Gakiya, Dr. Ed Harvard University, PZ-GSE March 31, 2016

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1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The burgeoning global economy, fueled by advancements in science and technology along with evergreater globalization, has brought prosperity to much of the world. In many regions, however, these material improvements have proven to be divisive, as their benefits are unevenly distributed and economic inequality has grown. These disparities contribute to conflicts that destabilize socioeconomic, political, and environmental conditions in many countries. It is therefore essential that we find a way to build bridges across political, economic and cultural divides, to help these societies adjust to these changes and resolve emerging conflicts. Diplomacy in the 20th century was focused primarily on "power sharing," but the 21st century paradigm must address emerging human and environmental challenges, and requires us to create policies and actions that center on "responsibility sharing" (Anderlini, 2015).

In response to the need for a new paradigm for global transformation, the fourth Annual Ministerial Review (AMR), was convened by the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) in 2010. At this conference, Ban Ki-moon, Secretary-General of the United Nations, declared that "empowering women is an economic and social

"Gender equality is not only a fundamental human right, but a necessary foundation for a peaceful, prosperous and sustainable world."

imperative" (ECOSOC, 2010, p. 14). This sentiment is

UN Sustainable Development

echoed by Amartya Sen, Nobel laureate and founder of UNDP's Human Development Index, where he asserted

Goals, 2012

that empowering women and girls with more choices and

more freedoms is crucial for enhancing inclusive and

sustainable development, and that, "focusing on women's agency may be precisely the role that such an

agency can play in removing the iniquities that depress the well-being of women" (Sen, 1999, p. 191). A

closer look of the implementation of Millennium Development Goal (MDG 3), promote gender equality

and empower women, and Sustainable Development Goal (SDG Goal 5) achieve gender equality and

empower all women and girls, reveal that while some progress has been made in this area, women

continue to face discrimination, be disadvantaged in the labor market and have limited access to

economic assets and participation in private and public decision-making (UN, 2015). To transform the

state of our world with a much more inclusive and sustainable framework of development, the United

Nations mandate makes this clear:

Gender equality is not only a fundamental human right, but a necessary foundation for a peaceful, prosperous and sustainable world. Providing women and girls with equal access to education, health care, decent work, and representation in political and economic decisionmaking processes will fuel sustainable economies and benefit societies and humanity at large (UN Sustainable Development Goals, para. 1)

1.1 RESEARCH GOALS

In this complex and dynamic era, the recognition of women's voices and needs is integral to achieving social and global transformation. Drawing on international literature and statistics, this review aims to provide an overview and summary of literature to highlight the contributions of women in leadership

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