MECHANISM OF DEVELOPMENT OF PARAPNEUMONIC EFFUSIONS
MECHANISM OF DEVELOPMENT OF PARAPNEUMONIC EFFUSIONS
Kamal Mohammed, Ph.D.
Research Scientist, Research Service
North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System
Today pneumonia remains the most common cause of infection-related mortality. Between 40-60% of patients with pneumonia develop parapneumonic effusions in the pleural space. Pleural diseases constitute up to 30% of all consults on a pulmonary consultation service. Parapneumonic pleural effusions are associated with a large and rapid influx of fluid, protein and cells moving from the vascular compartment into the pleural space. Veteran patients with a history of smoking and alcohol abuse are often unable to adequately combat a parenchymal infection leading to the development of parapneumonic effusions and empyema. These diseases have significant morbidity and mortality. Pleural integrity plays a key role in pleural barrier maintenance. Individual pleural mesothelial cells are linked together into a tight membrane by connecting intercellular proteins at key areas called adherens junctions that are responsible for maintaining pleural mesothelial barrier function. Exposure of pleural mesothelial monolayers by bacteria causes a breach in the integrity of the pleura and results in gap formation, leakage of protein, fluid and movement of phagocytic cells into the pleural space. Factors that regulate this process remain unclear.
Heme-oxygenase (HO) is an anti-inflammatory cytoprotective molecule that is found in pleural fluids during inflammation, however its role in the regulation of permeability of the pleura is not known. HO is a stress induced enzyme that is responsible for the degradation of heme to biliverdin, free iron and carbon monoxide (CO). This inducible form of HO is called heme-oxygenase-1 (HO-1). In this project, using our models, we seek to evaluate if increases in pleural para cellular permeability leading to pleural effusion formation are mediated by disruption of pleural mesothelial adherens junction proteins in parapneumonic effusions. In addition, we also evaluate if activation of the pleural mesothelium by bacteria initiates mesothelial cell expression of HO-1 which regulates pleural permeability through its effects on adherens junction proteins. The main objectives of this project are as follow: 1) To determine if HO-1 regulates pleural inflammation and permeability in a murine model of S. aureus induced empyema. 2) To determine if HO-1 regulates pleural responses to S. aureus and pleural mesothelial permeability in vitro. 3) To determine the regulatory role of HO-1 on expression of adherens junction proteins. These objectives may help develop therapeutic modalities against parapneumonic effusions.
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