SBI4U: Thermodynamics and Metabolism
SBI4U: Thermodynamics and Metabolism
Important Terms:
Metabolism: all chemical reactions occurring __________________________
Anabolism: chemical reactions that ________________ energy to make new chemical bonds
Ex. _________________________ is an anabolic reaction
Catabolism: chemical reactions that harvest energy when bonds are broken
Ex. ___________________________ is a catabolic reaction
Flow of Energy
Potential energy stored in chemical bonds can be _______________________ from one molecule to another through ______________________.
oxidation: ________________ of electrons (LEO)
reduction: ________________ of electrons (GER)
redox reactions are _________________ to each other.
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Laws of Thermodynamics
First Law of Thermodynamics: Energy cannot be _____________________ or _______________
-energy can only be ________________________ from one form to another
How does photosynthesis demonstrate the first law of thermodynamics?
_______________________________________________________________
Second Law of Thermodynamics: __________________ is more likely than __________________
-entropy: ______________ in the universe
*The 2nd Law of Thermodynamics states that entropy is always ___________________
“The messy bedroom law…”
Gibb’s Free Energy
Free energy: the energy available to do ___________________
-free energy symbol: G (__________________ free energy)
-Enthalpy: energy contained in a molecule’s __________________________
Changes in Free Energy
• Chemical reactions can create ____________________ in free energy.
• When products contain more free energy than reactants ΔG is ______________
• When reactants contain more free energy than products ΔG is ______________
Chemical reactions can be described by the transfer of energy that occurs:
endergonic reaction: a reaction requiring an _________________ of energy
- ΔG is __________________
exergonic reaction: a reaction that __________________ free energy
- ΔG is ____________________
Most reactions require some energy to get started.
activation energy: ____________ needed to get a reaction started
-___________________ existing chemical bonds
-required even for _________________ reactions
catalysts: substances that ________ the activation energy of a reaction
*What do we call a catalyst that speeds up biological reactions?
__________________________
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Energy Currency of Cells
ATP = ____________________________
-the energy “_____________________” of cells
ATP structure:
-ribose, a 5-carbon sugar
-adenine
-three _______________________
How do we use ATP?
ATP stores energy in the _____________________ between phosphates.
Phosphates are highly negative, therefore:
-the phosphates ____________________ each other
-Lots of energy is required to keep the phosphates __________________ to each other
-Lots of energy is ____________________ when the bond between two phosphates is broken
When the bond between phosphates is broken:
ATP ADP + Pi
energy is released
Is this reaction exergonic or endergonic? ____________________
Is this reaction anabolic or catabolic? _____________________
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Redox Reactions
ATP Structure
ADP = adenosine diphosphate
Pi = inorganic ____________________________
This reaction is ________________________!
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