Appendix I – Air Emissions Calculations and …

VOWTAP

Research Activities Plan

Appendix I ? Air Emissions Calculations and Methodology

October 2014

AIR EMISSION CALCULATIONS AND METHODOLOGY

Virginia Offshore Wind Technology Advancement Project (VOWTAP)

Prepared for:

5000 Dominion Boulevard Glen Allen, VA 23060

Prepared by:

Tetra Tech, Inc. 4101 Cox Road, Suite 120

Glen Allen, VA 23060

Submitted December 2013 Revised October 2014

VOWTAP

Air Emission Calculations and Methodology

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1

INTRODUCTION .....................................................................................................................1

2

EMISSION CALCULATION METHODS .......................................................................................1

2.1 Commercial Marine Vessels..............................................................................................................1

2.2 Backup Power System ......................................................................................................................3

2.3 Nonroad Engines...............................................................................................................................4

2.4 Onroad Vehicles................................................................................................................................5

2.5 GHG Emissions.................................................................................................................................5

3

REFERENCES ..........................................................................................................................6

Table 1.

TABLES

Summary of Harbor Craft and OGV Emission Factors, Corrected for 15 Parts per Million Sulfur Content in Harbor Craft and 0.1 Percent Sulfur Content in OGVs .........................................................................2

Figure 1.

FIGURES NONROAD Model Input Options ..............................................................................................................4

Attachment A ? Emission Calculations

ATTACHMENTS

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VOWTAP

Acronym Btu CH4 CMV CO CO2 CO2e EPA gal g g/hp-hr g/kW-hr GHG GWP HAP hp ICF kW l/cyl lb MMBtu MOVES NOX N2O OGV ppmw SF6 SO2 PM2.5 PM10 Project VOC VOWTAP

Air Emission Calculations and Methodology

ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

Definition British thermal units methane commercial marine vessels carbon monoxide carbon dioxide carbon dioxide equivalents U.S. Environmental Protection Agency gallons grams grams per horsepower hour grams per kilowatt hour greenhouse gas emissions Global Warming Potential hazardous air pollutant horse power ICF International kilowatt liters per cylinder pounds million British thermal units Motor Vehicle Emission Simulator nitrogen oxides nitrous oxide ocean-going vessels part per million by weight sulfur hexafluoride sulfur dioxide particulate matter 2.5 micrometers in diameter particulate matter 10 micrometers in diameter Virginia Offshore Wind Technology Advancement Project volatile organic compound Virginia Offshore Wind Technology Advancement Project

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VOWTAP

Air Emission Calculations and Methodology

1 INTRODUCTION

This report describes the methodology applied to calculate the air emissions associated with the Virginia Offshore Wind Technology Advancement Project (VOWTAP or Project), as well as the results of the emissions calculations, which are detailed in Attachment A. As described in Section 4.16 of the VOWTAP Research Activities Plan, there are four primary categories of sources for which emissions were calculated:

? Commercial marine vessels (CMVs), ? Backup power system, ? Nonroad engines, and ? Onroad vehicles.

The specific air pollutants estimated from the above listed sources consist of the criteria air pollutants and greenhouse gases (GHGs). Specific pollutants in each group are listed as follows:

? Criteria Pollutants: o Nitrogen oxides [NOX], o Volatile organic compounds [VOC], o Carbon monoxide [CO], o Particulate matter 10 micrometers in diameter or less [PM10], o Particulate matter 2.5 micrometers in diameter or less [PM2.5], o Sulfur dioxide [SO2], and o Hazardous air pollutants [HAPs].

? GHGs: o Carbon dioxide (CO2), o Methane (CH4), o Nitrous oxide (N2O), and o Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6).

2 EMISSION CALCULATION METHODS

Methods for calculating criteria pollutant emissions for the respective types of emission sources are summarized in Sections 2.1 through 2.4. Section 2.5 below discusses the methodology for estimating the total GHG emissions for each of the sources. GHG emissions are presented in CO2 equivalent or "CO2e", because the different GHG constituents have different heat trapping capabilities.

2.1 Commercial Marine Vessels

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) guidance for CMV emissions (ICF International 2009) categorizes tugboats, crew boats, etc. as harbor craft and categorizes larger engine ships as ocean-going vessels (OGVs), and identifies the emission factors shown in Table 1. For the purpose of estimating the CMV emissions for the construction and operations phase of the VOWTAP commencing in 2017, Tier 1 emission factors for the smaller Category 1 engines and Tier 2 emission factors for the Category 2 engines were used providing a conservative estimate. The harbor craft emission factors for SO2 and PM10 presented

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