FEB 540: ENGINEERING DESIGN PROJECT

[Pages:98]UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING

FEB 540: ENGINEERING DESIGN PROJECT

PROJECT TITLE: DESIGN OF A DRIP IRRIGATION SYSTEM (Case study of Namekhele village)

CANDIDATE NAME: AMWATA GRACE AKINYI CANDIDATE No.: F21/1723/2010 SUPERVISOR'S NAME: DR DUNCAN ONYANGO MBUGE A Report Submitted in Partial Fulfillment for the Requirements of the Degree of Bachelor of Science in Environmental and Biosystems Engineering, of the University Of Nairobi

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MAY, 2015 Page i

DECLARATION This design project is my original work and has not been submitted in any university or institution for award of honors or for any other purpose. I therefore submit it for evaluation and consequent award of Bsc Environmental and Biosystem Engineering.

Grace A .Amwata Signature....................................... Date......................................

This design project report has been submitted for examination with approval of my supervisor. Signature...............................Date................................ Dr. Duncan Onyango Mbuge. University of Nairobi.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I thank God for the gift of life through the past years since I joined the department as a student and for enabling me undertake the project successfully.

The project is entirely based on the concepts of water and irrigation units and I therefore thank my lecturers for their effort towards imparting knowledge.

I would also like to thank my supervisor Dr Duncan Mbuge for taking his time to ensure the project comes to a conclusion as it has been quite hectic.

I also appreciate the effort of Mr Ndede of GEDO Associates in giving directions where necessary.

My appreciation also goes to my sisters and parents who have continually prayed with me and who made available all the resources needed for the project.

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LIST OF TABLES

Table 1.1: rainfall data of tongaren................................................................................................. 5 Table 1-2: Temperature classification ............................................................................................ 6 Table 1-3:Tongaren average temperature variations ...................................................................... 7 Table 1-4: Relative Humidity ......................................................................................................... 8 Table 5-1: Reference crop evapotranspiration rate, ETo. ............................................................. 50

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1-1: Agro-ecological zones.................................................................................................. 4 Figure 1-2: Area County ................................................................................................................. 9 Figure 1-3: area accessibility ........................................................................................................ 10 Figure 1-4: scheme area ................................................................................................................ 11 Figure 1-5: area contours. ............................................................................................................. 12 Figure 2-2: drip irrigation components....................................................................24 Figure 5-2: Google earth image of the area............................................................ 60 Figure 5-4: System layout.................................................................................. 62

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LIST OF ACRONYMNS UM- Upper Middle level PERC- Percolation SAT- Saturation WL- Water layer NIR- Net Irrigation Requirement GIR- Gross Irrigation Requirement SWR- Scheme Water Requirement. FAO- Food and Agricultural Organisation, Rome ISBN- International Standard Book Number ETo- Evapotranspiration ETc- Crop evapotranspiration KARI- Kenya Agricultural Research Institute AMREF- African Medical and Research Foundation.

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Contents

1.0 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background information. ...................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Problem Statement and problem analysis ............................................................................. 2 1.3 JUSTIFICATION ................................................................................................................. 3 1.4 SITE ANALYSIS AND INVENTORY. .............................................................................. 4 1.4.1 Location ......................................................................................................................... 4 1.4.2 Climate ........................................................................................................................... 4 1.4.3 Topography .................................................................................................................... 8 1.4.4 Soils................................................................................................................................ 8 1.4.5 Land use ......................................................................................................................... 8 1.4.6 Land ownership.............................................................................................................. 8 1.4.7 Vegetation ...................................................................................................................... 9 1.5 Overall objective ................................................................................................................. 13 1.5.1 Specific objectives ....................................................................................................... 13 1.6 Statement of scope .............................................................................................................. 13

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW ....................................................................................................... 14 2.1 Irrigation process ................................................................................................................ 15 2.1.1 FAO Penman- Monteith method.................................................................................. 15 2.1.2 Pan Evaporation method .............................................................................................. 16 2.1.3 Blaney criddle method ................................................................................................. 17 2.1.4 Effective rainfall .......................................................................................................... 18 2.2 Methods of irrigation .......................................................................................................... 18 2.2.1 Surface irrigation ......................................................................................................... 18 2.2.2 Sprinkler irrigation systems ......................................................................................... 18

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2.2.3 Localized irrigation systems ........................................................................................ 19

2.3 Drip irrigation system ......................................................................................................... 20

Low to moderate ................................................................................................................... 22

2.3.1 Historical background .................................................................................................. 23

2.3.2 Components of drip irrigation system.......................................................................... 23

3.0 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK .......................................................................................... 29

3.1 Evapotranspiration rate. ...................................................................................................... 29

3.1.1 The FAO CROPWAT Model ...................................................................................... 29

3.1.2 Crop water requirement determination ........................................................................ 30

3.1.3 Use of crop coefficient (Kc) ........................................................................................ 31

3.2 Net Irrigation Requirement ................................................................................................. 31

3.2.1 Effective rainfall .......................................................................................................... 32

3.2.1 Gross Irrigation Requirement ...................................................................................... 32

3.3 Leaching requirement ......................................................................................................... 33

3.4 Management allowed depletion .......................................................................................... 33

3.5 Irrigation Interval ................................................................................................................ 34

3.6 Net application desired ....................................................................................................... 34

Where:....................................................................................................................................... 35

3.7 Gross application depth....................................................................................................... 35

3.8 Emitter discharge ................................................................................................................ 35

3.9 Time period of irrigation..................................................................................................... 35

3.10 Scheme water requirement (SWR) ................................................................................... 36

3.11 Application rate................................................................................................................. 36

3.12 Total run-time per day ...................................................................................................... 37

3.13 Maximum run-time per cycle............................................................................................ 37

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