English Composition 2 - Amazon S3

English Composition 2

English Composition 2

Lumen Learning

Cover Image "Fall Kaleidoscope III" by Anne Worner, CC By SA, available from

CONTENTS

Summary ..................................................................................................................................... 5

? How to Write a Summary................................................................................................................................... 5 ? Research and Critical Reading .......................................................................................................................... 6 ? Primary Source: Sustaining Our Commonwealth of Nature and Knowledge................................................... 20 ? Primary Source: The Zombie as Barometer of Capitalist Anxiety.................................................................... 23 ? Primary source: Zombies vs. animals? The living dead wouldn't stand a chance ........................................... 25

Rhetorical Analysis .................................................................................................................... 31

? Basic Questions for Rhetorical Analysis .......................................................................................................... 31 ? Rogerian Argument.......................................................................................................................................... 32 ? Toulmin's Argument Model .............................................................................................................................. 34 ? Toulmin's Schema ........................................................................................................................................... 37 ? Persuasion....................................................................................................................................................... 39

What Is Research? .................................................................................................................... 45

? Research Essay Project Overview .................................................................................................................. 45 ? What Is Research? .......................................................................................................................................... 45 ? Discussion: What Research Have You Done Lately?...................................................................................... 47 ? Research and Other Types of Source-based Writing ...................................................................................... 48 ? What Is Research Writing? .............................................................................................................................. 49 ? Discussion: Was Your Recent Writing Project Research Writing or Source-Based Writing? .......................... 50 ? Reading to Write Effectively............................................................................................................................. 50 ? How to Read Like a Writer............................................................................................................................... 51 ? Assessment: Reading Notebook #1 ................................................................................................................ 60

Research Questions .................................................................................................................. 61

? The Qualities of a Good Research Question ................................................................................................... 61 ? Assessment: Research Question Task............................................................................................................ 62 ? Choosing A Manageable Research Topic ....................................................................................................... 63 ? Discussion: Potential Topics............................................................................................................................ 63

Research Proposal .................................................................................................................... 64

? Managing Your Research Project.................................................................................................................... 64 ? Steps in Developing a Research Proposal ...................................................................................................... 68

Prewriting .................................................................................................................................. 75

? Prewriting Strategies........................................................................................................................................ 75 ? Assessment: 3 Research Topic Ideas ............................................................................................................. 76

Thesis Statements..................................................................................................................... 78

? Formulating a Thesis ....................................................................................................................................... 78 ? 5 Ways of Looking at a Thesis......................................................................................................................... 84 ? Process: Writing a Thesis Statement............................................................................................................... 86 ? Assessment: Topic and Working Thesis.......................................................................................................... 88 ? Assessment: Reading Notebook Entry #2 ....................................................................................................... 88

Evaluating Sources ................................................................................................................... 90

? The Seven Steps of the Research Process..................................................................................................... 90 ? Understanding Bias ......................................................................................................................................... 92 ? Examples for Reading Notebook #4 ................................................................................................................ 95 ? Assessment: Investigating Your Source .......................................................................................................... 95

Integrating Sources ................................................................................................................... 97

? Quotation Marks .............................................................................................................................................. 97 ? Quotations ....................................................................................................................................................... 99 ? Using Sources Blending Source Material with Your Own Work .................................................................... 107 ? Using Sources Creatively .............................................................................................................................. 108 ? Assessment: Practice Quoting....................................................................................................................... 109 ? When to Quote & When to Paraphrase ......................................................................................................... 109 ? Discussion: Practice Paraphrasing ................................................................................................................ 111 ? Assessment: Signalling/Paraphrasing/Quoting.............................................................................................. 112

Citing Sources ......................................................................................................................... 113

? Citing and Referencing Techniques............................................................................................................... 113 ? Read: Acknowledging Sources and Avoiding Plagiarism .............................................................................. 120 ? Assessment: MLA & APA Game Response .................................................................................................. 123 ? When & How To Use MLA In-Text Citation ................................................................................................... 124 ? Assessment: Five Potential Sources ............................................................................................................. 124 ? How to Cite YouTube..................................................................................................................................... 125 ? APA in-text citations....................................................................................................................................... 128 ? Assessment: Reading Notebook Entry #3 ..................................................................................................... 130

Annotated Bibliographies ........................................................................................................ 131

? Assessment: Annotated Bibliography ............................................................................................................ 131 ? Video: Annotated Bibliographies An Illustrated Guide ................................................................................... 132 ? Discussion: Annotated Bibliography Practice ................................................................................................ 132

Structure & Outlining ............................................................................................................... 134

? Classical Essay Structure .............................................................................................................................. 134 ? Discussion: Argument/Counterargument....................................................................................................... 134 ? Writing for Success: Outlining........................................................................................................................ 135 ? Introductions .................................................................................................................................................. 143 ? Conclusions ................................................................................................................................................... 146 ? Discussion: Post-Draft Outline....................................................................................................................... 149 ? Assessment: Reading Notebook Entry #5 ..................................................................................................... 150

Determining Audience ............................................................................................................. 151

? Audience........................................................................................................................................................ 151 ? Discussion: Establishing Intended Audience ................................................................................................. 154

Revising & Editing ................................................................................................................... 155

? Revising and Editing ...................................................................................................................................... 155 ? General Revision Points to Consider............................................................................................................. 167 ? Specific Revision Points to Consider ............................................................................................................. 169

Visual Arguments .................................................................................................................... 177

? Photos and Illustrations ................................................................................................................................. 177 ? Video: Visualizing Data.................................................................................................................................. 181 ? Visual Elements: Play, Use, and Design ....................................................................................................... 181

Final Drafts .............................................................................................................................. 190

? Sample Final Research Essay Drafts ............................................................................................................ 190 ? Cohesion: What do People Mean When They Say My Writing Doesn't "Flow" ............................................. 190 ? Read: Developing Your Final Draft ................................................................................................................ 195

Reflective Learning.................................................................................................................. 208

? Reflection....................................................................................................................................................... 208

? Reflective Learning ........................................................................................................................................ 208 ? Assessment: Personal Reflection .................................................................................................................. 210

SUMMARY

HOW TO WRITE A SUMMARY

Summarizing consists of two important skills: 1. identifying the important material in the text, and 2. restating the text in your own words.

Since writing a summary consists of omitting minor information, it will always be shorter than the original text.

How to Write a Summary

? A summary begins with an introductory sentence that states the text's title, author and main thesis or subject.

? A summary contains the main thesis (or main point of the text), restated in your own words. ? A summary is written in your own words. It contains few or no quotes. ? A summary is always shorter than the original text, often about 1/3 as long as the original. It is the

ultimate "fat-free" writing. An article or paper may be summarized in a few sentences or a couple of paragraphs. A book may be summarized in an article or a short paper. A very large book may be summarized in a smaller book. ? A summary should contain all the major points of the original text, but should ignore most of the fine details, examples, illustrations or explanations. ? The backbone of any summary is formed by critical information (key names, dates, places, ideas, events, words and numbers). A summary must never rely on vague generalities. ? If you quote anything from the original text, even an unusual word or a catchy phrase, you need to put whatever you quote in quotation marks (""). ? A summary must contain only the ideas of the original text. Do not insert any of your own opinions, interpretations, deductions or comments into a summary. ? A summary, like any other writing, has to have a specific audience and purpose, and you must carefully write it to serve that audience and fulfill that specific purpose.

Licensing & Attributions CC licensed content, Shared previously

? Writing a Summary. Authored by: Elisabeth Ellington and Ronda Dorsey Neugebauer. Provided by: Chadron State College. Located at: . Project: Kaleidoscope Open Course Initiative. License: CC BY: Attribution

? Image of two hands. Authored by: isado. Located at: . License: CC BY-ND: Attribution-NoDerivatives

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