English Grammar : A University Course

[Pages:640]ENGLISH GRAMMAR

This new edition of Downing and Locke's award-winning text-book has been thoroughly revised and rewritten by Angela Downing to offer an integrated account of structure, meaning and function in relation to context. Also used as a reference book, it provides the linguistic basis for courses and projects on translation, contrastive linguistics, stylistics, reading and discourse studies. It is accessible and reader-friendly throughout.

Key features include:

? Chapters divided into modules of class-length materials ? Each new concept clearly explained and highlighted ? Authentic texts from a wide range of sources, both spoken and written, to illustrate

grammatical usage ? Clear chapter and module summaries enabling efficient class preparation and

student revision ? Exercises and topics for individual study ? Answer key for analytical exercises ? Comprehensive index ? Select bibliography ? Suggestions for further reading

This up-to-date, descriptive grammar is a complete course for first degree and postgraduate students of English, and is particularly suitable for those whose native language is not English.

Angela Downing is Professor Emeritus in the Department of English Language and Linguistics (English Philology I) at the Universidad Complutense, Madrid.

The late Philip Locke taught at the Institute of Modern Languages and Translation at the Universidad Complutense, Madrid.

ENGLISH GRAMMAR

A University Course Second edition

Angela Downing and Philip Locke

First published 1992 by Prentice Hall International (UK) Ltd

Routledge edition published 2002 by Routledge

This second edition published 2006 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN

Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 270 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10016

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group

? 2006 Angela Downing and Philip Locke

This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2006.

"To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge's collection of thousands of eBooks please go to eBookstore.tandf.co.uk."

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data A catalog record for this book has been requested

ISBN10: 0?415?28787?1 ISBN13: 9?78?0?415?28787?6 (pbk) ISBN10: 0?415?28786?3 ISBN13: 9?78?0?415?28786?9 (hbk)

This book is for: Enrique and to the memory of Philip Locke

CONTENTS

Foreword

xi

Preface to the second edition

xiii

Acknowledgements

xv

Introduction

xvii

Table of notational symbols

xxi

1 Basic concepts

1

Module 1 Language and meaning

3

Module 2 Linguistic forms and syntactic functions

9

Module 3 Negation and expansion

21

Exercises

28

2 The skeleton of the message: Introduction to clause

structure

32

Module 4 Syntactic functions and structures of the clause

34

Module 5 Subject and Predicator

42

Module 6 Direct, Indirect and Prepositional Objects

50

Module 7 Subject and Object Complements

64

Module 8 Adjuncts

69

Further reading

76

Exercises

76

3 The development of the message: Complementation

of the verb

81

Introduction: Major complementation patterns and valency

83

Module 9 Intransitive and copular patterns

85

Module10 Transitive patterns

90

Module 11 Complementation by finite clauses

100

Module 12 Complementation by non-finite clauses

108

Summary of complementation patterns

114

Further reading

116

Exercises

116

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