A Course in English Language Teaching - Cambridge

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-68467-6 ? A Course in English Language Teaching Penny Ur Frontmatter More information

A Course in

English Language

Teaching

Penny Ur

? in this web service Cambridge University Press



Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-68467-6 ? A Course in English Language Teaching Penny Ur Frontmatter More information

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS

Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, S?o Paulo, Delhi, Mexico City

Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK

Information on this title: 9781107684676

? Cambridge University Press 2012

This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press.

A revised edition of A Course in Language Teaching First edition 1996 Second edition 2012

Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge

A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

Ur, Penny. A course in English language teaching / Penny Ur. -- 2nd ed.

p. cm. Rev. ed. of: A course in language teaching. 1996. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-107-68467-6 (pbk.) 1. Language and languages--Study and teaching. I. Ur, Penny. Course in language teaching. II. Title.

P51.U7 2012 428'.0071--dc23

2012001484

ISBN 978-1-107-68467-6 Paperback

Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. Information regarding prices, travel timetables and othe factual information given in this work are correct at the time of first printing but Cambridge University Press does not guarantee the accuracy of such information thereafter.

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Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-68467-6 ? A Course in English Language Teaching Penny Ur Frontmatter More information

Contents

Acknowledgements

vi

Introduction

viii

1 English teaching today:

what do I need to know? 1

1.1 Teaching priorities

1

1.2 English as an

international language 4

1.3 Language-acquisition

theories and teaching

methodologies

6

1.4 Computerized teaching

materials

9

1.5 Motivation

10

2 The lesson

14

2.1 The lesson: different

perspectives

14

2.2 Functions of the teacher

in the English language

lesson

16

2.3 Interaction patterns

in the lesson

18

2.4 Lesson preparation

21

2.5 Written lesson plans 23

3 The text

28

3.1 What is a text?

28

3.2 Teaching the text:

the goals

29

3.3 Comprehension of

content

30

3.4 Language learning

34

3.5 Discourse analysis

37

3.6 Follow-up tasks

39

4 The task

43

4.1 The language-learning

task

43

4.2 Task evaluation

45

4.3 Organizing tasks

49

4.4 Interest

51

4.5 Homework

55

5 Teaching vocabulary 60

5.1 What is vocabulary? 60

5.2 What students need to

learn: aspects of

vocabulary knowledge 60

5.3 How best to teach

vocabulary: some

facts and figures

63

5.4 Presenting new

vocabulary: selection

and presentation

65

5.5 Vocabulary review:

consolidating and

extending lexical

knowledge

69

5.6 Vocabulary

assessment

71

6 Teaching grammar

76

6.1 What is grammar?

76

6.2 What students need

to learn: standards

of grammatical

acceptability

77

6.3 How best to teach

grammar: explicit and

implicit processes

78

6.4 Presenting grammar:

explanations

80

6.5 Grammar practice:

consolidating

and automatizing

grammatical knowledge 82

6.6 Grammar assessment 84

7 Error correction

88

7.1 Error correction: for and

against

88

7.2 Attitudes to error

correction

89

7.3 Student preferences

91

7.4 Oral correction

94

7.5 Written correction

96

iii

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Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-68467-6 ? A Course in English Language Teaching Penny Ur Frontmatter More information

Contents

8 Teaching listening

101

8.1 Goals and problems in

teaching listening

101

8.2 Listening activity

design (1): the text

103

8.3 Listening activity

design (2): the task

106

8.4 Types of activities

108

8.5 Adapting activities

111

9 Teaching speaking

117

9.1 Goals and problems in

teaching speaking

117

9.2 Speaking activity design

(1): topic and task

120

9.3 Speaking activity design

(2): sample activities 122

9.4 Speaking activity design

(3): presentations

126

9.5 Pronunciation

128

10 Teaching reading

10.1 What is reading? 10.2 Beginning reading (1):

phonemic awareness 10.3 Beginning reading (2):

practical principles 10.4 Beginning reading (3):

reading tasks 10.5 Fluent reading 10.6 Extensive reading

133

133

136

138

140 143 146

11 Teaching writing

150

11.1 What is writing?

150

11.2 Formal and informal

writing

151

11.3 Beginning writing: the

letters

153

11.4 Tasks that promote

fluent writing

157

11.5 Process writing

160

11.6 Spelling and punctuation 163

12 Assessment and testing 167

12.1 Functions and types of

assessment

167

12.2 Giving a grade

170

12.3 Test design (1): testing

accuracy

173

12.4 Test design (2): testing

comprehension and

fluency

178

12.5 Administering tests

in class

182

13 The syllabus

13.1 What is a syllabus? 13.2 Types of language

syllabus 13.3 Using an approved

syllabus 13.4 Evaluating the

syllabus

185

185

186

191

193

14 Materials

197

14.1 How necessary is a

coursebook?

197

14.2 Coursebook evaluation

and selection

199

14.3 Adapting course

materials

203

14.4 Supplementary

materials (1): paper

210

14.5 Supplementary

materials (2): digital

212

15 Teaching content

15.1 Different kinds of content

15.2 Cultural content 15.3 Content and language

integrated learning (CLIL) 15.4 Literature as a component of the English course 15.5 Underlying messages

216

216 218

220

223 225

16 Classroom interaction

16.1 Teacher questioning 16.2 Group and pair work 16.3 Individual work 16.4 Blended learning

228

228 233 235 239

17 Classroom discipline

17.1 What is classroom discipline?

17.2 What teachers can do to create a disciplined classroom

244

244

246

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Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-68467-6 ? A Course in English Language Teaching Penny Ur Frontmatter More information

17.3 Dealing with discipline

problems

248

17.4 Discipline problems:

episodes

251

18 Learner differences (1): age

18.1 Differences between younger and older learners

18.2 Teaching young learners

18.3 Teaching adolescents 18.4 Teaching adults

256

256

258 264 268

20 Teacher development 284

20.1 The first year of

teaching

284

20.2 Lesson observation

285

20.3 Ongoing development 289

20.4 Development through

reading and further

study

292

20.5 Further development:

your own contribution 294

Glossary

298

Bibliography

301

19 Learner differences (2):

Index

309

teaching heterogeneous

(mixed) classes

272

19.1 Differences between

individual students in the

heterogeneous class

272

19.2 Problems and

advantages

274

19.3 Practical principles

276

19.4 Teaching high and low

achievers

281

Contents

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