ESTILO INDIRECTO = INDIRECT O REPORTED SPEECH
THE PASSIVE VOICE
|FORM | |
| |My friend |
| |milks |
| |the cows |
| |every two days. |
| | |
| | S Vb DO ad |
| | |
| |The cows |
| |are milked |
| |(by my friend) |
| |every two days. |
| | |
| | Passive Agent |
| |ϖ€€€€ The passive agent is omitted when it is unkwon,unimportant or understood. |
| |ϖ€€€€ S=subject Vb= verb DO= direct object adv= adverb |
| | |
|ACTIVE/ PASSIVE | |
| |Four basic patterns can occur in the passive. Only those containing an object. |
|RELATION | |
| |1.- |
| |SVO |
| |A |
| |They must fill in all these application forms. |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| |P |
| |All these application forms must be filled in. |
| | |
| |2.- |
| |SVOV |
| |A |
| |They asked me to stand up. |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| |P |
| |I was asked to stand up. |
| | |
| | |
| |3.- |
| | |
| |SVOO |
| |A |
| |They will lend him some money. |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| |P(1) |
| |He will be lent some money. |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| |P(2) |
| |Some money will be lent to him. (very rare) |
| | |
| |4.- |
| |SVOC |
| |A |
| |The candidates considered the exam (to be) very easy. |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| |P |
| |The exam was considered (to be) very easy. |
| | |
| | |
| |ϖ€€€€€ SVO= Subject/verb/object |
| |ϖ€€€€€ SVOV= Subject /verb/ object /verb |
| |ϖ€€€€€ SVOO= Subject /verb/ indirect object / direct object |
| |ϖ€€€€€ SVOC= Subject /verb/ direct object /complement |
|TENSES | |
| |All tenses may be transformed into passive(1). However some are rare(2). |
| | |
| |1 |
| |A |
| |They may have pulled down the building yesterday. |
| | |
| | |
| |P |
| |The building may have been pulled down yesterday. |
| | |
| |2 |
| |A |
| |The little boy had been collecting the toys. |
| | |
| | |
| |P |
| |The toys had been being collected (by the little boy). |
| | |
|PASSIVE |The introductory verb is transformed into the passive following the usual rules. |
|INFINITIVE | |
| |Impersonal construction |A |They think/ consider /say/ know he is 20 years old. |
| | |P |It is thought/considered/said/known that he is 20 years old. |
| |Infinitive (or personal) use|A |It is thought/considered/said/known...........that he is ......... |
| | |P |He is thought (said/considered/... ) to be 20. |
| |In the past: if the verb of the|A |People say that Napoleon loved/ had loved Josephine |
| |second sentence is in the past | |present past simple / past perfect |
| |simple or perfect we will use a| | |
| |perfect infinitive (have + | | |
| |participle | | |
| | |P |Napoleon is said to have loved Josephine. |
| | | |present perfect inf. |
| | |A |People said that Napoleon loved /had loved Josephine. |
| | | |past past |
| | |P |Napoleon was said to have loved Josephine. |
| | | |past perfect inf. |
| |In the future: if the verb of |A |They expect he’ll leave from another airport. |
| |the second sentence is in the | |present future |
| |future we will use just an | | |
| |infinitive. The usual | | |
| |introductory verb is Expect | | |
| | |P |He is expected to leave from another airport. |
| | | |present simple infinitive |
| |Other infinitives are also |He’s supposed to be doing his homework. (continuous infinitive) |
| |possible |The crisis is thought to have been caused by greed. (passive perfect infinitive) |
|THE PSEUDO-PASSIVE. |Verbs used in the passive sense with an active form: |
| | |
| |To wash |
| |These shirts wash well. |
| | |
| |To taste |
| |The soup tastes nice. |
| | |
| |To sell |
| |These new houses are selling badly. |
| | |
|THE CAUSATIVE HAVE. |Someone else does something that the subject is meant to do. |
| | The construction is : HAVE + OBJECT + PAST PARTICIPLE. |
| | |
| |I went to the garage to have my car repaired. |
| | |
| |We have had the house painted recently. |
| | |
|DIRECT and INDIRECT |The personal Indirect Object always becomes the Subject of the passive unless emphasis on Direct Object is required. |
|OBJECT. | |
| |A |
| |They offered me a new job. |
| | |
| |P |
| |I was offered a new job. |
| | |
| |[pic]€€€€€ Some Transitive verbs do not usually take the passive. |
| | |
| |We have a house in the country. |
| | |
| |That man lacks good manners. |
| | |
| | |
| |[pic]€€€€€ Passive sentences may end with a preposition |
| | |
| |The matter needs looking into. |
| | |
| |We all hate being laughed at. |
| | |
| | |
| |[pic]€€€€€ Passive Infinitive occurs with nothing / something / someone / ... |
| | ( It is Active Infinitive in other languages) |
| | |
| |There was nothing to be seen. |
| | |
| |There are no more documents to be signed this morning. |
| | |
| | |
| |[pic]€€€€€ Adverbs in the passive. |
| | It is common to put adverbs earlier in the passive than in the active. |
| | |
| |A |
| |He fed the pigs very well. |
| | |
| |P |
| |The pigs were very well fed. |
| | |
| |A |
| |She painted the portrait beautifully. |
| | |
| |P |
| |The portrait was beautifully painted. |
| | |
| | |
THE PASSIVE IS MUCH MORE COMMON IN ENGLISH THAN IN VALENCIAN OR SPANISH. TRANSLATE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES INTO ENGLISH USING THE PASSIVE:
a. Ens ensenya alemany Mr Kraft. (begin the translation with ‘We ...)
b. Algú va entrar (de forma violenta) al seu pis (begin with ‘Their flat ...)
c. El secretari em va contar moltes mentides (‘I ...)
d. S’estan destruint grans àrees de bosc tots els dies.
e. Van cremar completament (=burn down) l’esglèsia l’any passat.
f. Me’n vaig adonar que m’estaven seguint.
g. Demà hauran pintat tota l’habitació.
h. A penes se n’havien anat quan va veure que havien robat tots els diners.
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