Documentation Made Easy



Documentation Made Easy—7th Edition MLA

General Rules for publisher, publication city, publication year.

*When writing down the publisher, your goal is to shorten the publisher name. Omit articles (A, An, The), business abbreviations (Co., Corp., Inc., Ltd.) and descriptive words (Books, House, Press, Publishers). *When citing a university press, however, always add the abbreviation P

(Ohio State UP) because the university may publish independently of its press (Ohio State U).

*If the publisher’s name includes the name of one person (W.W. Norton), cite the surname alone (Norton). If the publisher’s name includes the names of more than one person, cite only the first of the surnames (Houghton and McGraw would just become Houghton).

*If the publisher’s name is commonly abbreviated with capital initial letters, and if the abbreviation is likely to be familiar to your audience, use the abbreviation (e.g. GPO, NCTE, NRA).

*Publishers often group some of their books under imprints or special names. For instance, Doubleday has many imprints—Anchor Books, Crime Club, and Double D Western. If an imprint appears on a title page along with the publisher’s name, state the imprint and follow it with a hyphen and the name of the publisher (Anchor-Doubleday or Vintage-Random).

*When writing down publication city, write the first one you see. You do NOT need to include state or country.

*When finding copyright date, you typically pay attention to the most RECENT one (except when citing a republished book).

*Remember that when writing your source card and you run out of room on line one, indent on line 2 (approximately 5 spaces).

CITING BOOKS

A book with one author:

FORMULA Author Last Name, Author First Name. Title of Book. Publication City: Publisher, Publication Year. Print.

EXAMPLE Green, William. The Case of Unsolved Murders. New York: Wade, 1985. Print.

A book with two authors:

FORMULA Initial author listed on title page Last Name, First Name, and next author listed on title page with First

Name Last Name. Title of Book. Publication City: Publisher, Publication Year. Print.

EXAMPLE Jacobsmeyer, Albert, and Tom Smith. Tools and How to Use Them. San Francisco: Argus, 1996. Print.

A book with three authors:

FORMULA Author Last Name, First Name, FIRST NAME LAST NAME of 2nd author, and FIRST NAME LAST NAME of

3rd author. Title of Book. Publication City: Publisher, Publication Year. Print.

EXAMPLE Jackson, Michael, Justin Timberlake, and Chris Brown. Moves to Mimic. Los Angeles: Random, 2001.

Print.

A book with four or more authors:

If there are more than three authors, you may name only the first one listed on the title page and add et al. (“and others”), or you may give all names in full in the order in which they appear on the title page.

FORMULA Last name, First Name, et al. Title of Book. Publication City: Publisher, Publication Year. Print.

EXAMPLE Stump, David, et al. Ways to Skip School. O’Fallon: Peabody, 1999. Print.

OR

FORMULA Last Name, First name, FIRST NAME LAST NAME of 2nd author, FIRST NAME LAST NAME of 3rd author,

and FIRST NAME LAST NAME of 4th author. Title of Book. Publication City: Publisher, Publication Year.

Print.

EXAMPLE Clinton, William, George W. Bush, Barack Obama, and Sarah Palin. The Nasty Web of Politics. Wasilla:

Anchor, 2009. Print.

A book by a corporate author:

A corporate author may be a commission, an association, a committee, or any other group whose individual members are not identified on the title page. Omit any article (A, An, The) in the name of the corporate author, and do NOT abbreviate its name. Cite the book by the corporate author, even if the corporate author is the publisher.

FORMULA Name of Corporate Author. Title of Book. Publication City: Publisher, Publication Year. Print.

EXAMPLE National Research Council. China and Girls. Chicago: McGraw, 1993. Print.

A book with an author and a separate editor:

If a book has an author and an editor, you will need to cite both. Give the editor’s name, preceded by the abbreviation Ed. (“Edited by”) after the title.

FORMULA Author Last Name, First Name of author. Title of Book. Ed. First Name Last Name. Publication City:

Publisher, Publication Year. Print.

EXAMPLE Austen, Jane. Sense and Sensibility. Ed. Claudia Johnson. New York: Norton, 2001. Print.

A book with a subtitle:

You cannot ignore subtitles of books. A title is separated from a subtitle or subtitles with a colon.

FORMULA for one subtitle Author Last Name, First Name. Title of Book: Subtitle of Book. Publication City:

Publisher, Publication Year. Print.

EXAMPLE for one subtitle Kurlansky, Matt. Salt: A World History. Boston: Walker, 2002. Print.

Citing a republished book:

To cite a republished book—for example, a paperback version of a book originally published in a hardbound version—give the original publication date, followed by a period, before the publication information for the book you are citing.

FORMULA Author Last Name, First Name. Book Title. Original Publication Date. Publication City: Publisher,

Publication Year for version of book used. Print.

EXAMPLE Atwood, Margaret. The Blind Assassin. 2000. New York: Knopf, 2001. Print.

________________________________________________________________________________________________

CITING REFERENCE BOOKS

A crucial issue to address first is whether or not your encyclopedia entry does or does not have an author. If it does have an author, start with the author’s name. If it does not have an author, start with the title of the section you are using.

When citing an encyclopedia article in a familiar reference book (Grolier’s, Britannica, etc.) without an author:

FORMULA “Section title.” Name of Encyclopedia. Edition used. Year of Publication. Print.

EXAMPLE “Stonehenge.” Collier’s Encyclopedia. 2nd ed. 1976. Print.

When citing an encyclopedia article in a familiar reference book with an author:

FORMULA Author Last Name, First Name. “Section title.” Name of Encyclopedia. Edition used. Year of Publication.

Print.

EXAMPLE Thomas, Clarence. “Analyzing Ruth Bader Ginsburg’s Influence.” Encyclopedia Britannica. 62nd ed. 2008.

Print.

When citing an encyclopedia article in a less familiar reference (Encyclopedia of Crime, Crime and Punishment in America, etc.) book:

FORMULA Author Last Name, First Name. “Title of Section.” Name of Encyclopedia. Ed. First Name Last Name of

Editor. Vol. Number used. Publication City: Publisher, Publication Year. Print.

EXAMPLE Jones, Wendy. “Refrigeration." The New Illustrated Science and Invention Encyclopedia. Ed. Donald

Clarke. Vol. 7. Detroit: Greenhaven, 1989. Print.

*If there is no author to the section, just start with the title of the section you used (in quotes).

________________________________________________________________________________________________

CITING PERIODICALS (NEWSPAPERS, MAGAZINES, & JOURNALS)

A magazine article in general/popular culture magazines:

To cite a magazine article, give the complete date (beginning with the day and abbreviating the month, except for May, June, and July), followed by a colon, the inclusive page numbers, and the medium of publication consulted. If the article is NOT printed on consecutive pages, write only the first page number and a plus sign (10+), leaving no intervening space. Do NOT give the volume and issue number even if they are listed.

Month abbreviations are as follows:

Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.

FORMULA Author Last Name, First Name. “Article Title.” Magazine Title Date Abbreviated Month Year: Page

numbers of article. Print.

EXAMPLE McEvoy, Dermot. “Little Books, Big Success.” Publishers Weekly 30 Oct. 2006: 26-28. Print.

A scholarly journal with volume number and issue:

FORMULA Author Last Name, First Name. “Article Title.” Journal Title Volume Number. Issue Number (Date

Abbreviated Month Year): Page numbers of article. Print.

EXAMPLE Jones, Drew. “Back Pains.” Medical Journal 24.1 (12 Oct. 2001): 56-58. Print.

A newspaper article:

There are a few items of concern with a newspaper. First, give the name of the newspaper as it appears on the masthead but omit any introductory article (New York Times, not The New York Times). If the city of publication is NOT included in the name of a locally published newspaper, add the city in square brackets, not italicized, after the name: Star-Ledger [Newark]. If an edition is named in the masthead, add a comma after the date and specify the edition (e.g. natl. ed., late ed.), because different editions contain different material. Newspapers also have sections; thus, sections must be included (A1, C5). If the article is NOT printed on consecutive pages, write only the first page number and a plus sign (10+), leaving no intervening space.

FORMULA Author Last Name, First Name. “Article Title.” Newspaper Title date abbreviated month year, edition:

Section Page. Print.

EXAMPLE Smith, Ozzie. “How Gymnastics Helped Strengthen My Back.” St. Louis Post Dispatch 13 July 1990, late

ed.: A5+. Print.

________________________________________________________________________________________________

CITING SOURCES on the Web

A magazine or newspaper article which appears online with publication or last updated date:

FORMULA Author Last Name, First Name. “Article Title.” Title of the website. Publisher or sponsor (N.p. if this

information is not available), date of Publication or last updated abbreviated month year. Web. Date

you accessed material. .

EXAMPLE Green, Joshua. “The Rove Presidency.” The . Atlantic Monthly Group, 30 Sept. 2007. Web. 15

May 2008. .

A magazine or newspaper article which appears online without publication or last updated date:

FORMULA Author Last Name, First Name. “Article Title.” Title of the website. Publisher or sponsor (N.p. if this

information is not available), n.d. Web. Date you accessed material. .

EXAMPLE Tyre, Peg. “Standardized Tests in College.” Newsweek. Newsweek, n.d. Web. 21 Aug. 2008.

.

A document which appears on a professional website:

FORMULA Author Last Name, First Name. “Article Title.” Title of the overall website. Publisher or sponsor (N.p. if

the information is not available), date of publication or last updated (n.d. if either date is not known).

Web. Date you accessed material. .

EXAMPLE Hawkins, Kristal. “Megan Meier: Mistaken Myspace Suicide: A Girl Betrayed.” Crime Library. Turner

Broadcasting System, 2008. Web. 11 July 2009. .

An article taken from a subscription database (databases our school or St. Charles City-County Library purchases):

Many databases include digital scans or copies of entire periodicals that were previously published in print. Other databases compile articles from disparate periodicals, organizing the articles by subject. In this case, it is important to note all initial publication information and certain database information. Sometimes important information is missing. Here are abbreviations for missing information

No publisher or sponsor N.p. No pagination of initial article n.pag No initial publication date n.d.

If the initial source is a scholarly journal:

FORMULA Author Last Name, First Name. “Article Title.” Scholarly Journal Title Volume Number. Issue Number

(publication date abbreviated month year): initial page of publication. Database Name. Web.

Date you accessed material. .

EXAMPLE Boliek, Brooks. “Gunned Down.” New Scientist 34.6 (18 Apr. 2005): 10. Student Resource Center—Gold.

Web. 1 Nov. 2007. .

If the initial source is a newspaper article:

FORMULA Author Last Name, First Name. “Article Title.” Newspaper Title date abbreviated month year, edition:

Section Page. Database Name. Web. Date you accessed material. .

EXAMPLE Richardson, Lynda. “Minority Students Languish in Special Education System.” New York Times 6 Apr.

1994, late ed.: A1+. Student Resource Center—Gold. Web. 15 Aug. 2008. .

If the initial source is from a reference book:

FORMULA Author Last Name, First Name. “Article Title.” Reference book title. Ed. First Name Last Name.

Vol. Number used. Publication City: Publisher, Publication Year. Database Used. Web. Date you

accessed material. .

EXAMPLE Aldiss, Brian. "Overview of Franz Kafka." St. James Guide to Science Fiction Writers. Ed. Jay Pederson.

Vol. 3. New York: St. James, 1996. Literature Resource Center. Web. 13 July 2009.

.

If the initial source was reprinted in an anthology before being posted on the database:

FORMULA Author Last Name, First Name. “Article Title.” Journal Title Volume. Issue (date abbreviated month

year): pages in journal. Rpt. in Title of Anthology. Ed. First Name Last Name. Vol. Number used.

Publication City: Publisher, Publication Year. Pages in the Anthology (or n.pag if not given).

Database Used. Web. Date you accessed material. .

EXAMPLE Spender, Stephen. "Franz Kafka." The New Republic 1195.2 (27 Oct. 1937): 347-348. Rpt. in Short

Stories for Students. Ed. Jennifer Smith. Vol. 12. Detroit: Gale, 2001. 347-348. Literature Resource

Center. Web. 13 Sept. 2009. .

Documentation Made Easy—7th Ed. MLA—Persuasive Version

General Rules for publisher, publication city, publication year.

*When writing down the publisher, your goal is to shorten the publisher name. Omit articles (A, An, The), business abbreviations (Co., Corp., Inc., Ltd.) and descriptive words (Books, House, Press, Publishers). *When citing a university press, however, always add the abbreviation P

(Ohio State UP) because the university may publish independently of its press (Ohio State U).

*If the publisher’s name includes the name of one person (W.W. Norton), cite the surname alone (Norton). If the publisher’s name includes the names of more than one person, cite only the first of the surnames (Houghton and McGraw would just become Houghton).

*If the publisher’s name is commonly abbreviated with capital initial letters, and if the abbreviation is likely to be familiar to your audience, use the abbreviation (e.g. GPO, NCTE, NRA).

*Publishers often group some of their books under imprints or special names. For instance, Doubleday has many imprints—Anchor Books, Crime Club, and Double D Western. If an imprint appears on a title page along with the publisher’s name, state the imprint and follow it with a hyphen and the name of the publisher (Anchor-Doubleday or Vintage-Random).

*When writing down publication city, write the first one you see. You do NOT need to include state or country.

*When finding copyright date, you typically pay attention to the most RECENT one (except when citing a republished book).

*Remember that when writing your source card and you run out of room on line one, indent on line 2 (approximately 5 spaces).

CITING BOOKS

A book with one author:

FORMULA Author Last Name, Author First Name. Title of Book. Publication City: Publisher, Publication Year. Print.

EXAMPLE Green, William. The Case of Unsolved Murders. New York: Wade, 1985. Print.

A book with two authors:

FORMULA Initial author listed on title page Last Name, First Name, and next author listed on title page with First

Name Last Name. Title of Book. Publication City: Publisher, Publication Year. Print.

EXAMPLE Jacobsmeyer, Albert, and Tom Smith. Tools and How to Use Them. San Francisco: Argus, 1996. Print.

A book with three authors:

FORMULA Author Last Name, First Name, FIRST NAME LAST NAME of 2nd author, and FIRST NAME LAST NAME of

3rd author. Title of Book. Publication City: Publisher, Publication Year. Print.

EXAMPLE Jackson, Michael, Justin Timberlake, and Chris Brown. Moves to Mimic. Los Angeles: Random, 2001.

Print.

A book with four or more authors:

If there are more than three authors, you may name only the first one listed on the title page and add et al. (“and others”), or you may give all names in full in the order in which they appear on the title page.

FORMULA Last name, First Name, et al. Title of Book. Publication City: Publisher, Publication Year. Print.

EXAMPLE Stump, David, et al. Ways to Skip School. O’Fallon: Peabody, 1999. Print.

OR

FORMULA Last Name, First name, FIRST NAME LAST NAME of 2nd author, FIRST NAME LAST NAME of 3rd author,

and FIRST NAME LAST NAME of 4th author. Title of Book. Publication City: Publisher, Publication Year.

Print.

EXAMPLE Clinton, William, George W. Bush, Barack Obama, and Sarah Palin. The Nasty Web of Politics. Wasilla:

Anchor, 2009. Print.

A book by a corporate author:

A corporate author may be a commission, an association, a committee, or any other group whose individual members are not identified on the title page. Omit any article (A, An, The) in the name of the corporate author, and do NOT abbreviate its name. Cite the book by the corporate author, even if the corporate author is the publisher.

FORMULA Name of Corporate Author. Title of Book. Publication City: Publisher, Publication Year. Print.

EXAMPLE National Research Council. China and Girls. Chicago: McGraw, 1993. Print.

A book with an author and a separate editor:

If a book has an author and an editor, you will need to cite both. Give the editor’s name, preceded by the abbreviation Ed. (“Edited by”) after the title.

FORMULA Author Last Name, First Name of author. Title of Book. Ed. First Name Last Name. Publication City:

Publisher, Publication Year. Print.

EXAMPLE Austen, Jane. Sense and Sensibility. Ed. Claudia Johnson. New York: Norton, 2001. Print.

A book with a subtitle:

You cannot ignore subtitles of books. A title is separated from a subtitle or subtitles with a colon.

FORMULA for one subtitle Author Last Name, First Name. Title of Book: Subtitle of Book. Publication City:

Publisher, Publication Year. Print.

EXAMPLE for one subtitle Kurlansky, Matt. Salt: A World History. Boston: Walker, 2002. Print.

Citing a republished book:

To cite a republished book—for example, a paperback version of a book originally published in a hardbound version—give the original publication date, followed by a period, before the publication information for the book you are citing.

FORMULA Author Last Name, First Name. Book Title. Original Publication Date. Publication City: Publisher,

Publication Year for version of book used. Print.

EXAMPLE Atwood, Margaret. The Blind Assassin. 2000. New York: Knopf, 2001. Print.

Citing chapters in Opposing Viewpoints or Taking Sides

The first thing you must do is check to see if the title of the chapter and the title that appears in the publication information at the bottom of the page is the same title or different.

If the title is DIFFERENT, follow the examples:

If the initial source was a scholarly journal, start with book information first and then follow it with initial publication information. Know that sources vary. You may have to use another part of this packet to do the last half of this citation.

FORUMULA Author Last Name, First Name. “Chapter Title in the Book.” Series Title: Specific Name of Book. Ed. First

Name Last Name of editor. Publication City: Publisher, Publication Year. Pages of the chapter in the

book. Print. Rpt. of “Article Title.” Scholarly Journal Volume Number. Issue Used (date abbreviated

month year): initial pages or n.pag if not given.

EXAMPLE Glass, Todd. “Medicinal Marijuana.” Opposing Viewpoints: Drugs in America. Ed. Sharon Lieberman.

Detroit: Gale, 2007. 16-19. Print. Rpt. of “The Ugly Truth about Marijuana.” American Medical Journal

22.1 (6 Sept. 2002):7-11.

*****Some anthologies reprint excerpts from previously published material. If the work you are citing is an excerpt, use Excerpt from instead of Rpt. of.

If the title is the SAME, you start with initial information first (found at the bottom of the page at the start of each chapter) and end with the book information. This examples uses a scholarly journal as the initial publication source. The initial source may vary.

FORMULA Author Last Name, First Name. “Article Title.” Scholarly Journal Volume Number. Issue Used (date

abbreviated month year): initial pages or n.pag if not given. Rpt. in “Chapter Title in the Book.”

Series Title: Specific Name of Book. Ed. First Name Last Name of editor. Publication City: Publisher,

Publication Year. Pages of the chapter in the book. Print.

EXAMPLE Smith, Tamara. “Why Grades Matter.” Educational Leadership 3.2 (16 Dec. 2004): 3-8. Rpt. in

“Why Grades Matter.” Taking Sides: Education in Today’s Society. Ed. David Bender. Chicago:

Random, 2008. 78-82. Print.

________________________________________________________________________________________________

CITING REFERENCE BOOKS

A crucial issue to address first is whether or not your encyclopedia entry does or does not have an author. If it does have an author, start with the author’s name. If it does not have an author, start with the title of the section you are using.

When citing an encyclopedia article in a familiar reference book (Grolier’s, Britannica, etc.) without an author:

FORMULA “Section title.” Name of Encyclopedia. Edition used. Year of Publication. Print.

EXAMPLE “Stonehenge.” Collier’s Encyclopedia. 2nd ed. 1976. Print.

When citing an encyclopedia article in a familiar reference book with an author:

FORMULA Author Last Name, First Name. “Section title.” Name of Encyclopedia. Edition used. Year of Publication.

Print.

EXAMPLE Thomas, Clarence. “Analyzing Ruth Bader Ginsburg’s Influence.” Encyclopedia Britannica. 62nd ed. 2008.

Print.

When citing an encyclopedia article in a less familiar reference (Encyclopedia of Crime, Crime and Punishment in America, etc.) book:

FORMULA Author Last Name, First Name. “Title of Section.” Name of Encyclopedia. Ed. First Name Last Name of

Editor. Vol. Number used. Publication City: Publisher, Publication Year. Print.

EXAMPLE Jones, Wendy. “Genetic Cloning." The New Illustrated Science and Invention Encyclopedia. Ed. Donald

Clarke. Vol. 7. Detroit: Greenhaven, 1989. Print.

*If there is no author to the section, just start with the title of the section you used (in quotes).

CITING GOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONS

Government publications emanate from many sources and so present special problems in bibliographic citation. In general, if you do not know the writer of the document, cite as author the government agency that issued it—that is, state the name of the government first, followed by the name of the agency, using an abbreviation if the context makes it clear. For example, here is what the beginning of an entry may look like

United States. Cong. House. or United States. Cong. Senate. or United States. Dept. of Health and Human Services

The title of the publication, italicized, should immediately follow the name. In citing the Congressional Record (abbreviated Cong. Rec.), give only the date, page numbers, and medium of publication consulted.

EXAMPLE United States. Cong. House. Cong. Rec. 7 Feb. 1973:3831-51. Print.

However, in citing other congressional documents, include such information as the number and session of Congress, the house (S stands for Senate, HR for House of Representatives), and the type and number of publication. Types of congressional publications include bills (S 33, HR 77), resolutions (S. Res. 20, H. Res. 50), reports (S. Rept. 9, H. Rept. 142), and documents (S. Doc. 333, H. Doc. 222, Misc. Doc. 67).

*The usual documentation information comes next (i.e. publication city, publisher, date, and the medium of publication consulted). Most federal publications, regardless of the branch of government issuing them, are published by the Government Printing Office (GPO), in Washington, DC. Documents issued by the United Nations and most local governments do not all emanate from a central office; give the publication information that appears on the title page.

EXAMPLES United States. Dept. of Labor. Child Care: A Workforce Issue. Washington: GPO, 1988. Print.

United States. Cong. Senate. Subcommittee on Constitutional Amendments of the Committee on

Judiciary. Hearings on the “Equal Rights” Amendment. 91st Cong. 2nd sess. S. Res. 61. Washington:

GPO, 1970. Print.

___________________________________________________________________________________________

CITING PERIODICALS (NEWSPAPERS, MAGAZINES, & JOURNALS)

A magazine article in general/popular culture magazines:

To cite a magazine article, give the complete date (beginning with the day and abbreviating the month, except for May, June, and July), followed by a colon, the inclusive page numbers, and the medium of publication consulted. If the article is NOT printed on consecutive pages, write only the first page number and a plus sign (10+), leaving no intervening space. Do NOT give the volume and issue number even if they are listed.

Month abbreviations are as follows:

Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.

FORMULA Author Last Name, First Name. “Article Title.” Magazine Title Date Abbreviated Month Year: Page

numbers of article. Print.

EXAMPLE McEvoy, Dermot. “Little Books, Big Success.” Publishers Weekly 30 Oct. 2006: 26-28. Print.

A scholarly journal with volume number and issue:

FORMULA Author Last Name, First Name. “Article Title.” Journal Title Volume Number. Issue Number (Date

Abbreviated Month Year): Page numbers of article. Print.

EXAMPLE Jones, Drew. “Back Pains.” Medical Journal 24.1 (12 Oct. 2001): 56-58. Print.

A newspaper article:

There are a few items of concern with a newspaper. First, give the name of the newspaper as it appears on the masthead but omit any introductory article (New York Times, not The New York Times). If the city of publication is NOT included in the name of a locally published newspaper, add the city in square brackets, not italicized, after the name: Star-Ledger [Newark]. If an edition is named in the masthead, add a comma after the date and specify the edition (e.g. natl. ed., late ed.), because different editions contain different material. Newspapers also have sections; thus, sections must be included (A1, C5). If the article is NOT printed on consecutive pages, write only the first page number and a plus sign (10+), leaving no intervening space.

FORMULA Author Last Name, First Name. “Article Title.” Newspaper Title date abbreviated month year, edition:

Section Page. Print.

EXAMPLE Smith, Ozzie. “How Gymnastics Helped Strengthen My Back.” St. Louis Post Dispatch 13 July 1990, late

ed.: A5+. Print.

________________________________________________________________________________________________

CITING SOURCES on the Web

A magazine or newspaper article which appears online with publication or last updated date:

FORMULA Author Last Name, First Name. “Article Title.” Title of the website. Publisher or sponsor (N.p. if this

information is not available), date of Publication or last updated abbreviated month year. Web. Date

you accessed material. .

EXAMPLE Green, Joshua. “The Rove Presidency.” The . Atlantic Monthly Group, 30 Sept. 2007. Web. 15

May 2008. .

A magazine or newspaper article which appears online without publication or last updated date:

FORMULA Author Last Name, First Name. “Article Title.” Title of the website. Publisher or sponsor (N.p. if this

information is not available), n.d. Web. Date you accessed material. .

EXAMPLE Tyre, Peg. “Standardized Tests in College.” Newsweek. Newsweek, n.d. Web. 21 Aug. 2008.

.

A document which appears on a professional website:

FORMULA Author Last Name, First Name. “Article Title.” Title of the overall website. Publisher or sponsor (N.p. if

the information is not available), date of publication or last updated (n.d. if either date is not known).

Web. Date you accessed material. .

EXAMPLE Hawkins, Kristal. “Megan Meier: Mistaken Myspace Suicide: A Girl Betrayed.” Crime Library. Turner

Broadcasting System, 2008. Web. 11 July 2009. .

A Home page for a site:

FORMULA Editor’s Last Name, First Name, ed. Home page. Title of website. Publisher or Sponsor, publication date

(or n.d. if the date is not known). Web. Date you accessed material. .

EXAMPE Liu, Alan, ed. Home page. Voice of the Shuttle. Santa Barbara Dept. of English, n.d. Web. 15 May 2008.

.

An article taken from a subscription database (databases our school or St. Charles City-County Library purchases):

Many databases include digital scans or copies of entire periodicals that were previously published in print. Other databases compile articles from disparate periodicals, organizing the articles by subject. In this case, it is important to note all initial publication information and certain database information. Sometimes important information is missing. Here are abbreviations for missing information

No publisher or sponsor N.p. No pagination of initial article n.pag No initial publication date n.d.

If the initial source is a scholarly journal:

FORMULA Author Last Name, First Name. “Article Title.” Scholarly Journal Title Volume Number. Issue Number

(publication date abbreviated month year): initial page of publication. Database Name. Web.

Date you accessed material. .

EXAMPLE Boliek, Brooks. “Gunned Down.” New Scientist 34.6 (18 Apr. 2005): 10. Student Resource Center—Gold.

Web. 1 Nov. 2007..

If the initial source is a newspaper article:

FORMULA Author Last Name, First Name. “Article Title.” Newspaper Title date abbreviated month year, edition:

Section Page. Database Name. Web. Date you accessed material. .

EXAMPLE Richardson, Lynda. “Minority Students Languish in Special Education System.” New York Times 6 Apr.

1994, late ed.: A1+. Student Resource Center—Gold. Web. 15 Aug. 2008. .

If the initial source is from a Opposing Viewpoints or Current Controversy book:

FORUMULA Author Last Name, First Name. “Chapter Title.” Series Title: Specific Book Title. Ed. First Name Last Name. Publication City: Publisher, Publication Year. Database Used. Web. Date you accessed material.

.

EXAMPLE Regan, Tom. "Animals Have Rights." Opposing Viewpoints: Animal Experimentation. Ed. Helen Cothran.

San Diego: Greenhaven, 2002. Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center. Web. 13 Aug. 2009. .

If the initial source is from a reference book or book:

FORMULA Author Last Name, First Name. “Article Title.” Reference book title. Ed. First Name Last Name.

Vol. Number used. Publication City: Publisher, Publication Year. Database Used. Web. Date you

accessed material. .

EXAMPLE Aldiss, Brian. "Overview of Franz Kafka." St. James Guide to Science Fiction Writers. Ed. Jay Pederson.

Vol. 3. New York: St. James, 1996. Literature Resource Center. Web. 13 July 2009.

.

If the initial source was reprinted in an anthology (Opposing Viewpoints) before being posted on the database:

FORMULA Author. "Article title." Title of Source. Editor. City published: Publisher, year. Page numbers. Rpt. of

“Original title.” Original title of source Day abbreviated Month Year: pages numbers (or n.pag. if

no page numbers are given). Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center. Web. Date of Access.

.

EXAMPLE Eddlem, Thomas R. “Arguments Against the Death Penalty are Flawed.” At Issues: Ethics of Capital

Punishment. Ed. Nick Fisanick. San Diego: Greenhaven, 2004: n. pag. Rpt. of “Too Many Dead:

Arguments Against the Death Penalty.” Texas Law Journal 31 Aug. 2009: n. pag. Opposing Viewpoints

Resource Center. Web. 20 Mar. 2006. .

__________________________________________________________

CITING INTERVIEWS

Much of persuasion hinges on the emotional appeals you include in your paper. Interviews (those published or broadcast and those conducted by the researcher) will help give the personal/emotional edge your paper may be lacking. If the interview is part of a publication, recording, or program, enclose the title of the interview, if any, in quotation marks; if the interview was published independently, italicize the title. If the interview is untitled, use the descriptive label Interview, neither italicized nor enclosed in quotation marks. The interviewer’s name may be added if known and pertinent to your paper. Conclude with appropriate bibliographic information and the medium of publication.

DVD Interview

FORMULA Last name of person interviewed, First name. “Title of Interview.” Name of Film. Dir. First NAME LAST

NAME. Production Company, Publication Year. DVD.

EXAMPLE Blanchett, Cate. “In Character with Cate Blanchett.” Notes on a Scandal. Dir. Richard Eyre. Fox

Searchlight, 2006. DVD.

Radio Interview

FORMULA Last name of person interviewed, First name. Interview by FIRST NAME LAST NAME of interviewer.

Title of Radio Show. Production Company of Radio Show. Call letters of radio station, City of radio

station. Date of interview. Radio.

EXAMPLE Breslin, Jimmy. Interview by Neal Conan. Talk of the Nation. Natl. Public Radio. WBUR, Boston. 26 Mar.

2002. Radio.

Television Interview

FORMULA Last name of person interviewed, First name. Interview by FIRST NAME LAST NAME of interviewer.

Title of Television Show. TV Station. Call letters of Local Affiliate, City of Local Affiliate. Date of

interview. Television.

EXAMPLE Wiesel, Elie. Interview by Ted Koppel. Nightline. ABC. WABC, New York. 18 Apr. 2002. Television.

Personal Interview (To cite an interview you conducted, give the name of the person interviewed, the kind of interview—Personal interview, telephone interview), and the date.

FORUMULA Last name of person interviewed, First Name. Type of interview. Date Abbreviated Month Year.

EXAMPLE Reed, Isiah. Telephone interview. 10 Dec. 2007.

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CITING SPEECHES

If no title is known for the speech, then use an appropriate descriptive label (Address, Lecture, Keynote speech, Reading, etc.), but do not underline the descriptive label or put it in quotation marks.

Speaker’s last name, first name. “Title of Speech (if known).” Meeting or occasion. Sponsoring organization (if applicable). Location. Date of speech. Descriptive label.

Atwood, Margaret. “Silencing the Scream.” Boundaries of the Imagination Forum. MLA Convention. Royal York Hotel, Toronto. 29 Dec. 1993. Keynote speech.

Terkel, Studs. Conference on College Composition and Communication Convention. Palmer House, Chicago. 22 Mar. 1990. Address.

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