Revision booklet- What do I need to revise for the ...



Key idea 1.1 1. Culture and beliefsinfluence the ways inwhich individuals, groups and societies perceive and exploit natural resources.What content do I need to know to revise these key ideas?What do I need to know to revise this key idea.Key Idea 1 must be explored through at least one case study. This case study must explore the way in which a group of people interact with the environment. This must include:1. The interaction of human activity with a large scale ecosystem, e.g. Tropical Rain Forest, marine ecosystem; (see attached case study) To revise how humans interact with a large scale ecosystem it is important you revise the Amazon Rainforest case study. 2. The exploitation of natural resources, e.g., water, minerals and fossilFuels (see attached case study) To revise how humans exploit a natural resource it is important you revise the Aral Sea case study. There are three main reasons to explain why environmental issues are happening in present times: There has been a massive increase in the world’s population over the last two years.Scientific understanding and advanced technical skills have has resulted in most of the world using a lot more technology in their daily lives. This has meant that we use more natural resources e.g more raw materials (such as oil, coal and wood) we take form the environment and use to make energy like electricity. When these are used they change the environment and create by-products such as carbon-dioxide and toxic chemicals. Many peoples desires and expectations for lives have changed. People want more material things. While MEDCs have become richer those who live in LEDCs want the same lifestyle as people in MEDCs Key idea 1.2 Problems can arise from the different ways in which people want to use their environment.Key Idea 2 must be explored through at least one case study of an environmental issue relating to the way in which humans exploit there natural environment. This must include sustainable development explored through these issues. This unit will be divided into 4 areas (see below): Conservation of the natural environment, e.g., 1. Conservation- global warming and endangered species, pollution, Renewable and non-renewable resources, Leisure and tourism 1. Conservation of the natural environment, e.g., global warming and endangered species. Endangered species will be revised through a case study (see attached 11.3. How do some species become endangered? Fish and marine life). For revision of Global warming see the last two sections of the revision booklet. 2. Pollution. To revise pollution see attached case study-Why is pollution a problem? Pollution of the oceans case study. Examples of past exam questions related to the unit.“What are two causes of pollution?” Use your own studies to answer 1. …………………………………………….. (1 mark)2. ………………………………………………. (1 mark)“Explain how pollution can be reduced. Use your own studies to answer”(4 marks) 3. Renewable and non-renewable resourcesThis unit will cover What are renewable and non-renewable resources? What problems does using non-renewable resources create? How can renewable resources bring about sustainable development? Why are renewable resources not used anymore?1.1 What are non-renewable and renewable natural resources? Non-renewable natural resources are a type of resource that once it has been used up by humans no more will be created. Examples include fossil fuels: coal oil and gas. Renewable energy sources are a type of energy that occur naturally and are always available. They do not run out with use. Revision notes-Know what renewable and non-renewable resources mean and be able to give examples of themExamples of past exam questions related to the unit.“What is the difference between renewable and non-renewable resources” Use your own studies to answer (2 marks)“Name two renewable sources of energy”1…………………………………………… (1 mark)2. ………………………………………… (1 mark)“Name two non-renewable sources of energy”1…………………………………………… (1 mark)2. ………………………………………… (1 mark)1.2 What problems does using non-renewable resources create?Advantages of using non-renewable sources of energy? Cheap to useFlexibleReasonably efficient in the power needed to keep industry and transport growingDisadvantages of using non-renewable sources of energy? Fossil fuels are running out (They take a long time to be created. Oil and gas are close to being used up, approx 60-70s years. There is approx 200 years of coal left) Fossil fuels cause pollution (Fossil fuels such as coal and oil produce gases when they are burned for energy such as sulphur oxides. These gases: cause climate change and produce ACID RAIN. Petrol and diesel fuels produce chemical by-products (PHOTOCHEMICAL SMOG. Smog is a major health risk to people). Natural gas produces carbon dioxide. Nuclear power could be a severe threat to the environment and human life (It is difficult and expensive to dispose of nuclear waste safely. Uranium is a non-renewable energy resource but there is enough of it to keep nuclear power stations going for years! The Irish Sea is polluted with waste from Sellafied (nuclear power station) and there is a fear of an accident like Chernobyl (nuclear power station reactor exploded causing damage to life and the environment. Revision notes- Revise the advantages and disadvantages of using non-renewable sources of energy. 1.3 How can renewable resources bring about sustainable development?(below are all example of renewable sources of energy. Renewable sources of energy are sustainable. Revision of part 1.4 will also be covered in this section by revising the disadvantages associated with some renewable energy sources) Hydro power (power from water-in this case rivers and seas-tidal power). Solar energy (power from the heat and light of the sun)Wind energy (power from the atmosphere) Biomass (power from plants) What is hydropower? Hydropower makes use of the movement of water in rivers to generate electricity by passing water through a turbine. What are the advantages of using hydropower?It does not cause much pollutionWater is a renewable resourceHydropower can produce a lot of electricity What are the disadvantages of using hydropower?The cost of building a dam is enormousThey cannot be built everywhere and therefore could not replace fossil fuels as our only source of energyTo build them lots of land has to be flooded (which means the lose of towns, farms and people s homes Three Gorges Dam)The local ecosystem is damaged and environmental damage is widespreadWater in huge reservoirs is lost through evaporation, especially in hot countries. What is tidal power? Tidal power is the use of tidal movements of the sea (waves) by converting wave movement into electricity What are the advantages of using hydropower?Tidal power does not cause much pollutionWhat are the disadvantages of using hydropower?Attempts to produce energy using tides and waves to drive turbines have not produced very good results. It is expensive to build anything in the seaWhere is has been tried it caused large-scale disruption to the ocean ecosystem What is solar energy?Solar energy makes use of the heat and light of the sun to produce energy by using solar panels to covert light into electricity. What are the advantages of using solar power? The fuel for solar energy is free (it’s the sun) Solar panels cost virtually nothing to maintainSolar panels create no pollutionLarge numbers can be set in sunny areas Smaller solar panels can run between panes of glass which provide hot water for a buildingAdvancements on designs of solar panels in Denmark have proved that even in the north, where it is colder solar panels have a chance of working What are the disadvantages of solar power? It is difficult to capture the energy from the sun to produce energy on a large-scaleSolar panels are expensive to makeSolar panels are not very efficient in converting sunlight into energyLarge-scale solar power is expensiveWhat is wind energy? (wind turbines)Wind energy makes use of wind to power electrical generators that act like windmills to produce energyWhat are the advantages of using wind power?The use of wind power is growingIt does not cause pollution through waste or gas emissionsIt does not need fuel or cooling liquidsIt is the British governments favoured alternative to fossil fuelsWhat are the disadvantages of using wind power?Wind turbines are expensive to buildTo produce a fair amount of electricity, many wind turbines are needed, which takes up a lot of spaceThe wind does not blow all the time, so there will not be a consistent amount of electricity The generation of electricity has to be backed up by other methods of producing electricity. Some people think wind turbines ruin the landscapeThe blades on wind turbines can kill birdsWhat is Biomass (power from plants)Biomass is an energy source taken from organic matter. It is called bio-energy What are the advantages of using Biomass/Bio-energy? It create less pollution than fossil fuelsIt is a renewable resource of energyBio-energy can provide heat, make fuels and generate electricity There are many types of biomass we can use to make energy e.g waste from agriculture and forest industries, landfill gas, aquatic plants and waste produced by cities and factories. Biomass provides 12 % of energy used across the worldEverything we get form fossil fuels could be made form biomassWhat are the disadvantages of using Biomass/Bio-energy?An enormous amount of land is needed to grow crops to support energy plants The planting, harvesting, producing and transporting of these crops produces air pollution and adds to global warmingThe burning of these crops for energy releases CO2 and other greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.4. Leisure and tourism (refer to coursework for revision also) What impact does leisure and tourism have on the environment? This unit will cover: How important is leisure and tourism to the world economy? 1.2 Why is leisure and tourism an environmental issue?1.3 How can the effects of tourism and leisure activities on the environment be controlled?1.1 How important is leisure and tourism to the world economy?In Britain 10% of the population is involved directly or indirectly in the tourist and leisure industry. The Caribbean islands get 50 % of their income from tourism. Some countries are almost entirely dependent on tourism, for example, the Maldives. Most tourists are from MEDCs because richer countries have more leisure time and more disposable income to spend on travel costs. Many poor countries LEDCS see tourism as the quickest way of improving their economy to support development. Revision notes-Have a general idea of how important leisure and tourism is to the world economy1.2 Why is tourism an environmental issue?TransportAccommodation Leisure activities Changes in lifestyle of local people In more detail….1. Transport Airports, roads, docks and rail terminals have to be built to accommodate tourists. More transport means more air pollution. Aircraft and road transport produces carbon dioxide and microscopic carbon in huge quantities. Roads and airports take up land and change the ecology of an area. 2. AccommodationTourism involves building modern hotels and resortsTo build new hotels and resorts sometimes local people are moved outThe building of resorts/hotels creates pollution from cement, dust and machineryTourists want water for showers, pools and golf courses, modern plumbing and waste disposal, electricity for lifts, air conditioning and DVD players. Electricity and water has to go to the tourists and leave local people with limited supplies of water and electricity. 3. Leisure activities and changes in land use, skiing, golf courses, safari and national parksSkiing-environmental damage caused by skiing includes:The removal of forests, levelling of land and carving of pathways.The production of artificial snow, which uses up vast quantities of water and energyMountains have become unstable and avalanches have increasedMost wildlife has left the areaGolf coursesSome golf courses use large areas of landGolf courses need millions of water (Dubai 2.5 million litres a day)Golf courses need fertilisers and pesticidesSafari parks and national parks: Advantages Safari parks/national parks protect animals from poachersSafari parks/national parks allow land to renew itselfSafari parks and national parks: Disadvantages Roads and hotels have been built. Heavy four-wheel drive trucks churn up the land as they carry tourists around to look for animalsStudies have found that some animals (cheetahs) have been so disturbed by the volume of tourists visiting an area that they have failed to mate, feed, or raise their young. Changes in lifestyle of local people-Advantages People often give up the traditional work e.g fishing and farming to take on new jobs in tourism.Tourism can help local people widen their horizons, learn new skills, and develop new ambitionsChanges in lifestyle of local people-Disadvantages Tourism can cause fishing and farming to decline in an area.As an area grows local people are displaced by hotels, shops, restaurants and bars are built where they used to live. The peaceful beauty of a place maybe lost in an attempt to attract touristsNew cultures replace the old. Revision notes—Revise the different reasons for why tourism is an environmental issue. Divide your revision into the four section e.g transport, accommodation etc….You may want to revise a few examples from each section so you do not overload yourself! Revision notes-have a general overview of the advantages and disadvantages related with tourism (see below). Some of the good effects of tourism are good:More wealth Better infrastructure (roads..etc..)new opportunities for the local peopleland and sites of interest and beauty are protected and developedSome of the bad effects of tourism are good:Beaches and tourist areas are closed to local peopleHotels and roads destroy the beauty of the natural environment Areas become polluted by sewage and traffic fumesCrime levels can increase, especially theftLocal people maybe influenced by affluent cultures that bring with them bars, drugs and more liberal attitudes to sex and alcohol Examples of past exam questions related to the unit.“From your own studies. Explain how tourism affects the environment”(8 marks)1.3 How can the effects of tourism and leisure activities on the environment be controlled?There are many local, national and international organisations working to reduce the environmental impact of tourism. These ideas are described as: sustainable tourism, eco-tourism, nature tourism, green travel, environmentally responsible tourism. Below are examples of the types of groups and actions of how the effects of tourism can be reducedTypes of organisationLocal council or community groups working to protect their home and local environmentExamples of actionThe local leaders in the Annapurna region of Nepal have created the Himalayan Code for Tourism. This has set up directives to limit the use of local resources and reduce the rubbish left behindThere is now a local organisation that controls the number of visitors and monitors them and uses some of the money paid for guides and “sherpas” for local conservation and developmentTypes of organisationIndependent organisations and pressure groups that work to protect aspects of the environment which are under threatExamples of actionThe WWF (The World Wildlife Fund), the Nature Conservancy and Conservation International have put funding into projects that attempt to protect wildlife, and to ensure that essential local resources such as water, timber, and areas of natural beauty are not damaged by commercial development.Types of organisationTravel industryExample of actionThe World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC) has created an eco-travel association called “Green Globe”. The idea is that joining this organisation will help travel companies become more aware of environmental issues and change their approaches to make tourism more sustainable (1) Global warmingIs climate change the worlds biggest environmental problem? This section will include:1.1 What is meant by “global warming” and “climate change”?1.2 What evidence is there that global warming and climate change is taking place1.3 What will be the effects of global warming/climate change?1.4 Can we do anything to do stop global warming/climate change taking place?1.1 What is meant by “global warming and “climate change”?(put definition of global warming and climate change in here)Revision notes-Be able to describe how global warming is caused. It would be useful to draw on your knowledge and information from science lessons for this. Revision notes-If a question comes up about climate change/global warming try and use quotes. This will show knowledge. For example “Climate change is the single most important issue we face as a global community” Tony Blair April 2004Most scientists agree thatThe climate is changingWe produce more green house gases than we used to That global warming is taking placeScientific thinking is divided on how serious a threat to the planet this situation is. Those who believe that global warming/climate change is not a threat argue that:changes in the climate have taken place before and people have adapted (ice age)Heat will create water vapour and clouds which will cool the planet downMore carbon dioxide will encourage plant growth and these will absorb the excess C02The oceans can absorb more C02 than we think they can Climate change does not have to be a bad thing-many people will benefit from warmer weather or more/less rainfall. Revision notes-select at least 3 arguments against the idea that the threat to global warming is serious. A-A* You may want to extend your research to revise more detailed arguments. 1.2 What evidence is there that global warming and climate change is taking placeOther scientists argue that climate change/global warming is a serious problem and the evidence they use to support this view are:Bangladesh has suffered from floods for many years, over the last decade, rainfall has become heavier and these floods have been more severe Scientists now report ice and glaciers melting in all the worlds major mountain ranges, including the Rockies, Andes, Alps and Himalayas.Occasional droughts are common in southern Africa. Since the 1980s there has been an increase in the number of serious droughtsChanging climate has resulted in some insects and diseases managing to survive and spread further across the world. Malaria, Fever, Yellow Fever and Cholera are appearing with increased frequency transmitted through animals/waterIn May 2003, a record heat wave in India, with temperature reaching 49 degrees claimed more than 1600 lives. In August 2003 record temperatures across Europe claimed 35, 000 lives. Understand what long term and short term effects mean. Be able to explain and describe the long term/short effects these changes could have on the:PeopleEnvironment Revision notes-revise at least 3 examples of the evidence for global warming/climate change being a serious threat. A-A* revise at least 41.3 What will be the effects of global warming/climate change? Unpredictable effectsUneven impact across the world Effects on plant and animal life1. Unpredictable effectsMajor cities could be flooded e.g London, New York and Hong Kong as sea levels rise due to melting ice caps. Some people predict that the UK will have a climate similar to that of the South of FranceOther people think that changing sea currents could make countries warmer or colder. 2. Uneven impact across the world Some places will get more/less rainExtreme weather such as floods, droughts and hurricanes will become more commonMany countries that have a water deficit (shortage) will become drier e.g AfricaEurope is likely to get wetterLEDCs will not be able to deal with extreme weather changes e.g floods/hurricanes because they do not have the resources to cope with large-scale problems. 3. Effects on plant and animal lifeIn some places crops will failIn other places new crops will thrive and provide a bonus for some peopleAnimals, birds, fish and insects will either: Die outMove to new areasThrive and become a threat to food crops (as they will want to eat them) 1.4 Can we do anything to do stop global warming/climate change taking place?Control global warming (Kyoto Agreement: 1977) Prepare for change 1. Control global warming (Kyoto Agreement)130 countries agreed to follow a set of rules that sets out the amount of greenhouse gases each country would be allowed to produce. By 2010 these countries agreed to have reduced their gas emissions to be 5% less than they were in 1990. What about those countries that did not sign the Kyoto agreement?The biggest producer of CO2, the USA did not sign up to the Kyoto agreement because they were not convinced that the problem was so great and their economy would suffer by following the rules. If the USA do not agree to sign up to the Kyoto agreement then other countries attempts to reduce emissions will not make much differenceIf the USA does not accept the Kyoto agreement other countries may see why they should limit their own gas emissions.Revision notes-Have some understanding of what the Kyoto Agreement sets out to do. 1.2 Prepare for Change Begin to plan how to introduce new species of plants that can thrive in warmer/wetter/drier weather in different zones of the world. Prepare people for environmental changes before they happen through the media and education. Ensure that emergency water and food supplies and disaster relief are prepared, and that the delivery and distribution is planned. Set up worldwide organisations and funds to identify and help areas and countries in distressMake preparations to combat diseases that may come into an area after climate change, for example introduce anti-malaria medication in the UKRevision notes-Revise at least 3 ways we can prepare for change. A-A* revise 4 Key idea 1.3Environmental issues havevarying effects onindividuals, groups and societies.Section 3.9 “What can we do about environmental problems?”This unit of revision will coverWhich groups have an influence on our attitudes?What methods have been used to influence people’s behaviour, attitudes and values? 1. Which groups have an influence on our attitudes? (highlighted bullet points are examples of how groups influence our attitudes)The governmentThe Green PartyPressure groups e.g Greenpeace 1. The Government (UK)The Government may act and bring in laws to deal with problems. It has:Stopped the sale of leaded petrol to protect peoples health Set up inspections of industrial sites to reduce pollution and toxic wasteTried to educate the public about environmental issues such as global warming through the media and schoolsSet up an initiative Agenda 21Revision notes- Revise at least 3 ways the UK Government has tried to influence our attitudes (The highlighted bullet points are examples of methods the Government uses to influence us). A-A* extend revision to include research of Agenda 21. 2. The Green PartyThe Green Party is a political party in the UK. Their policies are in support of protecting the environment. TheyCampaign for election using “green issues” e.g more public transport, recycling, alternative energyGet people involved by standing for electionGetting ideas across in the media and through environmental protests/ralliesProduce posters, pamphlets, educate through people about the environment through policies Revision notes-Revise the methods the Green Party uses to influence our attitudes3. Pressure groups Union of Concerned Scientists, Friends of the Earth, Greenpeace (probably the most famous pressure group!)Environmental pressure groups are usually more forceful than the government. They usually share the same objectives:To inform the public about environmental issuesTo make individuals concerned enough to do something about the issuesTo try and get governments to do something about the issuesGreen peace (probably the most famous pressure group)Direct action (carrying out risky actions that attract attention which can be filmed/photographed e.g. boarding ships to protest against whaling)Detailed website gives accessible informationPostersProvide schools and other institutions with materials that explain the issueGain support from young peopleUnion of Concerned ScientistsThe Union of Concerned Scientists operates in the USA. Methods they use include: Producing publications full of scientific dataTheir information is used by the journalists in the media to publicise environmental issues.Friends of the Earth The first environmental pressure group in the UK to start campaigns to protect whales, endangered species and tropical rainforests. Their methods include:Running campaigns to raise awareness of the issuesAdvertising the pressProducing materials for schools and for local organisations that are fighting an environmental issueTaking part in demonstrations that relate to environmental concerns and keeping their name in the public’s eye. Revision notes-Revise the methods pressure groups use to influence our attitudes. Remember the names of pressure groups. Examples of past exam questions related to the unit.“Groups can influence people’s attitudes and behaviour towards environmental issues. Explain the methods these groups can use. Use your own studies to answer” (8 marks)“Using examples from your own studies, explain the methods are used by environmental pressure groups to influence people’s attitudes and behaviour and issue” (8 marks)Key idea 1.4Individuals, groups and societies can play an important part in influencing behaviour, attitudes and values regarding environmentalissues.Section 3.9 continued “What can we do about environmental problems?”This unit of revision will cover:1. How effective have methods been to change attitudes? Greenpeace. Methods of gaining publicity are considered very effective. One example you could use in an exam question is:Methods Greenpeace have tried to stop whaling by sailing very close to whale ships and filming horrific signs of whales being killed. How effective was the methodThis reflected very badly on the whalers and helped gain support /publicity for Green peaceThe Union of Concerned ScientistsHow effective are their methods?The use of scientific evidence makes it very hard to challenge their ideasThey have encouraged the public to use the Internet to tell the government what they think about issues. This helps to inform government policy around the environment. Examples of how effective local and single interest groups have been to change attitudes?Reef relief (based in Florida USA) Reef relief was formed by a group of fishermen who were concerned about tourists destroying the coral reefs. They:Installed a system of moving buoys away from the living coral reefs to stop them being damagedDeveloped a code for divers to follow which stopped them damaging and polluting coral reefsHow effective have their methods been?They have become international experts in the threat to coral reefsTheir programs have been used by local groups to protect coral reefs in Jamaica, Mexico and CubaThe group has become a major local and national political influence The group has taught thousands of boaters/divers to be environmentally friendly. What effective methods can individual use to help the environment?Use less cars (smaller cars are cheaper to run)Produce less waste and litterBy “environmentally friendly goods”RecycleInsist on alternative energy sources to supply energy (protest so the government knows what the public want) How can I summarise what I need to know?The meaning of the key terms in this topicExamples of different attitudes of groups of people to the environment, and how they use and exploit natural resourcesExamples of the problems that arise as a result of the way we treat the environment, for example, different types of pollution, running out of resources Why the treatment of the natural environment must change if we are to have sustainable ecosystems and a healthy environment in the future.Why environmental problems are a global issue that the world cannot ignoreWhy its difficult to get different groups and countries to change their approaches to the environment The methods used by different groups to change attitudes to the environment, and bring pressure on individuals, organisations and governments to adopt an environmentally friendly way of life How effective these methods have been. Environmental issues: Sample examination questions Environmental issues is a core topic, so it is in Paper 1. Before the exam you will have been given a booklet of source materials to use in answering the questions. Some questions will use the source documents, others will not. Sample questions : 1 or 2 mark recall questionsAll of you need to do is show that you know the meaning of the terms. To prepare for these questions, check, revise key terms and their definitionsYou will usually need to give examplesSample exam question Name two non-renewable sources of energy (1 mark each)Sample exam answer1. Oil2. Coal Now try theseName two environmental issues (1 mark each)Name two effects of pollution (1 mark each) Sample exam questions: 4 mark recall questionsThese questions demand you to recall what you have studied, and show understanding of terms and phrasesThey also want you to explain somethingThey require you to give more than one exampleThey require you to give an definition or an explanationSample exam question Using examples from your own studies, explain what is meant by conservation of the environment (4 marks)Sample exam answer A and BConservation of the environment means keeping the environment healthy, fertile and clean or helping it stay unchanged and unspoiled. In the UK, the National Trust has taken control of areas of natural beauty, and has stopped any major developments being built in these areas. It has not allowed factories, houses, or major roads to be built in any places where they would damage the beauty or the ecology of the area. This way plants and animal habitats are conserved (A. would receive full marks-4)Conservation of the environment means that people try to make sure that the environment is not damaged and will be the same in the future (B. would get 2 marks) Now try theseFrom your own studies, explain how natural resources can be conserved (4 marks)Helpful hintsExplain what natural resources and conserved/conservation are Give an example of how natural resources can be conservedUsing examples from your own studies, explain what is meant by sustainable development (4 marks)Helpful hints Explain what sustainable development isGive an example of a method a company/government has used which reflects sustainable developmentExplain how this method helps to sustain the environment Sample exam questions: 8 mark recall questionsFor each topic there are usually two 8 mark questions Normally one will be based on sources and one on recall of your own studiesNow try these Using examples from your own studies, explain what methods are used by environmental pressure groups to influence people’s attitudes and behaviour on an issue (8 marks) Helpful hintsExplain what an environmental pressure group is Explain the methods that can be used to influence peopleFocus on methods used by environmental pressure groupsGive one or more examples of issues where environmental pressure groups have tried to influence people’s attitudes and behaviourRecall details of the methods used to get people’s attention and influence their behaviourExplain how these methods could influence people’s attitudes and behaviour on an issueDiscuss what methods seem to work best (this is optional; the question does nt ask for this, but it will improve your answer)Write a conclusion From your own studies, explain why pollution is a global issue 8 marks Helpful hintsDefine and explain what pollution is.Briefly explain that there are many kinds of pollution, and give some examples of these different types.Choose two or three types of pollution and describe in detail how the pollution is created and what problems the pollution causes. Explain why these forms of pollution are a global issue (an issue that affects the world).Give specific details from your work on the topic.Write a conclusion: what are the chances that all major forms of pollution can be stopped? Where have some approaches been successful? What problems need a lot more effort? Key vocabularyAcid rainThe product of gases combining with water vapour in clouds to form acids (mostly sulphuric and nitric). This falls as acid rain and damages wildlife, vegetation and buildings. Attitude change A change in the way people think about something, like burning less fuel in order to recue CO2 emissions. BeliefThe way people think about and understand the world: belief could be centred on religion , values, morals, traditions. Business organisationAny commercial company or industry, but often refers to large-scale industries such as oil producers and supermarkets. ConservationProtecting and keeping an environmental area in its original stateCultureThe accepted way of living in a society or nation: includes attitudes to and preferences for food, work, education, family life, housing etc…Direct actionActivity designed to stop something taking place, such as blocking roadbuilding by sitting in front of bulldozers, or placing a boat between whales and the whales they are hunting. Ecosystem All the different parts of a natural environment (like a rainforest) which connect with each other and work together independently. Endangered Under threat of extinction Environment The sum of all physical conditions and influences in the world which affect the survival and development of all forms of life.Environmental issuesA situation or set of circumstances which has caused problems and difficulties for the environment and the people who depend on the environment. Exploit/exploitationTo gather, collect, or otherwise make use of something for our (individual or group) benefit. Fossil fuels Naturally occurring materials found underground, such as coal, oil and natural gas. Global interdependence The way in which actions in one part of the world impact on the rest of the world. To solve most environmental problems many countries would have to change their behaviour (for example increasing CO2 emissions are caused by industry and transport, and all countries would have to co-operate or reduce them). Global responsibility Everyone has to accept that they have a part to play in keeping the world healthy and capable of supporting human life. Global warmingThe widely held theory that the average world temperature is increasing as a result of the growing production of greenhouses gases (mostly carbon dioxide and methane). GroupsThese are any collections of people with shared interests or goals, such as hill-walkers or farmers or oil companiesHabitat An environment where certain animals and plants live and thriveInteract/interactionWhere two things act on each other. For example, people have an affect on the environment and the environment has an effect on them. Lobbying Contracting members of the government or local councils have to persuade them that something should be done (like cleaning up sewage disposal methods, or that something should not be done like building a motorway). Natural resourcesThe raw materials that exist in nature, which we take and use to help us live and develop, for example, oil, trees, fish and fresh water. Perceive The way someone sees and understands, for instance, how people view the countryside: some see it as a thing to be preserved, some see it as a source as a source of wealth and useful items. Petition A collection of signatures in support of, or objecting to a situation or policy. Policy change A change in the governments plans, for example, to build more nuclear power stations. Pollution Contamination of a natural environment with harmful substances, such as chemical waste or poisonous gases. Non-renewable resourcesRaw materials and sources of energy which are gone forever once they have been used (for example fossil fuels). Renewable resources Raw materials and sources of energy that occur naturally and are always available (for example, the sun, wind and tides). Society A nation, tribe or an ethnic group that shares a culture and identity, such as the French, the Yanomani tribe or the Inuits. Species Types of animal or plant life (for example, apple trees and freshwater trout). Sustainable developmentMethods of working in a natural environment which do minimal damage to it and make it impossible for the ecosystem to survive and thrive in the future. Voluntary groupA group of people who try to improve a situation or deal with an issue because they care, rather than to make money or for personal advantage (for example, Greenpeace, Friends of the Earth, Surfers Against Sewage). ................
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