8-2 Benchmark Study Guide



8-2 Benchmark Study Guide8-2.1 Explain how the biological adaptations of populations enhance their survival in a particular environment. Populations in a particular environment that are better adapted to living conditions there, and therefore are able to meet their survival needs, are more likely to survive and reproduce offspring with those traits. The environment influences which organisms can live in an area. You will not see a large evergreen tree growing in a desert. Pollution limits where a species can survive. Fire, height of mountains, volcanic eruptions, and flooding of rivers can influence the animals and plants in an area. Predators, competition for food, and territory, overharvesting, humans, cutting down trees limit the number of animals that live in an area. Variations: there are variations among species of similar populations. For example, humans have different hair, eye or skin color. Sometimes these changes provide an advantage to an organism’s survival.Adaptation: a trait or behavior that helps an organism to survive and reproduce. Natural Selection: the process that explains the survival of a species and shows how species can change (Survival of the fittest!): Changes happen from generation to generations that results in adaptations to the environment. Variation: Different Eye ColorsAdaptations: sharp teeth/webbed feetNatural Selection: Survival of the FittestEVOLUTIONWhat is evolution? Evolution is a gradual process in which something changes into a different and usually more complex or better form. How does evolution happen? they proposed that organisms that are better adapted to an environment survive and reproduce at a greater rate than organisms that are not which is called natural selection because the adapted organisms are selected naturally to survive and increase in number. Natural selection can produce new organisms or new species.53340012128500Summarize how scientists study Earth’s past environment and diverse life-forms by examining different types of fossils (including molds, casts, petrified fossils, preserved and carbonized remains of plants and animals, and trace fossils).Type of FossilDescriptionPictureMoldforms when sediments bury an organism and the sediments change into rock; the organism decays leaving a cavity in the shape of the organism.Castforms when a mold is filled with sand or mud that hardens into the shape of the organism.Petrified (permineralized fossil) – forms when minerals soak into the buried remains, replacing the remains, and changing them into rock.Preserved (Unaltered) looks the sameforms when entire organisms or parts of organisms are prevented from decaying by being trapped in rock, ice, tar, or amber.Carbonizedforms when organisms or parts, like leaves, stems, flowers, fish, are pressed between layers of soft mud or clay that hardens squeezing almost all the decaying organism away leaving the carbon imprint in the rock.Traceforms when the mud or sand hardens to stone where a footprint, trail, or burrow of an organism was left behindFOSSIL FORMATION383794015621000Animal must die near waterCompaction and Cementation Petrification (turns into rock)Uplift (plates are moving)Erosion reveals the fossilsExplain how Earth’s history has been influenced by catastrophes (including the impact of an asteroid or comet, climatic changes, and volcanic activity) that have affected the conditions on Earth and the diversity of its life-forms.CatastrophesInfluence on Earth’s HistoryComets and AsteroidsCaused the mass extinction during the Mesozoic Era (The age of Dinosaurs) This impact caused dust and smoke to rise into the atmosphere and cause climatic changes, as well as the dying of many forms of plant life and animals that depended on those plants for food. The result of such an impact would be an enormous explosion that would throw dust clouds into the sky, darkening the planet. Massive forest fires, triggered by the hit, would add smoke to the sky. This would cool the planet causing the climatic changes observed.Climatic Changes affected all Eras, if animals could not adapt to the climate change they would dieLife on land developed and flourished in the tropical climates and warm shallow seas during the Paleozoic Era. Throughout this era as different land environments formed and sea levels changed, new life forms developed. Other life forms that could not adapt or find suitable conditions, especially many marine species, disappeared.During the Mesozoic era, many climate changes occurred due to plate tectonics and the movement of landmasses. Plants and animals that survived through this time had structures and systems that allowed for greater adaptations, such as seed coverings for plant seeds and protective body coverings or constant internal temperature for animals.During the present Cenozoic era, climate conditions continue to change. Major ice ages caused the climate to become much cooler as ice sheets and glaciers covered many areas of Earth. Many mountain ranges formed causing climate differences due to elevation and due to location near those ranges.Volcanic ActivityFrom the earliest days while Earth was forming to present day, volcanic activity has been part of the nature of this changing planet. During the Precambrian time volcanic activity was one of the most natural events, but lava flows, ash clouds in the atmosphere, and heat made conditions for life forms extremely difficult. Those simple life forms often did not survive these conditions. Helped formed the crust of the Earth: igneous rocks and it destroyed plants and animalsRecognize the relationship among the units – era, period, and epoch – into which the geologic time scale is divided.Geologic time scale divides Earth’s long history into units of time: Eons are divided into erasEras are divided into periodsPeriods can be further divided into epochs: E + P = EP (Eras + Periods = Epochs)THE DIVISIONS FROM LARGE TO SMALL: EONS, ERAS, PERIODS, AND EPOCHSTHE DIVISIONS FROM SMALL TO LARGE: EPOCHS, PERIODS, ERAS, AND EPOCHMajor information found on the geologic time scale includes:Geologists divide the time between Precambrian and the present into three long units called eras (Paleozoic, Mesozoic, Cenozoic). The names of the eras are important, as is the order from oldest era to most recent.Cambrian being the first period is important. With a more complete fossil record available, the periods of the Cenozoic era are subdivided further into epochs. Present day Earth is in the Cenozoic era and the Quaternary period in the Holocene epoch. Geologic time has not ended.Illustrate the vast diversity of life that has been present on Earth over time by using the geologic time scale.Geologic TimeFactsPicturePrecambrian Timelongest time in Earth’s history (88%), invertebrates, trace fossils, cyanobacteria (blue green bacteria), soft body organisms, stromatolites, covered mostly by oceansPaleozoic Era (ancient life) Age of the Trilobites-most things formed during this eraPangaea was forming, vertebrates, brachiopods, mountain ranges started to form, amphibians(reptiles), fish, arachnids (insects), forest began to grow,Early land plants included simple mosses, ferns, and then cone-bearing plants. By the end of the era, seed plants were common. The mass extinction that ended the era caused most marine invertebrates as well as amphibians to disappear.Mesozoic Era (middle life)Age of the DinosaursPangaea forms and breaks apart, reptiles became abundant, small mammals and birds appeared, Gymnosperms, and flowing plants, asteroid or comet caused an extinction during this eraThe mass extinction that ended the era caused the dinosaurs to become extinct.Cenozoic Era (recent life)Age of the MammalsIce age, continents are in present locations, mammals were dominant, humans, mountain ranges forms, grasslands expanded, whales, dolphins, horses, and etc…..The diversity of life forms increased. Flowering plants became most common5705475-22860000Infer the relative age of rocks and fossils from index fossils and the ordering of rock layers.Relative age (guess age, ex: younger) vs. Absolute age (actual age, ex: 14) Law of Superposition: youngest rock layers on top and oldest rock layers are on the bottom Cross-Cutting sections: Faults and Intrusion: if it goes through the rock layers, then it is the youngestIndex fossils: lives for only a short period of time and can tell the age of a rock layer …. Ex: trilobitesUnconformity: gap in the geologic record: shows where rock layers have been lost due to erosion8-2.7Summarize the factors, both natural and man-made, that can contribute to the extinction of a species.TYPE OF FACTORFactors That Can Contribute to the Extinction of SpeciesNatural FactorsICE AGEOrganisms that could not survive changes due to volcanic eruptions and global warming, global cooling during ice ages, changes in oxygen levels in seawater, or a massive impact from an asteroid or comet became extinct. Man-Made Factors OVER HARVESTING FISHcutting of the rainforest regions, removing natural habitats, over-harvesting (over hunting or killing animals), and pollution. Directions: Select the best answer for each question.(8-2.1) Food has become limited in the ocean. The animal who has the best adaptation to survive with less food would be the _________.180022510541000-77470172085002123440400050041529004000500383857598425d.00d.177165098425c.00c.23812598425b.00b.-145034098425a.00a.-40005013271500.(8-2.1) The Lion lives in the Savannah of Africa, a dry grassland. The Lion’s trait that would be the most beneficial in helping it survive in this hot environment is its __________.Large SizeLight ColorLong ClawsSharp Teeth(8-2.1) The brown fur of the arctic hare turns white in winter. How does this color change most likely help the arctic hare?It helps the animal hide from predators.It helps the animal save water.It helps keep the animal cool.It helps protect the animal from disease.(8-2.2/3.6) Fossils of warm-weather plants were found on an island in the Arctic Ocean. What can best be concluded from this discovery?Spores of plants drifted by air currents to the island.Ocean currents carried the plants to the island.The island drifted from a tropical region to its present location.Seeds of plants have been carried to the island by migratory birds. (8-2.6) Index fossils help scientists estimate the age of a rock because index fossil species only existed for a relatively short time. What happened to the species that are now used as index fossils? They became extinct. They changed their diets. They hid in marine sediments. They migrated to new environments.(8-2.2) Which of the following would not be considered a preserved fossil?A dinosaur tooth.A fly caught in amber.A frozen mammoth.A plant fossil in a tar pit.11264909334500(8-2.6) Which rock layer is probably the oldest?1346(8-2.3) Which theory best describes how an asteroid striking Earth may have caused the extinction of dinosaurs?Heat from the asteroid caused massive fires that reduced the food supply.Dense clouds formed following the collision, causing a global drop in temperature.Land masses were altered by the collision, reducing the space where dinosaurs could roam for food.Glaciers melted rapidly from heat produced by the asteroid, causing floods that destroyed dinosaurs’ habitats.(8-2.4) In geologic time, epochs are combined to make _____________.EonsErasPeriodsMillennia(8-2.4) The longest segment of geologic time is the _____________.CenozoicMesozoicPaleozoicPrecambrian(8-2.6) The White Cliffs of Dover are made of a white sedimentary stone called chalk, which was formed when shells and skeletons of small marine organisms were deposited in a thick layer. An examination of the Cliffs of Dover from top to bottom would show a change fromigneous rock to sedimentary rock.marine organisms to land organisms.simple fossils to complex fossils.younger fossils to older fossils.(8-2.5) The dominant life-form during the Mesozoic Era was ____________.InsectsAmphibiansHumansReptiles(8-2.7) Clams, oysters, and mussels eat plankton filtered from water. How would clams, oysters, and mussels most likely be affected if the amount of plankton in a large body of water was significantly reduced?They would increase in number.They would find a new food source.They would become prey to other animals.They would compete for a limited food source.(8-2.7) A park is home to a large number of robins, squirrels and rabbits. The robins and squirrels live in the park’s trees. The robins feed on earthworms and insects that live on the ground. The squirrels eat the acorns produced by the park’s oak trees. The rabbits hide in the bushes and feed on the grass. Which factor would directly limit the number of rabbits that could live in this park?number of acornsnumber of bushesnumber of robinsnumber of squirrels (8-1.6) The water level in a graduated cylinder rises from 10 cm3 to 35 cm3 when a solid lead ball is added. What is the approximate volume of the lead ball?3.5 cm325 cm335 cm345 cm3-2876557429500(8-2.4) The shortest time division was ___________Cenozoic b. Mesozoicc. Paleozoic d. Precambrian(8-2.5) The Himalayas formed during the ____________ a. Cretaceous Period b. Eocene Epoch c. Protezonic Eon d. Ordovician PeriodThe modern day is part of the ______________ a. Cenozoic Era and Neogene b. Pleistocene Epoch and Phanerozoic Eon c. Quarternary Period and Cenozoic Era d. Tertiary Period and Pliocene Epoch -2857507874000 (8-1.3) Earthquake waves are detected by an instrument called a seismograph, and the data are recorded visually on a seismogram. To determine the location of an earthquake, scientists must determine the amount of time between the first arrival of the P wave and the first arrival of the S wave at the location of the seismograph. According to the data in the seismogram shown above, how much time elapsed between the arrival of the P wave and the arrival of the S wave?11 seconds25 seconds37 seconds90 seconds (8-2.6) In order for a fossil to be used as an index fossil, the organism must have been found over a wide area of Earth and must have ____________.Lived on landLived in shallow waterExisted for a geologically short period of timeBeen preserved in volcanic ash(8-2.2) Which is most likely to become a fossil? A skeleton in a large lakeA jellyfish in the oceanAn earthworm in a damp forestA skeleton in a riverbed that is drying up(8-2.2) If a fossil dissolves away, it can leave behind a cavity in the rock called a _________.MoldCastCarbonizedSediment(8-2.4) Eras of the geologic time scale are divided into _________.PeriodsAgesUnitsEpochs ................
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