Urban Storm Water BMP Preliminary Data Summary - 1999

United States Environmental Protection Agency

Office of Water (4303) Washington, DC 20460

EPA-821-R-99-012 August 1999

Preliminary Data Summary of

Urban Storm Water

Best Management Practices

Acknowledgments This report was prepared by Eric Strassler, Project Manager, Jesse Pritts, Civil Engineer, and Kristen Strellec, Economist, of the Engineering and Analysis Division, Office of Science and Technology. Assistance was provided by Parsons Engineering Science, Inc., Limno-Tech, Inc. and the Center for Watershed Protection under EPA Contract No. 68-C6-0001. EPA reviewers were Eugene Bromley, Rod Frederick, John Kosco, Marjorie Pitts, Marvin Rubin, Steven Sweeney and Kathy Zirbser. EPA thanks its external reviewers for this report: George Aponte Clarke, Natural Resources Defense Council Edward U. Graham, P.E., and John Galli, Metropolitan Washington Council of

Governments Jonathan E. Jones, P.E., Wright Water Engineers, Inc. Eric H. Livingston, Florida Department of Environmental Protection Eric W. Strecker, P.E., URS Greiner Woodward-Clyde Lori L. Sundstrom, City of Phoenix, AZ Ben Urbonas, P.E., Urban Drainage and Flood Control District, Denver.

Disclaimer Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement by EPA or recommendation for use.

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Table of Contents

List of Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv List of Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v

1.0 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1

2.0 Introduction and Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1 2.1 Effluent Guidelines Program and Consent Decree Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1 2.2 Types of Discharges Addressed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-2 2.3 Data Sources and Data Collection Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-3

3.0 Existing Storm Water Regulations and Permits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1 3.1 Phase I NPDES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1 3.2 Phase II NPDES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-2 3.3 Coastal Zone Act Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-3 3.4 Regional, State and Local Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-4

4.0 Environmental Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1 4.1 Overview of Storm Water Discharges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-3 4.2 Pollutants in Urban Storm Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-6 4.2.1 Solids, Sediment and Floatables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-11 4.2.2 Oxygen-Demanding Substances and Dissolved Oxygen . . . . . . . . . . . 4-12 4.2.3 Nitrogen and Phosphorus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-13 4.2.4 Pathogens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-13 4.2.5 Petroleum Hydrocarbons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-15 4.2.6 Metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-16 4.2.7 Synthetic Organic Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-18 4.2.8 Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-19 4.2.9 pH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-22 4.3 Reported Impacts of Urban Storm Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-23 4.3.1 Flow Impacts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-23 4.3.2 Habitat Impacts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-32 4.3.3 Public Health Impacts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-44 4.3.4 Aesthetic Impacts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-48

5.0 Description and Performance of Storm Water Best Management Practices . . . . . . . . . 5-1 5.1 Goals of Storm Water Best Management Practices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1 5.1.1 Flow Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1 5.1.2 Pollutant Removal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-4 5.1.3 Pollutant Source Reductions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-6 5.2 Types of Storm Water Best Management Practices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-7 5.2.1 Structural BMPs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-7

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5.2.2 Non-Structural BMPs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-30 5.2.3 Low-Impact Development Practices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-39 5.3 BMP Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-41 5.4 Monitoring BMP Effectiveness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-42 5.4.1 Water Quality Monitoring of BMPs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-43 5.4.2 Receiving Stream Assessments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-46 5.5 Effectiveness of BMPs in Managing Urban Runoff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-46 5.5.1 Controlling Pollution Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-48 5.5.2 Controlling Pollution Discharges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-50 5.5.3 Controlling Flow Impacts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-83 5.6 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-85

6.0 Costs and Benefits of Storm Water BMPs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-1 6.1 Structural BMP Costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-1 6.1.1 Base Capital Costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-2 6.1.2 Design, Contingency and Permitting Costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-13 6.1.3 Land Costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-13 6.1.4 Operation and Maintenance Costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-14 6.1.5 Long-Term BMP Costs: Two Scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-16 6.1.6 Adjusting Costs Regionally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-19 6.2 Non-Structural BMP Costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-21 6.2.1 Street Sweeping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-21 6.2.2 Illicit Connection Identification and Elimination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-22 6.2.3 Public Education and Outreach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-22 6.2.4 Land Use Modifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-25 6.2.5 Oil and Hazardous Waste Collection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-27 6.2.6 Proper Storage of Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-27 6.3 Benefits of Storm Water BMPs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-28 6.3.1 Storm Water Pollutant Reduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-28 6.3.2 Hydrological and Habitat Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-32 6.3.3 Human Health Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-37 6.3.4 Additional and Aesthetic Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-37 6.4 Review of Economic Analysis of the NPDES Phase II Storm Water Rule . . . 6-38 6.4.1 Analyses of Potential Costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-39 6.4.2 Assessment of Potential Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-41 6.4.3 Comparison of Benefits and Costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-42 6.5 Financial Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-42 6.5.1 Municipal Financing of Storm Water Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-43 6.6 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-44

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R-1

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-1

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List of Tables

4-1. Median Event Mean Concentrations for Urban Land Uses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-8 4-2. Sources of Contaminants in Urban Storm Water Runoff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-9 4-3. Typical Pollutant Loadings from Runoff by Urban Land Use (lbs/acre-yr) . . . . . . . . . . 4-10 4-4. Comparison of Water Quality Parameters in Urban Runoff with Domestic Wastewater

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-11 4-5. Densities of Selected Pathogens and Indicator Microorganisms in Storm Water in Baltimore,

Maryland Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-15 4-6. Fecal Coliform Concentrations Collected in Sheetflow from Urban Land Uses . . . . . . . 4-15 4-7. Most Frequently Detected Priority Pollutants in Nationwide Urban Runoff Program Samples

(1978-83) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-17 4-8. Probability of Event Mean Concentration of Constituents in Wisconsin Storm Water

Exceeding Wisconsin Surface Water and Ground Water Quality Standards: Metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-18

4-9. Probability of Event Mean Concentration of Constituents in Wisconsin Storm Water Exceeding Wisconsin Surface Water and Ground Water Quality Standards: Synthetic Organic Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-19

4-10. Impacts from Increases in Impervious Surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-26 4-11. Comparison of Estimated Runoff Volume and Peak Discharge for Developed and

Undeveloped Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-27 4-12. Percent Increase of Two-Year Flood, Bankfull Width, and Bankfull Depth from Pre-

Development Conditions to Urbanized Conditions (Based on Modeling Results) . . . 4-30 4-13. Average Percent Base Flow of Selected Streams on Long Island by Area . . . . . . . . . 4-32 4-14. Water Quality Parameters Affecting Habitat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-35 4-15. Relative Toxicities of Samples Using Microtox? Measurement Method . . . . . . . . . . . 4-37 4-16. Delaware Insect Population Abundance by Degree of Urbanization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-40 4-17. Relative Abundance of Native and Introduced Fish in Urbanized and Non-Urbanized Areas

in Coyote Creek, California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-42 4-18. Effects of Urbanization on the Fish Community of Tuckahoe Creek, Virginia . . . . . . 4-44 4-19. Comparative Health Outcomes for Swimming in Front of Drains in Santa Monica Bay

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-47 5-1. Percent Runoff Volumes Contributed by Source Area in Two Urbanized Areas of Wisconsin

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-34 5-2. Contaminant Load Percentages in Two Urbanized Areas of Wisconsin . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-35 5-3. Recommended BMP Maintenance Schedules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-38 5-4. Sources of Storm Water Runoff and BMP Monitoring Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-47 5-5. Monitoring Studies for BMP Categories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-51 5-6. Extent of Monitoring for Selected Pollutants in BMP Performance Studies . . . . . . . . . 5-52 5-7. Structural BMP Expected Pollutant Removal Efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-54 5-8. Pollutant Removal Efficiency of Infiltration Practices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-55 5-9. Pollutant Removal Efficiency of Retention Basins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-57 5-10. Summary of Prince William Parkway Regional Wet Pond Sampling Data . . . . . . . . . . 5-62

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