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CHAPTER 11 OUTLINE & STUDY QUESTIONS:ENDOCRINE GLANDSExocrine glands are ducted glands that are not included in the endocrine systemEndocrine glands are ductless glands that secrete hormones (chemicals) into the bloodTarget cell- a cell that has specific receptors for a particular hormoneEndocrine glands are numerous and widespread in the bodyDiseases result from abnormal secretion of hormonesHypersecretion – over secretion of a hormoneHyposecretion- under secretion of a hormoneMECHANISMS OF HOROMONE ACTIONHormones perform general functions of communication and control but a slower, longer-lasting type of control than that provided by nerve impulses Cells that respond to hormones are called target cells; organs containing target cells are thus target organsNonsteroid hormones (first messengers) bind to the receptors on the target cell membrane, triggering intracellular second messengers such as cyclic AMP to affect the cell’s activitiesSteroids hormonesTheir primary effects are produced by binding to receptors within the target cell nucleus; they influence cell activity by acting on DNA- a slower process than nonsteroid actionSecondary effects may occur when steroid hormones bind to membrane receptors to rapidly trigger functional changes in the target cellREGULATIONN OF HORMONE SECRETIONHormone secretion is controlled by homeostatic feedbackNegative feedback- a mechanism that reverses that direction of change is a physiologic system ** after eating a meal and absorbing sugars insulin lowers blood sugar level Positive feedback- (uncommon) a mechanism that amplifies a physiologic-change **contractions during labor Levels of regulation- endocrine regulation of body function usually operates at multiple levels of control at the same time for better efficiency and precision PROSTAGLANDINSProstaglandins (PGs) are powerful lipid substances found in a wide variety of body tissues; PGs are modified fatty acidsPGs are typically produced in a tissue and diffused only a short distance to act on cells in that tissue; they are often called tissue hormones or paracrine agents Several classes of PGs include prostaglandin A (PGA), prostaglandin E (PGE) and prostaglandin F (PGF)PGs influence many body functions, including respiration, blood pressure, gastrointestinal secretions & reproductionPITUITARY GLAND“MASTER GLAND”Structure of the pituitary glandAnterior Pituitary (adenohypophysis)- made up of glandular epitheliumPosterior Pituitary (neurohypophysis)- made up of nervous tissueLocation- in a bony depression (Sella turcica) of sphenoid bone in the skull; connected to the hypothalamus by a pituitary stalkANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND (adenohypophysis)Names & functions of major hormonesThyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) – stimulates growth of the thyroid gland; also stimulates it to secrete thyroid hormoneAdrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)—stimulates growth of the adrenal cortex and prompts it to secrete glucocorticoids (GCs) (mainly cortisol)Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)—initiates growth of ovarian follicles each month in the ovary and stimulates one or more follicles to develop to the stage of maturity and ovulation; FSH also stimulates sperm production in the maleLuteinizing Hormone (LH)—acts with FSH to stimulate estrogen secretion and follicle growth to maturity; causes ovulation; causes luteinization of ruptured follicle and stimulates progesterone secretion by the corpus luteum; causes interstitial cells in the testes to secrete testosterone in the maleGrowth Hormone (GH)—stimulates growth by accelerating protein anabolism; also accelerates fat catabolism and slows glucose catabolism; by slowing glucose catabolism, tends to increase blood glucose to higher than normal levels (hyperglycemia)Prolactin (PRL) (lactogenic hormone)—stimulates breast development during pregnancy and secretion of milk after the delivery of the babyPOSTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND (neurohypophysis)Names & functions of hormonesAntidiuretic Hormone (ADH)—accelerates water reabsorption from urine in the kidney tubules into the blood, thereby decreasing urine secretion Oxytocin (OT)—stimulates the pregnant uterus to contract; may initiate labor; causes glandular cells of the breast to release milk into ducts; enhances social bonding INCLUDEPICTURE "C:\\var\\folders\\12\\dvgqclnx2d1fv_0w08wghtcc0000gn\\T\\com.microsoft.Word\\WebArchiveCopyPasteTempFiles\\page2image47439792" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "C:\\var\\folders\\12\\dvgqclnx2d1fv_0w08wghtcc0000gn\\T\\com.microsoft.Word\\WebArchiveCopyPasteTempFiles\\page3image47257904" \* MERGEFORMAT HYPOTHALAMUS Produces posterior pituitary hormonesActual production of ADH and OT occurs in the hypothalamusAfter production in the hypothalamus, hormones pass along axons into the pituitary glandThe secretion and release of posterior pituitary hormones is controlled by nervous stimulationRegulates anterior pituitary secretionReleasing hormones (RHs) and inhibiting hormones (IHs) control secretion by anterior pituitary RHs and IHs reach the anterior pituitary through a direct capillary connectionThe hypothalamus controls many body functions related to homeostasis (temperature, appetite, & thirst)THYROID GLANDLocated in the neck, just inferior to the larynx (see figure 11-6)Tissue made up of thyroid follicles filled with colloidNames & functions of hormonesThyroid Hormones- thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3); produced by follicle cells and stored in colloid of follicles-327803523600Accelerate catabolism and energy production (increasing the body’s metabolic rate)Calcitonin (CT)—made by CT cells outside in the follicle wallsDecreases the blood calcium concentration by inhibiting breakdown of bone, which would release calcium into the blood PARATHYROID GLANDS:Small lumps of glandular tissue located on the posterior surface of the thyroid Name & Function of HormoneParathyroid Hormone (PTH)Increases blood calcium concentration by increasing the breakdown of bone with the release of calcium into the blood; also promotes absorption of calcium from food and reduces loss of calcium in urinePTH and CT have antagonistic effects that help maintain stable blood calcium concentrations needed for good healthADRENAL GLANDS:Located on the superior surface of each kidney; the outer region is glandular, and the inner region is secretory nervous tissueAdrenal cortex Names of hormones (corticoids)Mineralocorticoids (MCs)—chiefly aldosteroneGlucocorticoids (GCs)—chiefly cortisol (cortisone)Sex hormones—small amounts of male hormones (androgens) secreted by adrenal cortex of both sexesThree cell layers (zones)Outer layer, secretes mineralocorticoidsMiddle layer, secretes GCsInner layer, secretes sex hormonesMineralocorticoids—increase blood sodium and decrease body potassium concentrations by accelerating kidney tubule reabsorption of sodium and excretion of potassiumFunctions of GCsHelp maintain normal blood glucose concentration by increasing gluconeogenesis—the formation of “new” glucose from amino acids produced by the breakdown of proteins, mainly those in muscle tissue cells; also aid the conversion to glucose of fatty acids produced by the breakdown of lipids stored in adipose tissue cellsPlay an essential part in maintaining normal blood pressure—make it possible for epinephrine and norepinephrine to maintain a normal degree of vasoconstriction, a condition necessary for maintaining normal blood pressureAct with epinephrine and norepinephrine to produce an anti-inflammatory effect, to bring about normal recovery from inflammations of various kindsProduce anti-immunity and antiallergy effect; bring about a decrease in the number of lymphocytes and plasma cells and therefore a decrease in the number of antibodiesSecretion of glucocorticoid quickly increases when the body is the body is thrown into a condition of stress; high blood concentration of GCs, in turn, brings about many other stress responses (figure 11-10)Chronic stress can disturb the body’s balance of metabolic and immune functionsAdrenal sex hormones—male androgens similar to testosterone are produced in both sexes; have a role in reproductive developmentAdrenal medullaNames & functions of hormonesEpinephrine (Epi) or adrenaline, and norepinephrine (NR)Help the body resist stress by intensifying and prolonging the effects of sympathetic stimulations; increased epinephrine secretion is the first endocrine response to stressPANCREATIC ISLETSIslands of endocrine tissue scattered within the exocrine tissue of the pancreas, a digestive gland near the junction of the stomach and small intestineNames & functions of hormonesGlucagon – secreted by *alpha* cells// increases the blood glucose level by accelerating liver glycogenolysis (conversion of glycogen to glucose)Insulin – secreted by *beta* cells// decreases the blood glucose by accelerating the movement of glucose out of the blood into cells, which increases glucose metabolism INCLUDEPICTURE "C:\\var\\folders\\12\\dvgqclnx2d1fv_0w08wghtcc0000gn\\T\\com.microsoft.Word\\WebArchiveCopyPasteTempFiles\\page4image47267264" \* MERGEFORMAT by cells 013654900SEX GLANDSFemale sex glandsThe ovaries contain two structures that secrete hormones- the ovarian follicles and the corpus luteum Effects of estrogen (feminizing hormone)Development and maturation of breasts and external genitalsDevelopment of adult female body contoursInitiation of the menstrual cycleMale sex glandsThe interstitial cells of testes secrete the male hormone testosteroneEffects of testosteroneStimulates production of spermMaturation of external genitalsBeard growthVoice changes at pubertyDevelopment of musculature and body contours typical of the male INCLUDEPICTURE "C:\\var\\folders\\12\\dvgqclnx2d1fv_0w08wghtcc0000gn\\T\\com.microsoft.Word\\WebArchiveCopyPasteTempFiles\\page6image47295664" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "C:\\var\\folders\\12\\dvgqclnx2d1fv_0w08wghtcc0000gn\\T\\com.microsoft.Word\\WebArchiveCopyPasteTempFiles\\page5image47305600" \* MERGEFORMAT THYMUSHormone: thymosin (group of related hormones)Function: plays an important role in the development and function of T cells (agents of the body’s immune system)PLACENTAHormone: chorionic gonadotropins, estrogens, & progesteroneFunction: maintain the corpus luteum during pregnancy PINEAL GLANDA small gland near the roof of the third ventricle of the brainGlandular tissue predominates in children and young adultsBecomes fibrous and calcified with ageCalled “the third eye” because its influence on secretory activity is related to the amount of light entering they eyesSecretes melatonin, which:Inhibits ovarian activityRegulates the body’s internal clockENDOCRINE FUNCTIONS THROUGHOUT THE BODYMany organs (ex., stomach, intestines, & kidney) produce endocrine hormonesThe stomach lining produces ghrelin, which affects appetite and metabolismThe atrial wall of the heart secretes atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH), which stimulates sodium loss from the kidneysFat-storing cells secrete leptin, which controls how full or hungry we feelHormone actions occur in every organ of the body and are addressed throughout the rest of this book INCLUDEPICTURE "C:\\var\\folders\\12\\dvgqclnx2d1fv_0w08wghtcc0000gn\\T\\com.microsoft.Word\\WebArchiveCopyPasteTempFiles\\page7image47405776" \* MERGEFORMAT CHAPTER 11 PRACTICE TEST: _______________ glands secrete their products into ducts that empty onto a surface or into a cavity___________________ glands are ductless and secrete their products, called _____________________, into intercellular spaces, where they diffuse into the bloodThe two major classes of hormones are ____________________ hormones, and ________________________ hormonesA cell or body organ with receptors for a hormone that triggers a reaction is called a ________________________One example of a second messenger system involves the conversion of ATP into ___________________________The hormone receptors for nonsteriod hormones are located ______________________, whereas the receptors for steroid hormones are located __________________________“Tissue hormones” is another name for ________________________________This part of the pituitary gland is made of nervous tissue: ___________________________This part of the pituitary gland is made of glandular tissue:_____________________________The hormone oxytocin is released by the ___________________ but is made in the _______________________A tropic hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland isThyroid-stimulating hormoneAdrenocorticotropic hormoneLuteinizing hormoneAll of the aboveAntidiuretic hormone (ADH)Is made in the posterior pituitary glandAccelerates water reabsorption in the kidneyIn high concentrations causes diabetes insipidusAll of the aboveThis hormone is released by the anterior pituitary and stimulates breast development during pregnancy and is necessary for eventual milk production:EstrogenOxytocinProlactinProgesteroneThis hormone is released by the posterior pituitary and stimulates the contraction of the pregnant uterus:EstrogenOxytocinProlactinProgesteroneThyroxineIs symbolized by T3Is made in the thyroid glandContains less iodine than triiodothyronineAll of the aboveCalcitoninDecreases the level of calcium in the bloodIncreases the level of calcium in the bloodStimulates the release of calcium from bone tissueBoth B and CReleased by the adrenal medulla; prolongs he effect of the sympathetic divisionMade in the heart; helps regulate blood sodiumMade in the pancreatic islets; decreases blood glucose levelsHas the opposite effect of calcitoninMade by the alpha cells in the pancreatic isletsMade in the outermost layer of the adrenal cortexThe most significant hormone released by the pineal glandThe hormone made by the placenta and detected by home pregnancy testsMade by the middle layer of the adrenal cortex___ parathyroid hormone___ mineralocorticoids___ glucocorticoids___ epinephrine___ glucagon___ insulin___ chorionic gonadotropins___ melatonin___ atrial natriuretic hormone Match Pelvic cavityMediastinumNeckCranial cavityAbdominal cavity___ pituitary___ parathyroids___ adrenals___ ovaries___ thymusMatchCyclic AMP is an example of oneRespond to a particular hormoneProstaglandinsDischarge secretions into ductsSpecialized homeostatic mechanism that regulates release of hormones ___ negative feedback___ tissue hormones___ second messenger___ exocrine glands___ target organ cellsNonsteriod hormones serve as ________________________ ______________________ providing communication between ___________________________and ___________________________. Another molecule such as __________________ _________________ then acts as the ____________________ ____________________ providing _________________________ within a hormone’s ______________________ ______________________.The pituitary gland lies in the ___________________ bone.EthmoidSphenoidTemporalFrontalOccipitalWhich one of the following structures would NOT be stimulated by a tropic hormone from the anterior pituitary?OvariesTestesThyroidAdrenalsUterusWhich of the following is NOT a function of FSH?Stimulates the growth of ovarian folliclesStimulates the secretion of estrogensStimulates the growth of seminiferous tubules Stimulates the interstitial cells of the testes Which one of the following is NOT a function of LH?Stimulates maturation of a developing follicleStimulates the secretion of estrogensStimulates the formation of a corpus luteumStimulates sperm cells to mature the maleCauses ovulationWhich one of the following is NOT a function of GH?Increases glucose catabolismIncreases fat catabolismSpeeds up the movement of amino acids into cells from the bloodstreamAll of the above are functions of GHWhich one of the following hormones is NOT released by the anterior pituitary gland?ACTHTSHADHFSHLHWhich one of the following is NOT a function of prolactin?Stimulates breast development during pregnancyStimulates milk secretion after delivery Causes the release of milk from glandular cells of the breastAll of the above are functions of prolactinThe anterior pituitary gland secretes:Eight major hormonesTropic hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands to grow and secrete ADHOxytocinTSH acts on the:ThyroidThymusPinealTestesACTH stimulates the:Adrenal cortexAdrenal medullaHypothalamusOvariesWhich hormone is secreted by the posterior pituitary gland?MSHLHGHADHADH serves the body by:Initiating laborAccelerating water reabsorption from urine into the bloodStimulating the pineal glandRegulating the calcium/phosphorus levels in the bloodWhich disease is caused by hyposecretion of ADH?Diabetes insipidusDiabetes mellitusAcromegalyMyxedemaThe actual production of ADH and oxytocin takes place in the:Anterior pituitaryPosterior pituitaryHypothalamusPinealInhibiting hormones are produced by the:Anterior pituitaryPosterior pituitaryHypothalamusPinealMatchAnterior pituitaryPosterior pituitaryHypothalamus___ adenohypophysis___ neurohypophysis___ induced labor___ appetite___ acromegaly___ body temperature___ sex hormones___ tropic hormones___ gigantism___ releasing hormonesThe thyroid gland lies (above, below) the larynxThe thyroid gland secretes (calcitonin or glucagon)For thyroxine to be produced in adequate amounts, the diet must contain sufficient (calcium or iodine)Most endocrine glands (do or do not) store their hormonesColloid is a storage medium for the (thyroid or parathyroid)Calcitonin (increases or decreases) the concentration of calcium in the bloodSimple goiter results from (hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism)Hyposecretion of thyroid hormones during the formative years leads to (cretinism or myxedema)The parathyroid glands secrete the hormone (PTH or PTA)Parathyroid hormone tends to (increase or decrease) the concentration of calcium in the blood The adrenal gland is actually two separate endocrine glands: the ________________ ______________ and the ___________________ ____________________Hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex are known as ___________________________The outer zone of the adrenal cortex secretes ____________________________________The middle zone secretes _________________________The innermost zone secretes _______________________________ _____________________Glucocorticoids act in several ways to increase _________________________Glucocorticoids also play an essential part in maintaining _____________________ ____________________The adrenal medulla secretes the hormones _______________________ &__________________The adrenal medulla may help the body resist ______________________________Deficiency or hyposecretion of adrenal cortex hormones results in a condition called ___________________ __________________Match Adrenal cortexAdrenal medulla___ mineralocorticoids___ anti-immunity___ adrenaline___ crushing syndrome___ “fight-or-flight” response___ aldosterone___ androgensMatch EstrogenProgesteroneInsulinTestosteroneGlucagon___ alpha cells___ beta cells___ corpus luteum___ interstitial cells___ ovarian folliclesMatch MelatoninANHTestosteroneThymosinChorionic gonadotropins___ placenta___ pineal___ heart atria___ testes___ thymus True or False Almost every organ and system has an endocrine function. ____________ANH is an antagonist to aldosterone. __________Ghrelin regulates how hungry or full we feel and how the body metabolizes fat. __________Aldosterone stimulates the kidney to retain sodium ions and water, and ANH stimulates loss of sodium ions and water. ____________Leptin is secreted by epithelial cells lining the stomach and boots appetite, slows metabolism, and reduces fat burning. ______________All of the following are included in the endocrine system except:Exocrine glandsSteroid hormonesNonsteriod hormonesAll of the above are included in the endocrine systemThe luteinizing hormone (LH) stimulates:Breast development during pregnancy The development of ovarian folliclesMaturation of ovarian follicle and triggers ovulationSeminiferous tubules of testes to grow and produce spermProstaglandins or tissue hormones influence:RespirationGastrointestinal secretionsBlood pressureAll of the aboveWhich of the following is NOT stimulated by the anterior pituitary gland?TSHACTHADHFSHToo much insulin in the blood:Has the same effect on blood glucose as the growth hormoneIncreases blood glucose concentrationStimulates retention of water by the kidneysDecreases blood glucose concentration The posterior pituitary gland and hypothalamus:Release two hormonesProduce substances called releasing and inhibiting hormonesCause the glandular cells of the breast to release milk into ducts for nursing a babyAll of the body In addition to producing thyroid hormones, the thyroid gland also secretes:Hydrocortisone CalcitoninAldosteroneGlucagonThe adrenal medulla produces that are:Not essential for lifeHelpful in responding to stress Responsible for “fight-or-flight” responseAll of the aboveThe pineal gland produces several hormones in small quantities, with the most significant being:ANHLeptinChorionic gonadotropinsMelatonin What plays a critical role in the body’s defenses against infection?PancreasThymusPineal bodyThyroidMatch Pancreas Adrenal cortexProgesteroneDiabetes mellitus“third eye”MineralocorticoidOccurs during laborAnterior pituitaryThyroid glandLipid soluble ___ steroid hormones___ positive feedback___ tropic hormones___ myxedema___ glucocorticoids___ aldosterone___ islets of Langerhans___ glycosuria___ pineal gland___ corpus luteum ................
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