BIOLOGICAL BASES OF BEHAVIOR 8 – 10 %



BIOLOGICAL BASES OF BEHAVIOR 8 – 10 %

PEOPLE:

PAUL BROCA – BROCA’S AREA

CHARLES DARWIN – EVOLUTION

MICHAEL GAZZANIGA – SPLIT BRAIN RESEARCH

ROGER SPERRY – SPLIT-BRAIN RESEARCH & FUNCTION

CARL WERNICKE – WERNICKE’S AREA

RESEARCH STRATEGIES:

CASE STUDIES

SPLIT BRAIN RESEARCH

IMAGING – CAT(COMPUTERIZED AXIAL TOMOGRAPHY = BRAIN X-RAY), PET (POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY – GLUCOSE = FUNCTIONING AREAS), MRI (MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING = ONLY STRUCTURE), F-MRI (FUNCTION = BLOOD FLOW), EEG (BRAIN WAVES = CONSCIOUSNESS & SLEEP)

SURGICAL – LESIONING, PSYCHOSURGERY, ACCIDENTS (PHINEAS GAGE)

NEUROANATOMY (NEURON PARTS)

DENDRITES, SOMA (CELL BODY) AXONS, TERMINAL BRANCHES/BUTTONS, MYELIN SHEATH, SYNAPSE (SYNAPTIC GAP/CLEFT)

TYPES OF NEURONS – SENSORY/AFFERENT, INTERNEURONS,

MOTOR/EFFERENT

WORKING OF NEURON – Electrochemical process, ACTION

POTENTIAL, RESTING POTENTIAL, SODIUM POTASSIUM PUMP, ALL-OR-NONE LAW, REFRACTORY PERIOD

NEUROTRANSMITTERS – ACETYLCHOLINE (MOTOR

MOVEMENT FUNCTION – LACK = ALZHEIMER’S), DOPAMINE (MOTOR MOVEMENT & ALERTNESS -LACK = PARKINSON, TOO MUCH = SCHIZOPHRENIA), ENDORPHINS (PAIN CONTROL – ADDICTIONS), SEROTONIN ( MOOD CONTROL – LACK = CLINICAL DEPRESSION), EPINEPHRINE &NOREPINEPHRINE)

NERVOUS SYSTEM – PERIPHERAL VS CENTRAL (SPINAL

CORD & BRAIN = REFLEXES), AUTONOMIC (AUTOPILOT – FIGHT OR FLIGHT) VS SOMATIC (VOLUNTARY MUSCLE MOVEMENT), SYMPATHETIC (ALERT/AROUSED) VS PARASYMPATHETIC (CALMING)

BRAIN PARTS:

HINDBRAIN (TOP PART OF SPINAL CORD – LIFE SUPPORT)

MEDULLA (BLOOD PRESSURE, HR, BREATHING)

PONS (CONNECTS HIND W/MID & FOREBRAIN – FACIAL

EXPRESSIONS)

RETICULAR FORMATION/RETICULAR ACTIVATING SYSTEM – (AROUSAL, FOCUS ATTENTION, W/O DEEP COMA)

MIDBRAIN – SIMPLE MOVEMENTS, SENSORY INFO W/

MUSCLE MOVEMENT

THALAMUS – PROCESSING CENTER

HYPOTHALAMUS – TEMP, LIBIDO, HUNGER,

THIRST, BIOLOGICAL RHYTHMS, ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

AMYGDALA – EMOTION & ANGER

HIPPOCAMPUS – MEMORY PROCESSING

LIMBIC SYSTEM (THALAMUS, HYPOTHAL, AMYG, HIPPO -EMOTION & MEMORY)

FOREBAIN – (THOUGHT & REASONING)

CEREBRAL CORTEX – GRAY, WRINKLED (FISSURES), LAYERS

OF NEURONS

HEMISPHERES (CROSS WIRED= CONTRALATERAL

CONTROL),

BRAIN LATERALIZATION

HEMISPHERIC SPECIALIZATION,

SPLIT-BRAIN PATIENTS – CORPUS CALLOSUM (CUT FOR EPILEPSY) – CAN’T ORALLY REPORT INFO ONLY PRESENTED TO RIGHT

LEFT – LOGICAL & SEQUENTIAL TASKS,SPOKEN LANG.

RIGHT – SPATIAL & CREATIVE TASKS

CEREBRAL CORTEX – 8 DIFF LOBES (4 IN EACH HEMISPHERE = F, P, T, O)

ASSOCIATION AREAS – JUDGEMENT, HUMOR

FRONTAL LOBES (BEHIND EYES)—ANTERIOR LOBE

(PREFRONTAL CORTEX) DEALS W/PLANNING, MAINTAINING EMOTIONAL CONTRAL, PURSUING GOALS, PHINEAS GAGE), BROCA’S AREA – MUSCLE MOVEMENT TO PRODUCE SPEECH, MOTOR CORTEX – SIGNALS TO MUSCLES – TOP PART CONTROLS FEET & TOES AND UPWARD

PARIETAL LOBES – SENSORY CORTEX/SOMATO-SENORY

CORTEX = RECEIVES INCOMING TOUCH SENSATIONS, TOP GETS MESSAGES FROM BOTTOM OF BODY AND SO ON

OCCIPITAL LOBES – INTERPRET MEESSAGES FROM EYES IN OUR VISUAL CORTEX, IMAGES FROM RIGHT HALF OF EACH RETINA PROCESSED IN VISUAL CORTEX IN RIGHT OCCIP. LOBE

TEMPORAL LOBES – AUDITORY CORTEX = NOT LATERALIZED = USE BOTH HEMISPHERES, WERNICKE’S AREA = INTERPRET, WRITTEN & SPOKEN SPEECH/MEANING

BRAIN PLASTICITY – BRAIN ADAPTS TO OTHER FUNCTIONS, DENDRITES (ESP. CHILDREN) MAKE NEW CONNECTIONS IN DIFF PART TO TAKE OVER FOR DAMAGED PART OF BRAIN

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM – HYPOTHALAMUS CONTROLS,

HORMOMES (SLOWER BUT LONGER), PITUITARY GLAND (MASTER & GROWTH, ADRENAL GLAND = EPINEPHRINE & NOREPINEPHRINE (HR & BLOOD PRES)

GONADS (OVARIES & TESTES) SEX HORMONES = ESTROGEN & TESTOTERONE

GENETICS – PUNNET SQUARE (Rr, RR, rr, Rr) – MENDEL & PEAS, NATURE, 23 PAIRS OF CHROMOSOMES (46), DNA = GENETIC MATERIAL MAKING UP CHOROMSOMES (CONTROL SOME TRAITS), SEGMENTS = GENES (DOMINANT VS RECESSIVE)

TWINS – IDENTICAL (MONOZYGOTIC), THOMAS BOUCHARD – SEPARATED IDENTICAL TWINS STUDY – GENES MATTER, CRITICISM = HAVE SAME EFFECTIVE PSYCHOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT B/C LOOK SAME SO TREATED SIMILAR IN LIFE

CHROMOSOMES – XY (BOY), XX (GIRL), FATHER GIVES, ABNORMALITIES = TURNER’S SYNDROME (ONLY SINGLE X WHERE 23RD PAIR SHOULD BE – SHORTNESS & DIFF PHYS SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT), KLINEFELTER’S SYNDROME (XXY= MINIMAL SEXUAL DEV. & INTROVERSION, DOWN SYNDROME = EXTRA CHOROMSOME ON 21ST PAIR = MENTAL RETARDATION & PHYSICAL APPEARANCE, PKU – ENZYME ABNORMALITY

HEREDITY,ENVIRONMENT,AND EVOLUTION WORK TOGETHER

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