WOMEN, THE CONSTITUTION & PUBLIC POLICY
CHAPTER 5: WOMEN, THE CONSTITUTION & PUBLIC POLICY
| | |
|LAW / EVENT / CASE |EXPLANATION/RESULTS |
|19th Amendment |gave women the right to vote |
|1920 | |
|Govt. policy of |govt. policies dominating until the mid 20th century that sought to protect women from overtime, long hours, & heavy lifting; reinforced traditional family values; required|
|protectionism |husbands to sup[port their families even after a divorce |
| | |
| | |
|The Feminine Mystique, |book that encouraged many women to question traditional assumptions and assert their own rights |
|by Betty Friedan | |
|1963 | |
|Reed v. Reed |court for the 1st time ruled that any arbitrary gender based classification violated the equal protection clause of the 14th Amendment |
|1971 | |
| | |
|Craig v. Boren, |Court established a “medium scrutiny” standard for gender discrimination – somewhere between the “strict” scrutiny given laws concerning race and the “rational basis” given|
|1976 |other laws dealing with discrimination; also voided a law that set a higher drinking age for men than women |
| | |
| | |
|Equal Rights Amendment (never |stated that equality of rights under the law shall not be denied based on gender |
|ratified), 1972 | |
|Female Civilian |65 million women (60% of adult women) work as compared to 75 million men |
|Labor Force | |
|“mommy track” |concept of reduced work responsibilities for women workers with children |
| | |
|Civil Rights Act |forbids gender discrimination in employment |
|1964 | |
|Title IX of Education Act of 1972 |forbids gender discrimination in public schools & federally subsidized private schools (including athletic programs) |
| | |
|Pregnancy Discrimination Act of |illegal for employers to exclude pregnancy & childbirth from their sick leave & health benefit plans |
|1978 | |
| | |
|Civil Rights and Women’s Equity |employers must show that employment practices that discriminate on the basis of gender are related to job performance and that they are consistent with “business necessity”|
|Employment Act | |
|1991 | |
|“Comparable worth” |the issue raised when women who hold traditionally female jobs are paid less than men for working at jobs requiring comparable skills; many argue that women’s avg. salaries|
| |– which are approx 3/4ths that of men – are unreasonable because their skills are comparable to male dominated jobs that are higher pay; the Court has not ruled on this |
| |issue |
| | |
| | |
|Women & combat |currently the military does not allow women to serve in combat units (although they 0ften get involved in combat in actual practice) |
| | |
| | |
|Rostker v. |court ruled that male only registration for the draft does not violate the 5th amendment due process clause; the court found that male only registration bore a substantial |
|Goldberg, |relationship to Congress’s goal of ensuring combat readiness – Congress was allowed to focus on “readiness” rather than “equity” |
|1981 | |
| | |
|Harris v. Forklift Systems, |protects employees from discrimination & harassment; sets standard as any workplace environment that “would reasonably be perceived as hostile or abusive” |
|1964 | |
|% of females in House |approximately 14% of the House and 13% of the Senate is female |
|and Senate (p. 356) | |
| | |
CHAPTER 5: WOMEN, THE CONSTITUTION & PUBLIC POLICY
| | |
|LAW / EVENT / CASE |EXPLANATION/RESULTS |
|19th Amendment | |
|1920 | |
|Govt. policy of | |
|protectionism | |
| | |
| | |
|The Feminine Mystique, | |
|by Betty Friedan | |
|1963 | |
|Reed v. Reed | |
|1971 | |
| | |
|Craig v. Boren, | |
|1976 | |
| | |
| | |
|Equal Rights Amendment | |
|(never ratified), 1972 | |
|Female Civilian | |
|Labor Force | |
|“mommy track” | |
| | |
|Civil Rights Act | |
|1964 | |
| | |
|Title IX of Education | |
|Act of 1972 | |
|Pregnancy Discrimination | |
|Act of | |
|1978 | |
|Civil Rights and Women’s Equity | |
|Employment Act | |
|1991 | |
|“Comparable worth” | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
|Women & combat | |
| | |
| | |
|Rostker v. | |
|Goldberg, | |
|1981 | |
| | |
|Harris v. Forklift Systems, | |
|1964 | |
|% of females in House | |
|and Senate (p. 356) | |
| | |
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