TENNESSEE STATE UNIVERSITY
TENNESSEE STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY AND COMPUTER SCIENCE
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FORMATS
for
TECHNICAL REPORTS AND PROBLEM SOLVING
CONTENTS
TECHNICAL REPORT FORMATS ……………………………….…………….……… 1
• Technical Report Format ..……………..……………. 2
• Organization of a Technical Report …………….……………… 3
• Technical Report Evaluation Form ………….………………… 4
• Technical Report Specification …………………………… 5
TECHNICAL PROBLEM SOLVING METHODS ……………………………………. 6
• Thermodynamics Problem Solving Methodology …………… 7
• Technical Problem Solving Method ……………………………..8
• A Systematic Approach to Problem Solving …………………..9
• Guidelines For Problem Presentation …………………………10
COMPUTER ASSIGNMENT REPORTS ………………………………………….11
Computer Assignment Report Format ………………………..12
Computer Problem Format ……………………………………...13
LABORATORY REPORT FORMAT ……………………………………………….14
OTHER REPORT FORMATS ……………………………………………………..15
• Bench Marking Requirements ………………………………....16
• Ten Principles of Clear Writing ……………………………….17
• Power Point Presentation Format …………………………….18
• Scoring Rubric for Oral Technical Reports …………………19
TECHNICAL REPORT FORMATS
• Technical Report Format
• Organization of a Technical Report
• Technical Report Evaluation Form
• Technical Report Specification
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COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, TECHNOLOGY AND COMPUTER SCIENCE
MECHANICAL AND MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING
ENGR 201 THERMODYNAMICS
TECHNICAL REPORT FORMAT
● COVER: Heavy stock paper or plastic used to introduce the report with a
title, the name of the person or group who commissioned the report and the author’s name and the date.
● TITLE PAGE: Gives the name of the project, the names(s) the ;members of the
design team, the company name, and the date. It is not
numbered, but is considered to be page i.
● TABLE OF CONTENTS: A listing of major headings found in the body of the report,
along with page numbers.
● LIST OF FIGURES:
● LIST OF TABLES:
● SYMBOLS:
● SUMMARY: Identify what was done and how. Identify the significant results
and the significance of the significant results.
● INTRODUCTION: Introduction should state clearly the subject, purpose and scope
of the project, including the problem statement and background.
● THEORY: Development of theoretical information applicable to the project
display of mathematical formulas or equations.
● DISCUSSION: Begins the body of the report and describes in detail the problem
that was to be solved. This part of the report includes technical information, as well as data collected from test simulation and/or analytical studies. Describes in detail the actions taken to solve the problem. This part of the report contain the preliminary ideas and the designs considered, the reasons for their selection, methodology used to solve the problem and the data supporting the actions taken, presented in the form of graphs, sketches and drawings.
● RESULTS: Presentation and explanation of results. The background, theory
analytical analysis, design results and/or experimental results are brought together and presented in the results.
● CONCLUSIONS: State what was done and the significance of the significant
results and any recommendations.
● BIBLIOGRAPHY: Sources of information used in the report.
● APPENDIXES: 1. The sample calculations in the Problem Solving Format.
2. Supporting material which must be referenced in the report.
3. Computer solutions in the Computer Report Format
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ORGANIZATION OF A TECHNICAL REPORT
I. Letter of transmittal
A. Indicates why report has been prepared
B. Gives essential results that have been specifically requested
II. Title page: Includes title of report, name of person to whom report is submitted, writer’s name and
organization and date
III. Table of contents: Indicates location and title of figures, tables, and all major sections
IV. Summary: Briefly represents what was done, the essential results and the significant of the essential results.
V. Body of report
A. Introduction
1. Presents a brief discussion to explain what the report is about and the reason for the report; no results are included
B. Previous work
1. Discusses important results obtained form literature surveys and other previous work
C. Discussion
1. Outlines method of attack on project and gives design basis
2. Includes graphs, tables, and figures that are essential for understanding the discussion
3. Discusses technical matters of importance
4. Indicates assumptions made and the reasons
5. Indicates possible sources of error
6. Gives a general discussion of results and proposed design
D. Final recommended design with appropriate data
1. Drawings of proposed design
a. Qualitative flow sheets
b. Quantitative flow sheets
c. Combined-detail flow sheets
2. Tables listing equipment and specifications
3. Tables giving material and energy balances
4. Process economics including costs, profits, and return on investment
E. Conclusions and recommendations
1. Presented in more detail than in Summary
F. Acknowledgment
1. Acknowledges important assistance of others who are not listed as preparing the report
G. Table of nomenclature
1. Sample units should be shown
H. References to literature (bibliography)
1. Gives complete identification of literature sources referred to in the report
VI. Appendix
A. Sample calculations: One example should be presented and explained clearly for each type of calculation
B. Derivation of equations essential to understanding the report but not presented in detail in the main body of the report.
C. Tables of date employed with reference to source
D. Results of laboratory tests
1. If laboratory test were used to obtain design data, the experimental data, apparatus and procedure description, and interpretation of the results may be included s a special append to the design report.
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COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, TECHNOLOGY AND COMPUTER SCIENCE
MECHANICAL AND MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING
TECHNICAL REPORT EVALUATION
MAX POINTS
VALUE EARNED
1.0 WRITTEN CONTENT
1.1 Preliminaries 5 _____________
● Clear plastic front cover
● Title page
● Table of contents
● List of Figures
● List of Tables
● Nomenclature (optional)
1.2 Text 20 _____________
● Summary
● Introduction
● Thoroughness in the problem statement
● Continuity and quality of body of the report
● Collection and presentation of background information
● Justification of major decisions
● Arrival at strong conclusion and recommendation
● Presentation of results (design)
● Sufficient number of graphs and graphics
● Quality of graphics
1.3 Reference Matter 5 _____________
● Appendix
● References
● Bibliography
1.4 Other 5 _____________
Form and appearance of report (spelling, grammar, punctuation, margins, word processing, neatness)
2.0 TECHNICAL CONTENT
2.1 Thoroughness in identifying the problem 10 _____________
2.2 Theory 10 _____________
2.3 Assumptions 10 _____________
2.4 Analysis and/or Design Methodology 15 _____________
2.5 Use of appropriate computer codes, and/or models 10 _____________
2.6 Use of appropriate codes and standards 10 _____________
TOTAL 100
GRADE _____________
4
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, TECHNOLOGY AND COMPUTER SCIENCE
MECHANICAL AND MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING
ENGR 201 THERMODYNAMICS
TECHNICAL REPORT SPECIFICATIONS
1.0 PAPER
Use of 8 ½ x 11 inches sheet sizes.
2.0 WORD PROCESSING
4.1 The project shall be word-processing using Courier 10 or TMS 12 fonts using a near letter quality printer.
4.2 The text shall be double-spaced, except for long quotations and abstracts, which are single-spaced. Footnotes are not permitted.
4.3 Margins shall be one 1¼ inches at the top and left margins, and one inch at the bottom and right margins. The top margin on the first page of each chapter should be 1½ inches.
4.4 Text, tables, and figures shall be neat, clear and without error. The same word processor must be used throughout. Table and figures must be referenced in the text.
4.5 Reference numbers must be placed in square brackets behind the last word of the citation.
4.6 Avoid mistakes in the hyphenation of words at the end of lines. One-letter and two-letter divisions, such as e-vil, en-velope, entire-ly, and a-tone are not acceptable.
4.11 Information in the appendix must be referenced in the text.
3.0 PAGINATION
Assign a number to every page, except on the title page which is not numbered. Preliminary pages are numbered with small Roman numbers (ii, iii, iv, etc.) and are centered at the bottom of the page on the fifth line above the edge. The numbering begins with: “ii”, the title age counts as “i”, but is not numbered. Arabic numerals should be used in numbering pages of the main text, and no periods or dashes should be used before or after the number. The first page of a chapter should be numbered in the center at the bottom. The appendices, bibliography, and references should be numbered continuously with the text. Roman numerals are used to designate chapters.
Page numbers are at the center bottom and should be placed five (5) spaces from the bottom of the page. Number in the upper right corner should be ¾ inches from the top and 1 inch from the right side of the page. However, page numbers can be placed using the pagination feature found in the word processor. Placement of page numbers on the appendices, bibliography, references, and abstract are the same as for the text.
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TECHNICAL PROBLEM SOLVING METHODS
• Thermodynamics Problem Solving Methodology
• Technical Problem Solving Method
• A Systematic Approach to Problem Solving
• Guidelines For Problem Presentation
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| |
|THERMODYNAMICS |
|PROBLEM-SOLVING |
|METHODOLOGY |
• GIVEN: One sentence statement of the problem which identifies the system,
physical system, process, assumptions, and energy transfer.
• KEY WORD ANALYSIS: State the significance of each key word in the given statement.
• SKETCH OF SYSTEM: Specify mass flow, energy transfer, and system boundary.
• FIND: Use symbols
• THERMODYNAMIC (i.e. H20, NH3, N2, Air, R12)
SYSTEM:
• PHYSICAL SYSTEM: (Isolated system, stationary system, closed system, open system,
control volume), uniform flow, cycle)
• FUNDAMENTAL The first equation chosen has the quantity that is being sought in the.
EQUATION: given. Additional equations are chosen to obtain parameters missing
from the first equation.
• ASSUMPTION: (i.e. ideal gas, simple compressible pure substance, constant specific
heat, no change in KE and/or PE)
• PROCESS: isobaric isentropic steady state reversible
isothermal isenthalpic steady flow irreversible
isovolumetric adiabatic throttling
• WORKING A working equation is derived from the fundamental after the physical
EQUATION: system, process and assumptions are applied to the fundamental
equation.
PROPERTIES: (Compressed solid, saturated solid, saturated mixture of solid and vapor
compressed liquid or sub-cooled liquid, saturated liquid, saturated, mixture of liquid and vapor, saturated vapor, superheated vapor, ideal gas, critical substance, super critical substance: the table and page where the properties were obtained.)
• SOLUTION: Each step in the solution has a heading identifying what is being
found. The units are to be specified. A box is placed around the answer. The answer is given in both BES and SI unit
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COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, TECHNOLOGY AND COMPUTER SCIENCE
TECHNICAL PROBLEM SOLVING METHOD
The engineering method of problem solving is an overall approach to problem solving that should become an everyday part of the engineer’s thought process. All engineering and technology students should follow this global approach to the solution of any problem and at the same time should learn to translate the information accumulated into a well-documented problem solution.
1. Problem statement: State the problem to be solved. The statement can often be simply a summary of the problem, but it should contain all the essential information, including what is to be determined.
2. Diagram: Prepare a diagram (sketch) with all pertinent dimensions, flow rates, currents, voltages, weights, etc. A diagram is a very efficient method of showing given and required information. It also is a simple way of showing the physical setup, which may be difficult to describe adequately in words. Data that cannot properly be placed in a diagram should be separately listed.
3. Theory: If a theory has to be derived, developed, or modified, present in next. In some cases, a properly referenced equation is sufficient. At other times, an extensive theoretical derivation may be necessary.
4. Assumptions: Explicitly list in sufficient detail any and all pertinent assumptions that must be made to obtain a solution or that you have arbitrarily placed on the problem. This step is vitally important for the reader’s understanding of the solution and its limitations. Recall that steps 3 and 4 might be reversed in some problems.
5. Solution steps: Show completely all steps taken in obtaining the solution. This is particularly important in an academic situation because your reader, the instructor, must have the means of judging your understanding of the solution technique. Steps completed but not shown make it difficult for instructors to evaluate this aspect of your work and, therefore, difficult for them to grade or critique the work.
6. Verify and identify results: Check solution accuracy and, if possible, verify the results. Clearly indicate the final answer by underlining it with a double line. Assign proper units. An answer without units (when it should have units) is meaningless.
Remember: The final step of the engineering/technical method requires that the answer be examined to determine if it is realistic. This step should not be overlooked.
_____________________________________________________
SOURCE: ENGINEERING FUNDAMENTALS AND PROBLEMS
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| |
|A SYSTEMATIC APPROACH TO PROBLEM SOLVING |
Like engineering itself, problem solving is a combination of art and science. The art aspect of problem solving can be developed only by extensive practice; this is why engineering professors assign so many homework problems. On the other hand, problem solving must be approached in an orderly, or scientific, manner. Every engineer or engineering student a greatly increase his or her problem-solving capability by developing a systematic approach to problem solving. We suggest such an approach below. You may adopt our approach or you may develop your own approach. Whatever the case, we suggest that you label each step as you carry out a problem solution, at least until a systematic approach becomes natural. Our approach is as follows:
Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4 Step 5
Make sketch Identify Select
Identify primary laws secondary Solve Substitute
Identify given quantities and equations for numbers and
Information to be Select primary and/or unknowns units
equations make
assumptions Calculate
Begin to solve results
for unknowns
Information
from
Insufficient tables
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A SYSTEMATIC APPROACH TO PROBLEM SOLVING
Step 1: Make a sketch to help you visualize the physical situation. On the sketch indicate the given information in a descriptive manner so that you can recognize what you know about the problem. For example, a force or a flow rate may be indicated by an arrow in the direction of the flow, with the magnitude of the force or flow rate indicated near the arrow. This sketch is analogous to the free-body diagram used in statics or dynamics. Do not neglect this step.
Step2: List specifically what is to be found. This task is more difficult for higher-order application problems. It amounts to identifying the real problem and requires an understanding of the physical phenomena involved.
Step3: Identify the primary↓ physical law or laws that apply to the particular problem. After you have identified the primary laws, select the appropriate mathematical forms of the laws. Be sure that any assumptions or restrictions introduced in the development of the equations you select are valid for your particular problem.
Step 4: In many cases, the primary laws and equations will not be sufficient to determine what you wish to know. It will be necessary to introduce secondary2 equations and/or to make some assumptions to fit the equations to the problem. The secondary equations may be based on other physical laws or on kinematics or geometric relations. As in Step 3, be sure that any inherent assumptions or restrictions in the secondary equations are valid.
If you must make assumptions, be careful that any assumptions you make will probably affect the accuracy of your result. You should note the assumptions you introduce and also note any restrictions on their validity.
Step 5: After you have selected the equations and introduced assumptions, manipulate the equations to solve for the desired unknown quantities in terms of given quantities. In carrying out this step, you usually come up against a roadblock. You might not have enough information to proceed past a certain point (did you count the number of equations and the number of unknowns?). At this point, you must return to Step 4 (or even to Step 3) and introduce more equations and/or assumptions. The inexperienced problem solver may have to repeat the Steps 3-4-5 cycle many times before proceeding to Step 6. The more experienced problem solver can do a better job of selecting equations and making proper assumptions in the first pass through Steps 3 and 4, and needs less feedback from Step 5.
Step 6: After you have carried the solution as far as possible in terms of symbols, introduce numbers and units (at the same time) into the problem and complete the solution. At this step, it may be necessary to refer to tables or charts to find material (fluid) properties or conversion factors. You may also have to refer to charts to find other parameters. Note any limitations due to assumptions, accuracy of given information, or information taken from tables or charts. Clearly label your answer.
GUIDELINES FOR PROBLEM PRESENTATION
1. Use engineering paper. The rulings on the reverse side, which are faintly visible through the paper help one maintain horizontal lines of lettering and provide guides for sketching and simple graph construction. Moreover, the lines on the back of the paper will not be lost as a result of erasures.
2. Complete the top heading of the engineering paper with the course number, your name and social security number, problem number, page and the date. The upper right-hand block should normally contain a notation such as “a/b”, where “a” is the page number of the sheet and “b” is the total number of sheets in the set.
3. Work should ordinarily be done in pencil with a lead that is hard enough (approximately H or 2H) that the line-work is crisp and un-smudged. Erasures should always be complete, with all eraser particles removed.
4. Print either vertical or slant letters may be selected as long as they are not mixed. Care should be taken to produce good, legible lettering but without such care that little work is accomplished.
5. Spelling should be checked for correctness. There is no reasonable excuse for incorrect spelling in a properly done problem solution.
6. Work must be easy to follow and un-crowded. Making an effort to keep it so contributes greatly to readability and ease of interpretation.
7. If several problems are included in a set, they must be distinctly separated, usually by a horizontal line drawn completely across the page between problems. Never begin a second problem on the same if it cannot be completed there. It is usually better to begin each problem on a fresh sheet, except in cases where two or more problems can be completed on one sheet. It is not necessary to use a horizontal separation line if the next problem in a series begins at the top of a new page.
8. Diagrams that are an essential part of a problem presentation should be clear and understandable. Students should strive for neatness as a mark of a professional. Often a good rough sketch is adequate, but using a straightedge can greatly improve the appearance and accuracy of the sketch. A little effort in preparing a sketch to approximate scale can pay great dividends when it is necessary to judge the reasonableness of an answer, particularly if the answer is a physical dimension that can be seen on the sketch.
9. The proper use of symbols is always important, particularly when the International System (IS) of units is used. It involves a strict set of rules that must be followed so that absolutely no confusion of meaning can result. There are also symbols in common and accepted use for engineering quantities that can be found in most engineering handbooks. These symbols should be used whenever possible. It is important that symbols be consistent throughout a solution and that all be defined for the benefit of the reader and also for your own reference.
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COMPUTER ASSIGNMENT REPORTS
Computer Assignment Report Format
Computer Problem Format
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COMPUTER PROGRAM ASSIGNMENT REPORT FORMAT
1. Identification:
The cover page should include this information (appropriately spaced)
Title of Computer Program
Course Number and Name
Assignment Number
Date Assigned
Date Due
Student Name and S.S. No. (optional)
2. Problem Statement:
Write the complete problem statement. This should give all of the data and information, specifications for the desired results and a format. Always identify the appropriate units with each result. The figures and tables should be included with for the input data and the results.
3. Computer Program Description:
a. Overview: Describe the strategy used to solve the problem. Include equations.
b. Assumptions: List all of the appropriate assumptions made in writing the program and in the solution of the problem.
c. Variable List: Include a list of names and descriptions of each of the input, the process, and the output variables used in your program listing.
d. Data Structures: Sketch how the data is represented e.g. at the problem level system level and machine level.
e. Limitations: List what are the limitations of your program. Describe how does your program handle undesired events such as out-of –range data?
4. Computer Program Plan:
a. Structure: Describe the overall plan of how the program is constructed.
b. Algorithm: List all the major formulas, the theory and explanations needed in developing the problem solution algorithm and the computer program. Use pseudo-design language (PDL) to describe how the program works.
c. Flow Graph: Show the graph representing the structure of the planned computer program. Identify the major modules or blocks in your program and show their relationships and relative position in the program.
5. Computer Program Listing:
Provide a complete listing of the program. Computer program must be written in a structured high-level programming language such as Fortran 77, C, C++, QBasic or Pascal. All the equalities of a well written program must be reflected. The program should be easy to follow. All the symbols used should be defined or obvious from the formulas. All of the units for the data input and output should be appropriately identified.
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2 of 2
COMPUTER PROGRAM ASSIGNMENT REPORT FORMAT (continue)
6. Input data:
Your input data should be clearly identified with the information given in the problem statement or from the assumptions.
7. Output:
Your output should be clearly identified and displayed with appropriate units and titles.
8. Program Application:
Explain how to compile and link all the program modules together. List the operating system needed and the specific machine requirements for the use of this program.
9. Validation and Verification of Results:
You must verify and validate your results through a sample hand calculation for an appropriate problem. If the problem is too long to be solve manually, you must discuss the results obtained and assure that they are reasonable and within the range of expected results. Include test data verifying the program at its design limits.
10. Report:
The computer program (source code), and the results should be appropriate stapled or filed for submission with an appropriate over page. It should be presented like a laboratory report and the material should be presented in the above order.
11. Reference:
List all significant reference materials used and/or related to the program.
12. Signature:
You should sign at the bottom of the report confirming the authenticity of your own work.
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, TECHNOLOGY AND COMPUTER SCIENCE
MECHANICAL AND MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING
ENGR 201 THERMODYNAMICS
COMPUTER PROBLEM FORMAT
COVER PAGE:
TABLE OF CONTENTS:
SYMBOLS:
PROGRAM DESCRIPTION:
Program Name
Scope of Program
General Theory (brief discussion)
PROGRAM:
Required Input Data
Program Output
Flow Chart
Program Listing
APPENDIX: Sample Problem
1. Use standard problem solving format from the given to the properties (word- processed).
2. The actual output page from the computer program is the solution.
REFERENCE:
BIBLIOGRAPHY:
BLANK PAGE
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LABORATORY REPORT FORMAT
14
TENNESSEE STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
TECHNOLOGY AND COMPUTER SCIENCE
ME 425 THERMAL FLUIDS SYSTEM DESIGN
LABORATORY REPORT FORMAT
COVER PAGE: Use standard cover page.
LETTER (MEMO) OF TRANSMITTAL: This is actually a letter when the report goes to a client, customer, or government agency. Within the company, it is usually a memorandum. In either case, it introduces the report to the person or group for whom it is intended. It may refer to a request or a contract that initiated the study but should not attempt to summarize the contents of the reports.
1.0 ABSTRACT: This summarized the experiment, including results, in one or two sentences so the reader can decide whether he wants to go further. The Abstract should provide the following:
1. The purpose of the test,
2. The significant results of the test, and
3. The significance of the results.
2.0 CONTENT: As a result of thumb, use a table of contents if there are four or more main parts or sections to the report. Opinion differs on how detailed it should be; the writer feels that only major sections should be listed – comparable to chapters in a book. In any event, be sure that the titles used match those in the text exactly.
3.0 OBJECTIVE: The objective states the intention or goal of the experiment (s).
4.0 THEORY: This section is used to introduce the reader to the mathematical and/or physical theory of what is being measured; why it is being measured; and how it is being measured.
5.0 APPARATUS: This section should include a general description of the apparatus tested as well as any sketches or photographs and any pertinent designation as to size, class and serial number. In some instances, only a brief paragraph of explanation will be needed, whereas in others a more detailed description will be appropriate. Sketches need not be to scale, but they should show the relative positions of parts and should indicate the direction of flow of various fluids such as water, steam and ammonia. Where common pieces of equipment that would be familiar to the average person are used, a detailed description need not be given; simply identify them by name.
Laboratory Format
Page 2
For Test Apparatus/Equipment List:
Equipment Name
TSU Number
Model Number
Serial Number
Condition (Satisfactory/Unsatisfactory)
For Instrumentation List:
Instrument Name
TSU Number
Model Number
Serial Number
Condition (Satisfactory/Unsatisfactory)
Range
Least Count
Readability
Uncertainty
Condition (Satisfactory/Unsatisfactory)
6.0 PROCEDURE: This includes a complete but concise description of what was done during the experiment. Someone else should be able to repeat the experiment from your description and obtain the same results. (Or you should be able to read it 5 years from now and repeat it!) If you give a thorough description of a procedure in one lab report, it is only necessary to reference it in subsequent lab reports. (The same may apply to Theory). Diagrams or sketches may be required to explain the procedure used.
7.0 PRESENTATION AND DISCUSSION OF RESULTS: The results as presented should be in accord with the stated objective. Intermediate results, which were needed to arrive at the final ones, should be placed in the appendix. When possible, results should be presented in a graphical form so that they may be interpreted more conveniently by the average reader. Results may, in addition, be presented in tabular form.
OTHER REPORT FORMATS
• Bench Marking Requirements
• Ten Principles of Clear Writing
• Power Point Presentation Format
• Scoring Rubric for Oral Technical Reports
15
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, TECHNOLOGY AND COMPUTER SCIENCE
MECHANICAL AND MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING
ENGR 201 THERMODYNAMICS
BENCH-MARKING REQUIREMENTS
1.0 BENCH-MARKING
1.1 Obtain a pictorial, three-dimensional and/or an explosion picture of a device or
system to be analyzed.
1.2 Describe the purpose of the device or system.
1.3 Describe in detail how the device or system works and how it operates.
1.4 For the device or system under consideration, identify the following:
a. Material(s) of construction
b. Types of force(s)/loads(s) and the point(s) of application
c. Velocity and/or acceleration of moving part(s)
d. Weight/mass/dimension (s)
e. Power (input/output) requirements(s)
f. System cost
2.0 SOME PICTORIAL SOURCES:
2.1 Pictorial Handbook of Technical Devices by Paul Grafstein and Otto B. Schwarz, 1971 Chemical Publishing Co., Inc., New York.
2.2 The New Way Things Work by David MaCaulay, 1998, Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston.
2.3 Illustrated Science and Invention Encyclopedia (How it Works), International Edition, H.S. Stuttman Co., Inc., New York, New York.
2.4 The Practical Handyman’s Encyclopedia, Greyston Press, New York.
2.5 Complete Handyman Encyclopedia, H. S. Stuttman, Inc., Westport, Ct.
________________________________________________________________________________
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TEN PRINCIPLES OF CLEAR WRITING
Keep Sentences Short. For easy reading, sentences should vary in structure and length but, on the average, should be short.
Prefer the Simple to the Complex. Many complex terms are unnecessary. When there is a simpler way of saying a thing, use it. Avoid complex sentences.
Develop Your Vocabulary. Don’t let preference for short words limit your vocabulary. Intelligence and vocabulary size are closely linked; you need long words to think with.
Avoid Unneeded Words. Nothing weakens writing so much as extra words. Be critical of your own writing and make every word carry its weight.
Put Action Into Your Verbs. The heaviness of much business writing results from overworking the passive verbs. Prose can usually be kept impersonal and remain in the active tenses.
Use Terms Your Reader Can Picture. Abstract terms make writing dull and foggy. Choose short, concrete words that the reader can visualize.
Tie In With Your Reader’s Experience. The reader will not get your new idea unless you link it with some old idea he already has.
Write the Way You Talk. Well, anyway, as much that way as you can. A conversational tone is one of the best avenues to good writing. Avoid stuffy business jargon. In letters, use “we” and “you” freely.
Make Full Use of Variety. Use as many different arrangements of words and sentences as you can think up, but be sure your meaning is clear.
Write to Express, Not to Impress. Present your ideas simply and directly. The writer who makes the best impression is the one who can express complex ideas simply. “Big men use little words: little men use big words.”
__________________________________________________
From Robert Gunning. How to Take the Fog Out of Writing.
Chicago, Dartnell Corporation, c. 1956
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COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, TECHNOLOGY AND COMPUTER SCIENCE
MECHANICAL AND MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING
ENGR 201 THERMODYNAMICS
POWER POINT PRESENTATION FORMAT
PAGE 1: TITLE PAGE
The Title Page has the following information:
• Problem Type (To be placed on each page)
• Problem Number
• Group Number
• List of Group Members
• Date of Presentation
PAGE 2: PRESENTATION OUTLINE
PAGE 3: PROBLEM STATEMENT
PAGE 4: GIVEN
The Given Statement with a detail sketch of the system, if space is available.
PAGE 5: DETAIL SKETCH OF THE SYSTEM
(Sketch of the System if not on Page 4.)
PAGE 6: THERMODYNAMICS PROBLEM SOLVING PROCEDURE
PAGE 7: THERMODYNAMICS PROBLEM SOLVING PROCEDURE
(Continuation of the Problem Solving Procedure, if required.)
PAGE 8: SOLUTION
PAGE 9: SOLUTION
(Continuation of the Solution, if required.)
PAGE 10: CONCLUSION(S)
PAGE 11: CONCLUSION(S)
(Continuation of the Conclusion, if required.)
PAGE 12: BIBLIOGRAPHY
PAGE 13: QUESTIONS ?
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TENNESSEE STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, TECHNOLOGY AND COMPUTER SCIENCE
ENGR 4510 CAPSTONE DESIGN PROJECT ORAL PRESENTATION
SCORING RUBRIC FOR AN ORAL PRESENTATION
| | |
| |EVALUATION CRITERION |
|EVALUATION | | | | |
| |0 |1 |2 |3 |
| | | | | |
|INTRODUCTION |1. Missing or vague introduction |1. Fairly easy to understand |1. Easy to understand |1. Clear introduction |
| | |2. Little enthusiasm |2. Some enthusiasm |2. Very Enthusiastic |
| | | | | |
|ORGANIZATION |1. Talk unorganized |1. Poor Organization |1. Organization satisfactory |1. Well-organized |
| |2. No transitions |2. Few transitions |2. Some transitions |2. Easy to follow transitions |
| | | | | |
|KNOWLEDGE |1. Vaguely knowledgeable |1. Limited knowledgeable of topic |1. Knowledgeable of topic |1. Very knowledgeable of topic |
| |2. Little technical content |2. Insufficient technical content |2. Adequate technical content |2. Adequate technical content |
| |3. No supporting data |3. Insufficient supporting data |3. Sufficient supporting data |3. Good supporting data |
| | | | | |
|CONCLUSION |1. Missing or vague conclusion |1. Fairly easy to follow |1. Easy to follow |1. Logical summary of main points |
| | |2. Little enthusiasm |2. Some enthusiasm |2. Conclusions catchy |
| | | | | |
|VOICE MANNERISM |1. Difficult to understand |1. Fairly easy to understand |1. Easy to understand |1. Clear voice, easy to understand |
| |2. Too quiet, mumbles |2. Limited enthusiasm |2. Some enthusiasm |2. Speaks with enthusiasm |
| |3. Too fast/too slow |3. Inappropriate volume and/or rate |3. Appropriate volume and/or rate |3. Appropriate volume and rate |
| | | | | |
|PRESENTATION AIDS |1. Inappropriate |1. Appropriate for subject |1. Appropriate for subject |1. Additional PAs add to presentation |
| |2. Difficulty to see/read |2. Not completely clear or easy to read |2. Clear and easy to read |2. Clear/easy to read and neatly done |
| |3. Too few/too many |3. Too few/too many |3. Appropriate number |3. Appropriate number |
| | | | | |
|OVERALL EVALUATION |UNSATISFACTORY |POOR |SATISFACTORY |EXCELLENT |
| |Does not meet expectation of a |Marginally meets expectation of a new |Meets expectation of a new hire |Exceeds expectations of a new hire |
| |new hire |hire | | |
19
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2 Secondary equations do not usually contain the quantity to be found but involve other variables that appear in the primary equations. The status of a particular law or equation as “primary” or “secondary” depends on the particular problem. The same law or equation may be primary in one problem and secondary (or irrelevant) in another problem.
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