Grade 4: Unit 4.NF.A.1-2, Extend understanding of …
OverviewThis unit extends the understanding of fraction equivalence and ordering that was first introduced in Grade 3. Students will use visual fraction models to explore how the number and size of the parts differ between two fractions even though they are equivalent. Students will recognize and generate equivalent fractions. Students will compare two fractions with different numerators and different denominators by creating common denominators or numerators, or by comparing them to a benchmark fraction such as 12. It is important for students to understand that the comparison is only valid when the two fractions refer to the same whole or set. Students will use the symbols >, =, or < to record their comparison and use visual fraction models to justify their conclusions.The Common Core stresses the importance of moving from concrete fractional models to the representation of fractions using numbers and the number line. Concrete fractional models are an important initial component in developing the conceptual understanding of fractions. However, it is vital that we link these models to fraction numerals and representation on the number line. This movement from visual models to fractional numerals should be a gradual process as the student gains understanding of the meaning of fractions.Teacher Notes: The information in this component provides additional insights which will help the educator in the planning process for the unit.The Common Core stresses the importance of moving from concrete fractional models to the representation of fractions using numbers and the number line. Concrete fractional models are an important initial component in developing the conceptual understanding of fractions. However, it is vital that we link these models to fraction numerals and representation on the number line. This movement from visual models to fractional numerals should be a gradual process as the student gains understanding of the meaning of fractions. Review the Progressions for Grades 3-5 Number and Operations – Fractions at to see the development of the understanding of fractions as stated by the Common Core Standards Writing Team, which is also the guiding information for the PARCC Assessment development.When implementing this unit, be sure to incorporate the Enduring Understandings and Essential Questions as a foundation for your instruction.When comparing fractions of regions, the whole of each must be the same size. It is important to help students understand that two equivalent fractions are two ways of describing the same amount by using different-sized fractional parts. It is important for students to understand that the denominator names the fraction part that the whole or set is divided into, and therefore is a divisor. The numerator counts or tells how many of the fractional parts are being discussed. Students should be able to represent fractional parts in various ways. Before teaching fraction symbolism, reinforce fraction vocabulary and talk about fractional parts through modeling with concrete materials. This will lead to the development of fractional number sense needed to successfully compare and compute fractions.Enduring Understandings: Enduring understandings go beyond discrete facts or skills. They focus on larger concepts, principles, or processes. They are transferable and apply to new situations within or beyond the subject. Fractions are numbers.Fractions are an integral part of our daily life and an important tool in solving problems.Fractions are an important part of our number system.Fractions can be used to represent numbers equal to, less than, or greater than 1.There is an infinite number of ways to use fractions to represent a given value.A fraction describes the division of a whole (region, set, segment) into equal parts.Fractional parts are relative to the size of the whole or the size of the set.The more fractional parts used to make a whole, the smaller the parts. There is no least or greatest fraction on the number line.There are an infinite number of fractions between any two fractions on the number line.Essential Questions: A question is essential when it stimulates multi-layered inquiry, provokes deep thought and lively discussion, requires students to consider alternatives and justify their reasoning, encourages re-thinking of big ideas, makes meaningful connections with prior learning, and provides students with opportunities to apply problem-solving skills to authentic situations.What is a fraction? How is it different from a whole number?How can I represent fractions in multiple ways?Why is it important to compare fractions as representations of equal parts of a whole or of a set?Why is it important to understand and be able to use equivalent fractions in mathematics or real life?How are equivalent fractions generated?How will my understanding of whole number factors help me understand and communicate equivalent fractions?How are different fractions compared?Content Emphasis by Cluster in Grade 4: According to the Partnership for the Assessment of Readiness for College and Careers (PARCC), some clusters require greater emphasis than others. The chart below shows PARCC’s relative emphasis for each cluster. Prioritization does not imply neglect or exclusion of material. Clear priorities are intended to ensure that the relative importance of content is properly attended to. Note that the prioritization is in terms of cluster headings. Key: Major ClustersSupporting ClustersAdditional ClustersOperations and Algebraic ThinkingUse the four operations with whole numbers to solve problems.Gain familiarity with factors and multiples.Generate and analyze patterns.Number and operations in Base TenGeneralize place value understanding for multi-digit whole numbers.Use place value understanding and properties of operations to perform multi-digit arithmetic.Number and Operations – FractionsExtend understanding of fraction equivalence and ordering.Build fractions from unit fractions by applying and extending previous understandings of operations on whole numbers.Understand decimal notation for fractions, and compare decimal fractions.Measurement and DataSolve problems involving measurement and conversion of measurements from a larger unit to a smaller unit.Represent and interpret data.Geometric measurement: understand concepts of angle and measure angles.GeometryDraw and identify lines and angles, and classify shapes by properties of their lines and angles.Focus Standards: (Listed as Examples of Opportunities for In-Depth Focus in the PARCC Content Framework document):According to the Partnership for the Assessment of Readiness for College and Careers (PARCC), this component highlights some individual standards that play an important role in the content of this unit. Educators should give the indicated mathematics an especially in-depth treatment, as measured for example by the number of days; the quality of classroom activities for exploration and reasoning; the amount of student practice; and the rigor of expectations for depth of understanding or mastery of skills. 4.NF.A.1 Extending fraction equivalence to the general case is necessary to extend arithmetic from whole numbers to fractions and decimals.Possible Student Outcomes: The following list provides outcomes that describe the knowledge and skills that students should understand and be able to do when the unit is completed. The outcomes are often components of more broadly-worded standards and sometimes address knowledge and skills necessarily related to the standards. The lists of outcomes are not exhaustive, and the outcomes should not supplant the standards themselves. Rather, they are designed to help teachers “drill down” from the standards and augment as necessary, providing added focus and clarity for lesson planning purposes. This list is not intended to imply any particular scope or sequence.The student will:Use concrete materials, drawings, or number line models to represent fraction equivalence and ordering of fractions.Develop an understanding of fractions as parts of unit wholes, as parts of a collection, and as locations on a number line. (NCTM)Explain why two fractions are equivalent using models.Understand that multiplication of a fraction by 1 in fractional form (e.g., 22) will identify equivalent fractions.Use benchmark fractions, such as 0, 12, and 1, when working with fractions.Use a benchmark fraction to compare two pare and order fractions from least to greatest and greatest to least. Justify comparison of fractions by using a variety of methods, i.e.: visual fractional models, number lines, common denominators, benchmark fractions, etc. Progressions from Common Core State Standards in Mathematics: For an in-depth discussion of the overarching, “big picture” perspective on student learning of content related to this unit, see:The Common Core Standards Writing Team (12 August 2011). Progressions for the Common Core State Standards in Mathematics (draft), accessed at: Alignment: Vertical curriculum alignment provides two pieces of information: (1) a description of prior learning that should support the learning of the concepts in this unit, and (2) a description of how the concepts studied in this unit will support the learning of additional mathematics.Key Advances from Previous Grades: In grade 1 Geometry, students partition circles and rectangles into two and four equal shares, describing the shares using the words halves, fourths, and quarters.In grade 2 Geometry, students partition circles and rectangles into two, three, or four equal shares, describing the shares using the words halves, thirds, half of, a third of, etc. They describe the whole as two halves, three thirds, and four fourths.Fraction equivalence is an important theme within the standards that begins in grade 3. In grade 4, students extend their understanding of fraction equivalence to the general case, ab = (n x a)/(n x b) (3.NF.3 leads to 4.NF1). They apply this understanding to compare fractions in the general case (3.NF.3d leads to 4.NF.2).Students in grade 4 apply and extend their understanding of the meanings and properties of multiplication to multiply a fraction by a whole number (4.MF.4).Students in grade 3 also begin to enlarge their concept of number by developing an understanding of fractions as numbers. This work will continue in grades 3-6, preparing the way for work with the rational number system in grades 6 and 7.Additional MathematicsIn grade 5, students use their understanding of equivalent fractions as a strategy to add and subtract fractions.In grade 5 students apply and extend their understandings of multiplication and division to multiply and divide fractions In grades 5 and 6, students solve real world problems involving all four operations with fractions and mixed numbers.Possible Organization of Unit Standards: This table identifies additional grade-level standards within a given cluster that support the over-arching unit standards from within the same cluster. The table also provides instructional connections to grade-level standards from outside the cluster.Over-Arching StandardsSupporting Standards Within the ClusterInstructional Connections Outside the Cluster4.NF.A.1: Explain why a fraction a/b is equivalent to a fraction (n x a)/(n x b) by using visual fraction models, with attention to how the number and size of the parts differ even though the two fractions themselves are the same size. Use this principle to recognize and generate equivalent fractions.4.NF.B.4a: Understand a fraction a/b as a multiple of 1/b. For example, use a visual fraction model to represent 5/4 as the product 5 x (1/4), recording the conclusion by the equation 5/4 = 5 x (1/4).4.NF.B.4.b: Understand a multiple of a/b as a multiple of 1/b, and use this understanding to multiply a fraction by a whole number. For example, use a visual fraction model to express 3 x (2/5) as 6 x (1/5), recognizing this product as 6/5. (In general, n x (a/b) = (n x a)/ b.)4.NF.B.5: Express a fraction with denominator 10 as an equivalent fraction with denominator 100, and use this technique to add two fractions with respective denominators 10 and 100. For example, express 3/10 as 30/100, and add 3/10 + 4/100 = 34/100.4.NF.A.2: Compare two fractions with different numerators and different denominators, e.g., by creating common denominators or numerators, or by comparing to a benchmark fraction such as ?. Recognize that comparisons are valid only when the two fractions refer to the same whole. Record the results of comparisons with symbols >, =, or <, and justify the conclusions, e.g., by using visual fraction models.4.OA.B.4: Find all factor pairs for a whole number in the range 1-100. Recognize that a whole number is a multiple of each of its factors. Determine whether a given whole number in the range 1-100 is a multiple of a given one-digit number. Determine whether a given whole number in the range 1-100 is prime or composite.PARCC cited the following areas as areas of major with-in grade dependencies: Students’ work with decimals (4,NF.C.5-7) depends to some extent on concepts of fraction equivalence and elements of fraction arithmetic.Standard 4.MD.A.2 refers to using the four operations to solve word problems involving continuous measurement quantities such as liquid volume, mass, time, and so on. Some parts of this standard could be met earlier in the year (such as using whole-number multiplication to express measurements given in a larger unit in terms of a smaller unit – see also 4.MD.A.1), while others might be met only by the end of the year (such as word problems involving addition and subtraction of fractions or multiplication of a fraction by a whole number – see also 4.NF.B.3d and 4.NF.C.6).Connections to the Standards for Mathematical Practice: This section provides examples of learning experiences for this unit that support the development of the proficiencies described in the Standards for Mathematical Practice. These proficiencies correspond to those developed through the Literacy Standards. The statements provided offer a few examples of connections between the Standards for Mathematical Practice and the Content Standards of this unit. The list is not exhaustive and will hopefully prompt further reflection and discussion.In this unit, educators should consider implementing learning experiences which provide opportunities for students to:Make sense of problems and persevere in solving them.Determine what the problem is asking for: equivalent fractions, or comparison of fractions.Determine whether concrete or virtual fraction models, pictures, or equations are the best tools for solving the problem.Check the solution with the problem to verify that it does answer the question asked.Reason abstractly and quantitativelyUse the knowledge of factors and multiplication to help determine the equivalent fraction asked for in the pare the equivalent fractions using concrete or virtual fraction models to verify that they are the same size.Look for number patterns in the numerators and/or denominators of equivalent fractions to explain why they represent the same value.Construct Viable Arguments and critique the reasoning of pare the fraction models used by others with yours.Examine the steps taken that produce an incorrect response and provide a viable argument as to why the process produced an incorrect response.Use models or tools, e.g., calculator, ruler or number line to verify the correct fraction, when appropriate (e.g. equivalent fractions) and support your answer.Use information gained through class discussions to either justify your reasoning or change your approach and solution.Model with MathematicsConstruct visual fraction models using concrete or virtual fraction manipulatives, pictures, or equations to justify thinking and display the solution.Represent real world fractional situations.Use appropriate tools strategicallyKnow which tools are appropriate to use in solving fractional problems.Use area, set, and length models as appropriate.Use the fraction keys on a calculator to verify computation.Attend to precisionUse appropriate mathematics vocabulary such as unit fraction, numerator, denominator, equivalent etc. properly when discussing problems.Demonstrate understanding of the mathematical processes required to solve a problem by carefully showing all of the steps in the solving process.Read, write, and represent fractions correctly.Use appropriate relational symbols to compare fractions.Look for and make use of structure.Make observations about the relative size of fractions.Explain the relationship between equivalent fractions using the structure of those fractions.Look for and express regularity in reasoningModel that when multiplying a fraction by 1 in the form of aa, the value of the fraction remains the same while both the numerator and the denominator increase by a.Justify the comparison of fractions by using the benchmarks 0, 12, and 1 or other appropriate benchmarks. Content Standards with Essential Skills and Knowledge Statements and Clarifications: The Content Standards and Essential Skills and Knowledge statements shown in this section come directly from the Maryland State Common Core Curriculum Frameworks. Clarifications were added as needed. Educators should be cautioned against perceiving this as a checklist. All information added is intended to help the reader gain a better understanding of the standards.StandardEssential Skills and KnowledgeClarification4.NF.A.1: Explain why a fraction a/b is equivalent to a fraction (n x a)/(n x b) by using visual fraction models, with attention to how the number and size of the parts differ even though the two fractions themselves are the same size. Use this principle to recognize and generate equivalent fractions.Ability to use concrete materials to model fraction number concepts and values Knowledge of and ability to generate simple equivalent fractions (3.NF.B.3b) This standard extends the work in third grade by using additional denominators (5, 10, 12, and 100). Students can use visual models or applets to generate equivalent fractions.All the models show 12. The second model shows 24 but also shows that 12 and 24 are equivalent fractions because their areas are equivalent. When a horizontal line is drawn through the center of the model, the number of equal parts doubles and size of the parts is halved. Students will begin to notice connections between the models and fractions in the way both the parts and wholes are counted and begin to generate a rule for writing equivalent fractions. 12 x 22 = 24 1 2 = 2 x 1 3 = 3 x 1 4 = 4 x 1 2 4 2 x 2 6 3 x 2 8 4 x 2Technology Connection: : Compare two fractions with different numerators and different denominators, e.g., by creating common denominators or numerators, or by comparing to a benchmark fraction such as ?. Recognize that comparisons are valid only when the two fractions refer to the same whole. Record the results of comparisons with symbols >, =, <, and justify the conclusions, e.g., by using a visual fraction model.Ability to apply knowledge of factors (4.OA.B.4) to the strategies used to determine equivalent fractions as well as ordering fractionsAbility to apply reasoning such as 520 < 12 because 5 is not half of 20Ability to compare unlike fractions as stated in this Standard lays the foundation for knowledge of strategies such as finding the Least Common Multiple or the Greatest Common FactorBenchmark fractions include common fractions between 0 and 1 such as halves, thirds, fourths, and hundredths.Fractions can be compared using benchmarks, common denominators, or common numerators. Symbols used to describe comparisons include <, >, =.Fractions may be compared using as a benchmark.Possible student thinking when using benchmarks: is smaller than because when 1 whole is cut into 8 pieces, the pieces are much smaller than when 1 whole is cut into 2 pieces.Possible student thinking by creating common denominators: > because = and > Fractions with common denominators may be compared using the numerators as a guide. < < Fractions with common numerators may be compared and ordered using the denominators as a guide. < < Note: Some of the Clarifications listed were developed as part of the Arizona Academic Content Standards ( ).Fluency Expectations and Examples of Culminating Standards: The Partnership for the Assessment of Readiness for College and Careers (PARCC) has listed the following as areas where students should be fluent.No Fluency Recommendations are included in grade 4 related to fractions. Evidence of Student Learning: The Partnership for the Assessment of Readiness for College and Careers (PARCC) has awarded the Dana Center a grant to develop the information for this component. This information will be provided at a later date. The Dana Center, located at the University of Texas in Austin, encourages high academic standards in mathematics by working in partnership with local, state, and national education entities.? Educators at the Center collaborate with their partners to help school systems nurture students' intellectual passions.? The Center advocates for every student leaving school prepared for success in postsecondary education and in the contemporary mon Misconceptions: This list includes general misunderstandings and issues that frequently hinder student mastery of concepts regarding the content of this unit.Students might think that:The larger the numerator, the larger the value of the fraction.One-half of a medium pizza is equal to one-half of a large pizza.When you add two fractions, you add the numerators and then you add the denominators.If the denominators are different, the fractions cannot be equal.Partitioning a whole into shares that are unequal. For example, the student identifies a fourth as one of four parts, rather than one of four equal parts. Interdisciplinary Connections:LiteracySTEMOther Contents: This section is compiled directly from the Framework documents for each grade/course. The information focuses on the Essential Skills and Knowledge related to standards in each unit, and provides additional clarification, as needed. Available Model Lesson Plan(s)The lesson plan(s) have been written with specific standards in mind.? Each model lesson plan is only a MODEL – one way the lesson could be developed.? We have NOT included any references to the timing associated with delivering this model.? Each teacher will need to make decisions related to the timing of the lesson plan based on the learning needs of students in the class. The model lesson plans are designed to generate evidence of student understanding. This chart indicates one or more lesson plans which have been developed for this unit. Lesson plans are being written and posted on the Curriculum Management System as they are completed. Please check back periodically for additional postings. Standards AddressedTitleDescription/Suggested Use4.NF.A.1Exploring Equivalent Fractions of a RegionStudents use visual models of fraction to create equivalent fractions and record their results using symbols.Available Lesson SeedsThe lesson seed(s) have been written with specific standards in mind.? These suggested activity/activities are not intended to be prescriptive, exhaustive, or sequential; they simply demonstrate how specific content can be used to help students learn the skills described in the standards. Seeds are designed to give teachers ideas for developing their own activities in order to generate evidence of student understanding.This chart indicates one or more lesson seeds which have been developed for this unit. Lesson seeds are being written and posted on the Curriculum Management System as they are completed. Please check back periodically for additional postings. Standards AddressedTitleDescription/Suggested Use4.NF.A.1Equivalent to One Half?Students identify and explain why a fractional portion of a shape is or is not equivalent to one half.4.NF.A.1-2Fractions that Equal Whole NumbersStudents use visual manipulatives to find equivalent fractions for whole numbers.4.NF.A.1Painted WallStudents justify their thinking about whether Tia and Ramon painted the same fractional part of their walls or if one painted more than the other.4.NF.A.1-2Relationship between Equivalent FractionsStudents discover the numerical relationship between equivalent fractions (Multiplying the numerator and the denominator by the same number yields an equivalent fraction.)4.NF.A.1Equivalent Fractions of SetsStudents use concrete materials to find equivalent fractions of a set and record them symbolically. They also explore the fact that if you multiply a fraction by a fraction equivalent to 1, it will yield an equivalent fraction.4.NF.A.2Class QuiltStudents use equivalent fractions to create a class quilt.4.NF.A.2Benchmark ComparisonStudents compare two fractions using a benchmark such as one half, record their comparisons on the number line and justify their thinking.Sample Assessment Items: The items included in this component will be aligned to the standards in the unit and will include:Items purchased from vendorsPARCC prototype itemsPARCC public released itemsMaryland Public release itemsTopicStandards AddressedLinkNotesExtend understanding of fraction equivalence and ordering4.NF.A The links contain two tasks related to the entire Cluster about equivalent fractions. Each link listed takes you to a new assessment item for the Cluster.Please see the Illustrative Mathematics site at for a variety of tasks for use with your students.4.NF.A.1 This link provides an assessment task in which students identify equivalent fractions.4.NF.A.2 In this task, students order fractions with unlike denominators from least to greatest.In this task, student explore the justification of the comparison of unlike fractions.Interventions/Enrichments: (Standard-specific modules that focus on student interventions/enrichments and on professional development for teachers will be included later, as available from the vendor(s) producing the modules.)Vocabulary: This section of the Unit Plan is divided into two parts. Part I contains vocabulary and terminology from standards that comprise the cluster which is the focus of this unit plan. Part II contains vocabulary and terminology from standards outside of the focus cluster. These “outside standards” provide important instructional connections to the focus cluster.equivalent fractions: two or more fractions that have the same value.Example #1: 12=36Example # 2: What fraction of the set is shaded?1971675252730 3562350-381051435003429043338751816103743325219710visual fraction model: a model that shows operations or properties of fractions using pictures. Example: This model could be used to represent + decompose: breaking a number into two or more parts to make it easier with which to work. Examples: When adding 5 and 8, a student might decompose 8 into a set of 3 and a set of 5, making it easier to see that the two sets of 5 make 10 and then there are 3 more for a total of 13. Decompose the number 4; 4 = 1 + 3; 4 = 3 + 1; 4 = 2 + 2 Decompose the number 35 ; 3 5 = 15+15+15 Relevant Grade 3 Vocabulary: whole: In fractions, the whole refers to the entire region, set, line segment or number line which is divided into equal parts or segments.numerator: the number above fraction bar; names the number of parts of a region or set being referenced.Example: A week has 7 days. The weekend represents 27 of a week. The 2 is the numerator which tells the number of days in a weekend.denominator: the number below the fraction bar; states the total number of parts in the region or set. Example: A week has 7 days. The weekend represents 27 of a week. The 7 is the denominator which tells the total number of days in a week.fraction of a region: is a number which names a part of a whole area.Example: Shaded area represents 424 or 16 of the region.fraction of a set: is a number that names a part of a set. Example: The fraction that names the striped circles in the set is 18.399097588900unit fraction: a fraction with a numerator of one. Examples: linear models: used to perform operations with fractions and identify their placement on a number line. Some examples are fraction strips, fraction towers, Cuisenaire rods, number line and equivalency tables.Cuisenaire Rods 1 01equivalent fractions: different fractions that name the same part of a region, part of a set, or part of a line segment.= benchmark fraction: fractions that are commonly used for estimation or for comparing other fractions. Example: Is 23 greater or less than 12?improper fraction: a fraction in which the numerator is greater than or equal to the denominator.mixed number: a number that has a whole number and a fraction.Resources: Free Online Resources: (Equivalent Fractions activity on Illuminations website) (Equivalent Fractions game on Illuminations website) (Interactive lesson ideas and activities on half and not half) (Interactive equivalent fractions activities) (Resources across the content areas) (Interactive fraction activities) (free reproducible blackline masters) (Thirteen ways of looking at one half) (Reproducible of a fraction kit) (Games that can be played with a fraction kit) (Math games) (National Library of Virtual Manipulatives) (estimating with fractions activities) (Action Fraction game) (Online manipulatives) (Online manipulatives) (Free resources) Related Literature: Adler, David. Fraction Fun. Notes: Colorfully illustrated book with hands-on activities and easy to understand instructions that introduces fraction concepts.Dodds, Dayle A. Full House: An Invitation to FractionsNotes: Guests at Miss Bloom’s inn share a cake. Matthews, Louise. Gator Pie. Notes: Two alligators consider dividing their pie into halves, thirds, fourths, eights, and hundredths. McCallum, Ann. Eat Your Math Homework. Notes: Connections to mathematics and cooking. McMillan, Bruce. Eating Fractions. Notes: Simple concept book of fractions.Murphy, Stuart J.. Give Me Half! Notes: Introduces the concept of halving.Pallotta, Jerry. The Hershey’s Milk Chocolate Fractions Book. Notes: Identifying and adding fractions, as well as equivalent fractions. References: 2000. Principles and Standards for School Mathematics. Reston, VA: National Council of Teachers of Mathematics. 2006. Curriculum Focal Points for Prekindergarten Through Grade 8 Mathematics: A Quest for Coherence. Reston, VA: National Council of Teachers of Mathematics.Arizona Department of Education. “Arizona Academic content Standards.” Web. 28 June 2010 Bamberger, H.J., Oberdorf, C., Schultz-Ferrell, K. (2010). Math Misconceptions: From Misunderstanding to Deep Understanding. Bamberger, H.J., Oberdorf, C. (2010). Activities to Undo Math Misconceptions, Grades 3-5. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann. Barnett-Clarke, C., Fisher, W., Marks, R., Ross, S. ( 2010). Developing Essential Understanding of Rational Numbers, Grades 3-5. Reston, VA: National Council of Teachers of Mathematics.The Common Core Standards Writing Team (12 August 2011). Progressions for the Common Core State Standards in Mathematics (draft), accessed at: , D., Williamson, J., Muri. M. (2000) Mathematics Activities for Elementary School Teachers: A Problem-Solving Approach. Boston, MA: Addison Wesley. Sullivan, P., Lilburn, P. Good Questions for Math Teaching: Why Ask Them and What to Look For. (2002). Sausalito, CA: Math Solutions Publications. Van de Walle, J. A., Lovin, J. H. (2006). Teaching Student-Centered mathematics, Grades 3-5. Boston, MASS: Pearson Education, Inc. ................
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