Міністерство освіти і науки України
Міністерство освіти і науки України
Сумський державний університет
Навчально-методичні матеріали
«CULTURAL COMMUNICATION», PART I
із дисципліни «Англійська мова»
Суми
Сумський державний університет
2016
Навчально-методичні матеріали «CULTURAL COMMUNICATION» із дисципліни «Англійська мова» / укладачі: В. С. Курочкіна, Т. В. Початко. – Суми : Сумський державний університет, 2016. – 40 с.
Кафедра іноземних мов
UNIT 1 ART
Exercise 1. Read the introductory information and do the activity that follows it.
Museum is a building in which objects illustrating history, science, culture are displayed. Thus in a museum we expect to find, for example, pottery, weapons, ornaments, furniture, costumes and documents illustrating the life of some past age or period. Specialized museums contain objects relating to a particular sphere of activity, for example, the theatre, musical instruments, railways. A museum may also contain works of art, such as paintings, drawings and sculpture, but that is not generally its main purpose.
If you want to see the paintings of a famous artist, you may also go to an art gallery. There you can see individual paintings and sometimes an exhibition (= a collection of paintings by one painter or school of painters, e.g. the Impressionists), e.g. There’s a Monet exhibition at the National Gallery next week.
At an art exhibition, a variety of paintings and drawings may be on display.
There are many different types and styles of painting:
a painting may be in oil (oil paints, oils) or water-colour. A picture is more general, it includes not only works in paint but also drawings, prints, etc.
a portrait (= a painting of a person)
a self-portrait (= a painting of the artist by himself/herself)
a landscape (= a painting of part of the countryside)
an abstract painting (= a painting that is not realistic)
still lifes (note the plural here is lifes, not lives).
Styles vary too: some works of art are realistic, others are abstract. Skilled artists use a range of techniques to create different sorts of effects.
An artist can also be called a painter. A painter can also be the person who paints your house.
So, all artists are painters, but not all painters are artists!
| |painting |painter artist sculptor |
| |sculpture |(general) |
|Exercise 2. Match the English art terms with their Ukrainian equivalents. Memorize them. |
|1. |
|self-portrait |
|a) |
|художник, митець |
| |
|2. |
|exhibition |
|b) |
|живопис, картина |
| |
|3. |
|landscape |
|c) |
|олійні фарби |
| |
|4. |
|variety |
|d) |
|образотворче мистецтво |
| |
|5. |
|still life |
|e) |
|шедевр |
| |
|6. |
|pottery |
|f) |
|автопортрет |
| |
|7. |
|water-colours |
|g) |
|пейзаж, ландшафт |
| |
|8. |
|masterpiece |
|h) |
|малюнок |
| |
|9. |
|artist |
|i) |
|виставка |
| |
|10. |
|fine art |
|j) |
|натюрморт |
| |
|11. |
|painting |
|k) |
|різноманіття |
| |
|12. |
|drawing |
|l) |
|акварель |
| |
|13. |
|oils |
|m) |
|гончарні вироби, кераміка |
| |
|Exercise 3. Study the additional information and do the activities that follow it. |
|Things which generally come under the heading of ‘the arts’ |
|drama | |dance cinema theatre |
|novels | | |
| | | |
|short stories LITERATURE | |PERFORMANCE ARTS ballet |
| | | |
|biographies | |opera |
|poetry | |concerts: classical/rock/ |
| | |country and western |
| |[pic] | |
|painting |FINE ART(S) | sculpture |
The arts is widely used to denote collectively the various forms or branches of art in its widest sense: literature, drama, opera, ballet, cinema, radio and television, music, and art (i.e. drawing, painting, sculpture, etc., or what are sometimes called the visual arts, the fine arts, or fine art). Those arts which find their expression in performances can be called the performing arts: drama, opera, ballet, cinema, music. We often also include architecture and ceramics within the arts.
Note the difference between the uncountable use of art (мистецтво) and the countable use (вид мистецтва) in such sentences as:
I’m very interested in art/the arts.
This newspaper has a good arts page. (a page devoted to the arts)
They have regular talks on art/the arts at their club.
She’s a great art lover. (loves painting and sculpture)
Shakespeare was skilled in the art of poetry. (creative ability)
Dance usually refers to modern artistic dance forms; ballet usually has a more traditional feel, unless we say modern ballet. Remember, a novel is a long story, e.g. 200-300 pages; a short prose fiction, e.g. 10 pages, is a short story.
Use of the definite article
When we refer to a performing art in general, we can leave out the article.
Are you interested in (the) cinema/ballet/opera/theatre?
Would you like to come to the cinema/ballet/opera/theatre with us next week? (particular performance)
Exercise 4. Match the basic terms with their descriptions.
|1. |exhibition |a) |a picture made with pencil, pen, etc. but not paint. |
|2. |variety |b) |the way that sth is painted, drawn, built, etc. |
|3. |drawing |c) |a particular way of doing sth, often needing special skills |
|4. |on display |d) |having the ability and experience to do sth well. syn expert |
|5. |style |e) |cause sth new to happen; produce sth new |
|6. |work of art |f) |a collection of paintings, objects, etc. that are shown in public |
|7. |realistic |g) |a very good painting, drawing, book, etc. (a really great work of art, e.g. Mona Lisa by |
| | | |Leonardo da Vinci, is a masterpiece) |
|8. |skilled |h) |a type or kind |
|9. |technique |i) |showing things as they are. realism, n |
|10. |create sth |j) |a number of different types of the same thing. vary, v |
|11. |sort |k) |being shown in a place where people will see it. syn on show. |
Exercise 5. Is the meaning the same of different? Write S or D.
Model: watercolours / oil paints D
|1. a drawing / a painting ______ |6. a portrait / a painting _______ |
|2. on display / on show _______ |7. a still life / landscape ______ |
|3. realistic / abstract ______ |8. skilled / expert ______ |
|4. create / make sth new ______ |9. a work of art / a painting ______ |
|5. a sort / a type ______ |10. a painter / an artist _______ |
Exercise 6. Which words or phrases are being defined?
|a) abstract; b) studio; c) realistic; d) landscape; e)sort f) skilled |
Model: an exhibition of paintings: a collection of paintings which are on display to the public
1. an ______________ painting: a painting that shows the artist’s feelings rather than showing the
exact appearance of people or things
2. a ______________: a place where an artist or photographer works
3. a ______________ drawing: one that shows things as they really are
4. a ______________: a painting or drawing of the countryside
5. a ______________: a type or kind
6. a ______________artist: an artist who has a lot of ability and experience
Exercise 7*. Unscramble the letters in the words from the box. Use them to complete the sentences below.
|aterwlcosour; rortapit; dlasnsceap; tlsil vlies; tabracst; liso |
______________________________________________________________________________
1. Probably the most famous ________________ in the world is the Mona Lisa in the Louvre.
2. Van Gogh was famous for his ________________ of the countryside around Aries in the south of
France.
3. Picasso’s early work was representational, but he soon developed an interest in _______________ art.
4. Many ________________ paintings contain a bowl of fruit and a bottle.
5. If you use ________________ it is easier to correct a mistake than if you use ________________.
Exercise 8. Complete the text with the terminology of this unit using the first letter as a prompt.
Picasso is a great artist who worked in a variety of different (1) s_________________ some realistic and others (2) a___________________. He developed a wide range of painting (3) t__________________. He usually painted using (4) o__________________, but he liked to (5) v_________________ things and sometimes used (6) w__________________. He loved to paint people, and produced a beautiful (7) p___________________ of his mother. Many people believe that his real (8) m______________________ was Guernica, which he painted during Spanish Civil War. In the past, the painting was on (9) d________________________ in (10) e_______________ all over the world, but it is now permanently in Madrid.
Exercise 9*. Rearrange the lines into the right order to describe your visit to the museum. Five sentences have been marked already.
AT THE MUSEUM
1. a) — The other day I went to see our City Museum.
b) — The Museum is divided into three sections: the Picture Gallery, the History Department and the Natural Science Department.
c) — I had been there before but I wanted to look again at all the fine things one can see there.
d) — I went with some friends.
5. e) — First of all we went to the Picture Gallery.
f) — We saw a scale model of an ancient town, lots of ancient costumes, ancient arms, some very interesting pottery dating back to the first century of our era.
g) — Some canvases are by eminent painters, and we liked most of them tremendously.
h) — There are a lot of fine pictures there: portraits, genre paintings, landscapes, seascapes, and still life.
9. i) — After that I went to the History Department.
j) — We saw a number of stuffed animals, a collection of various minerals and stones as well as many pictures showing the life of wild and domestic animals and plants.
k) — What a lot of wonderful things we saw there!
l) — There are also some sculptures, but rather few.
m) — The curator himself showed us round and gave us all the necessary explanations.
14. n) — The Natural Science Department is also very interesting.
o) — It was all very well displayed.
p) — It principally features the natural conditions of our region.
17. q) —. Our excursion to the museum gave us much to think about. It was, indeed, a great pleasure to see it.
1. ___a___; 2. _______; 3. _______; 4. _______; 5. ___e___; 6. _______; 7. _______; 8. _______;
9. ___i___; 10. _______; 11. _______; 12. _______; 13. _______; 14. ___n___;15. _______;
16. _______; 17. ___q___.
Exercise 10. Choose the right alternative and analyze its tense form. For reference see the Grammar Supplement.
1. Everything is going well. We didn’t have / haven’t had any problems so far.
2. Margaret didn’t go / hasn’t gone to work yesterday. She wasn’t feeling well.
3. Look! That man over there wears / is wearing the same shirt as you.
4. Your son is much taller than when I last saw him. He grew / has grown a lot.
5. I still don’t know what to do. I didn’t decide / haven’t decided yet.
6. I wonder why Jim is / is being so nice to me today. He isn’t usually like that.
7. Jane had a book open in front of her but she didn’t read / wasn’t reading it.
8. I wasn’t very busy. I didn’t have / wasn’t having much to do.
9. Mary wasn’t happy in her new job at first but she begins / is beginning to enjoy it now.
10. After graduation from university, Tim decided / has decided to get a well-paid job.
11. When Sue heard the news, she wasn’t / hasn’t been very pleased.
12. This is a nice restaurant, isn’t it? Is this the first time you are / you’ve been here?
13. I need a new job. I’m doing / I’ve been doing the same job for too long.
14. “Ann has gone out.” “Oh, has she? What time did she go / has she gone?”
15. “You look tired.” “Yes, I’ve played / I’ve been playing basketball.”
16. Where are you coming / do you come from? Are you Ukrainian?
17. I’d like to see Tina again. It’s a long time since I saw her / that I didn’t see her.
18. Bob and Alice have been married since 20 years / for 20 years.
Exercise 11. Read and translate the text, do the activities that follow it.
Text 1
FINE ARTS IN GREAT BRITAIN
Painting, in the modern sense, came late in the history of Britain. There was no national school before the 18th century. It is usual to regard English painting as beginning with William Hogarth. He is widely known for his satirical series of painting the best of which is “Marriage a la mode”. He was also a brilliant portrait painter.
Thomas Gainsborough was a leading portrait painter of the 18th century. He created a whole gallery of portraits of his contemporaries (“Lady in Blue”).
John Constable was the great artist of the 19th century who made the English school of landscape painting. Constable is known for his peaceful scenes of nature (“The Hay Wain”).
British painting in the 20th century is characterised by the development of impressionism, surrealism and abstractionism.
Today in Great Britain there is probably a greater interest in painting and sculpture than ever before. Artists are experimenting with colours, shapes and materials of all kinds. They hold exhibitions on street pavements, in parks, in empty buildings, as well as in schools, universities and art clubs. If they are lucky, their works are chosen for exhibition by the Institute of Contemporary Art, which was founded to help young artists. Much of their work is connected with the objects and experiences of everyday life. A few young painters and artists are successful and have their works accepted by well-known London art galleries.
The older generation of modern painters and sculptors, such as the artists John Piper and Graham Sutherl or the sculptor Henry Moore, now have an international reputation.
An interest in crafts has grown again. More and more young people are learning them in schools, colleges and evening classes. Pottery, wood-carving, furniture-making, hand-woven and hand printed cloth, handmade jewellery and metal work are the most popular.
Exercise 12. Mark true or false sentences on text 1. Correct the false ones.
1. British painting in the modern sense appeared after the 18th century. T___ / F___ ____________________________________________________________________________
2. John Constable was the leading portrait painter of the 19th century. T___ / F___ ____________________________________________________________________________
3. Thomas Gainsborough was the leading landscape painter of the 18th century. T___ / F___ ____________________________________________________________________________
4. There were no new trends in English painting of the 20th century. T___ / F___ ____________________________________________________________________________
5. Britons are interested in art less than ever before. T___ / F___
____________________________________________________________________________
6. British artists prefer traditional colours, shapes and materials. T___ / F___
____________________________________________________________________________
7. Their exhibits are on display only in art galleries. T___ / F___
____________________________________________________________________________
8. Institute of Contemporary Art promotes the most successful painters and artists. T___ / F___
____________________________________________________________________________
9. Today, interest in crafts has grown as well as interest in painting and sculpture. T___ / F___
____________________________________________________________________________
10. Younger generation of British artists have an international reputation in the world. T___ / F___
____________________________________________________________________________
Exercise 13. Use the words in the box to complete the text below.
| a) exhibition; b) critics; c) gallery; d) collectors; e) paintings; f) artist |
My sister’s an (1) ________________. Her (2) ________________ are quite unusual but people seem to like them. Until recently she just exhibited her work in local bars and restaurants but last week a (3) ________________ in London contacted her to say they wanted to put on an (4) ________________of her work. The art (5) ________________all the national newspapers will be there, so she’s hoping she might get some publicity. There’ll probably be quite a few private (6) ________________ there too, so she might make some money for a change!
Exercise 14. Complete the dialogue in the correct order.
— A) Is there a picture gallery in the city?
— B) Thanks, Pete, bye.
— C) Oh, that’s wonderful. I’ve been at the historical museum in Lviv. It’s really worth visiting.
— D) Have a nice journey.
— E) What interesting exhibits do they display?
— F) I say, Nick, what shall we do on Sunday?
— G) Oh, yes, and by the way, it’s very rich. It’s named after Vasyl Stefanyk, a well-known Ukrainian writer. It has beautiful collections of pictures, portraits, still lifes, landscapes, seascapes. They mostly belong to Ukrainian artists.
— H) It’s good you’ve shared your impressions with me. I am impatient to see it all with my own eyes.
— I) Well, there are many things dating back to ancient times: national embroidery, knitting, collections of coins, glassware, pottery, all kinds of weapons, articles made of bone, stone, ivory, iron, silver, copper, different manuscripts, articles found in the tombs of different tribes during excavations.
— J) I’m going to Lviv to visit some of the museums of the city.
1. _______; 2. _______; 3. _______; 4. _______; 5. _______; 6. _______; 7. _______; 8. _______;
9. _______; 10. _______.
Speaking Task. Make up your own conversation using the active vocabulary of the unit.
Exercise 15. Complete the sentences and the crossword, using the active vocabulary of the topic.
|1 | | | | |M |
| | | | |2A | | | |
| | |3 | |S | |
| |6 | | |
| |9 | | | |E |
|10 | | | | |C | | |
1. Building where historical and cultural objects are displayed _____________.
2. Have you read the _____________ page in The Times today?
3. Exhibition of paintings is on _____________ to the public.
4. Not all painters are _____________.
5. A _____________ artist has a lot of ability and experience.
6. My favorite _____________ is Mona Lisa by Leonardo da Vinci.
7. There is new _____________ in the main square.
8. If you use watercolours it is easier to correct a mistake than if you use _____________.
9. The way something is painted, drawn or built _____________.
10. A _____________ is a painting or drawing of the countryside.
11. If you want to see the paintings of a famous artist, then visit an art _____________.
Exercise 16. Put the verb into the correct form, present simple (I do), present continuous (I am doing), past simple (I did), past continuous (I was doing) or present perfect (I have done). For reference see the Grammar Supplement.
1. We can go out now. It _____________________ (not / rain) any more.
2. Ann _____________________ (wait) for me when I _____________________ (arrive).
3. I _____________________ (get) hungry. Let’s go and have something to eat.
4. What _____________________ (you / do) in your pastime? Have you got any hobbies?
5. What speed _____________________ (the car / do) at the time of the accident?
6. Mary usually _________________ (phone) me on Fridays but she __________________ (not / phone) yet.
7. – When I last saw you, you _____________________ (think) of moving to a new flat.
– That’s right, but in the end I _____________________ (decide) to stay where I was.
8. What’s that noise? What _____________________ (happen)?
9. It’s usually dry here at this time of the year. It _____________________ (not / rain) much.
10. Yesterday evening the phone ________________ (ring) three times while we __________________ (have) dinner.
11. Linda was busy when we __________________ (go) to see her yesterday. She __________________ (study) English. We _____________________ (not / want) to disturb her, so we _________________ (not / stay) very long.
12. When I first ___________________ (tell) Tom the news, he _____________________ (not / believe) me. He ___________________ (think) that I _____________________ (joke).
Exercise 17. Read and translate the text, do the activities that follow it.
Text 2
UKRAINIAN PAINTING
Ukrainian painting is an integral part of world culture. It originated in the middle ages, when in the 14th century the Ukrainian nation was born. Ukrainian painting of that time inherited not only means of artistic expression from the art of old Rus, but what is more important, a feeling of spirituality and a response to the events of real life.
In the 17th century Lviv and Kyiv were the major centres of art. Icon painting, historical, battle, landcape and genre painting came into being, with portraiture reaching a very high level. The latter half of the 17th and 18th centuries were characterized by a unique modification of European renaissance and baroque. But that modification contained the features peculiar to Ukraine. The so-called cossack Baroque resulted in a number of works of world significance. Painting of the first half of the 19th century was characterized by laying foundation for the realistic art. Thus works of Taras Shevchenko truthfully depicted the life of common people. By the way, the history of the world culture knows very few examples when poetic and artistic gifts are so brilliantly combined in one person. T. Shevchenko belongs to such a phenomenon. His canvas “Catherine” is one of his masterpieces. The content of the picture is very dramatic. The officer whom Catherine loved and was expecting a child is going to leave her. The landscape and all details in the picture perfectly correspond to the girl’s mood. Though she was in great despair, her pride, her beauty are quite vivid. She personifies the beloved Ukraine worth admiring. Catherine can be compared with Maria in “Sixtine Madonna” by Raphael. The artist doesn’t condemn his heroine, he respects her beauty, her dignity.
Painting in Ukraine is also represented by such famous artists as M. Pimonenko, P. Ustiyanovich, I. Trush, O. Novakivsky, O. Kulchitska, A. Monastirsky, M. Boichuk, I. Yizhakevich, T. Yablonska, B. Tkachik and many others.
Exercise 18. Answer the questions on the text in writing.
1. When did the painting of Ukraine originate?
2. What did the Ukrainian painting inherit from ancient Rus?
3. What cities were the centres of culture in the 17th century?
4. When did cossack Baroque appear?
5. How was painting of the 19th century characterized?
6. What gift did T. Shevchenko combine in itself?
7. What is the content of the canvas “Catherine”?
8. With whom can Catherine be compared?
9. Who else of the famous artists represent the Ukrainian painting?
Exercise 19. Sort these words into three columns.
|fiction; opera; ceramics; sculpture; biography; rock; poetry; *country and |
|western painting; ballet; novel |
|I performing arts |II literature |III fine arts |
|country and western | | |
Exercise 20. Put the definite article the where it is necessary. Leave the gap blank if it is not necessary.
1. The government is increasing the amount of money it gives every year to _______ arts.
2. She was trained in _______ ballet and _______ modern dance.
3. We’ve got some tickets for _______ theatre. Would you like to come with us?
4. _______art of writing a biography is to try to imagine the world in which the person lived.
5. I prefer _______ modern poetry; it’s easier to read than the classics.
6. He was very good at _______ art at school. Now he works as a book illustrator.
Exercise 21. Answer the questions or fill in the gaps.
1. Which of the arts are these associated with?
(a) a beautiful, hand-painted china vase.
(b) a newly-designed shopping centre.
(c) a water-colour.
2. Where in a newspaper would you look for a review of a new play?
3. What do we call a person who likes art very much?
4. Have you seen the e_________________ of paintings by Picasso in the City Gallery?
5. A: Who did that fabulous new piece of s__________________ in the main square?
B: Oh, it’s by a Norwegian s_____________________ called Erik Fossberg.
Exercise 22*. Complete the text with words in the box. Two words are odd. Translate it in writing.
| technique; creation; traditionally; portrait; ability; visitors; artist; attentively; art |
HOW TO APPRECIATE PAINTING?
The beauty of a work of art has to be felt. One needs the ability to share the vision of the (1) ________________. One may develop such (2) __________________. Getting acquainted with fine arts usually begins in a museum or exhibition. In every great (3) ______________________ there is something simple and complicated at the same time. What is on the surface can be comprehended at once. But what lies deep can’t be seen at once. It requires great spiritual strain. One may have a glance at a (4) _______________________ and having realized whom it represents he may go further on. But it means you’ve looked at the picture but you haven’t seen it. Come up to it again and again. Look at it more (5) ____________________. Great works of (6) _______________________ seem to look different every time one stands before them. What makes the canvas a remarkable one? First of all the harmonious combination of colours, a marvelous concord of shades, hues, the whole colour scale, the opposition of light and shade. One gets the feeling of space, air and all the things represented by the canvas. The author should apply different tones very skillfully. And the (7) ____________________ will find such paintings captivating.
Exercise 23. Answer the revision questions in writing.
1. Who are the active museum-goers nowadays? What about you?
2. What museums do you have in your town? Describe their exhibitions.
3. What kind of painting do you prefer?
4. Do you paint yourself?
5. What pictures have you enjoyed most of all?
6. Who is your favourite painter?
7. What are his masterpieces?
Writing task. Choose a reproduction of a famous painting, describe it using active vocabulary of this unit.
Suggested activity in conclusion: agree or disagree with the following statements. Explain why you think so. Find some other witty quotations about art.
1. “There are more valid facts and details in works of art than there are in history books.” (Sir Charles Spencer Chaplin)
2. “A picture is a poem without words.” (Horace (65 – 8 BC))
3. “All art is but imitation of nature.” (Seneca (4 BC – 65 AD))
4. “A mere copier of nature can never produce anything great.” (Reynolds (1723 – 1792))
5. “Art is either a plagiarist or a revolutionarist.” (Paul Gauguin)
6. “Art is not a thing: it is a way.” (Elbert Hubbard)
7. “The secret of life is in art.” (Oscar Wilde)
UNIT 2 MUSIC
Exercise 1. Read the information about classical music. Study and memorize the topical vocabulary.
Types of music
Classical music (not classic music), high-brow music is written by a composer, e.g. Bach, Beethoven, Mozart. It is performed by an orchestra, a large group of musicians who play music together, including violins and cellos. There is a conductor, a person at the front who directs the musicians.
Sir Simon Rattle is a chief conductor of the Berlin Philharmonic. Vanessa Mae, a violinist, was playing a violin concerto by Mozart. Pianist Sviatoslav Richter played Beethoven’s piano sonatas. Cellist Mstislav Rostropovich played the cello concerto by the English composer, Edward Elgar.
Opera - a play in which the words are sung, e.g. La Boheme by Puccini, Carmen by Bizet. Opera singer Cecilia Bartoli is performing in Rossini’s The Barber of Seville.
There is also a choir – a large group of singers who sing in church. A chorus – sings in an Opera house.
Jazz – the most unique American cultural form that developed from a blending of African music with the European, particularly of the French and Spanish, e.g. Duke Ellington, Miles Davis.
Exercise 2. Match English names of musical instruments and musicians with their Ukrainian equivalents.
|1. piano / pianist |a) віолончель / віолончеліст |
|2. drums / drummer |b) піаніно / піаніст |
|3. trumpet / trumpeter |c) скрипка / скрипаль |
|4. flute / flautist |d) гітара / гітарист |
|5. cello / cellist |e) саксофон / саксофоніст |
|6. organ / organ player |f) барабан / барабанщик |
|7. guitar / guitarist |g) клавішні / клавішник |
|8. violin / violinist |h) флейта / флейтист |
|9. saxophone / saxophonist |i) орган / органіст |
|10. keyboard / keyboard player |j) труба, сурма / сурмач |
Exercise 3. Correct the spelling mistakes.
|Model: violinister violinist |3. clasical ______________ |6. composor _____________ |
|1. conducter ______________ |4. conciert ______________ |7. performe _____________ |
|2. orchestre _______________ |5. celo ______________ |8. pianister ______________ |
Exercise 4. Complete the sentences.
Model: Music by Bach, Brahms or Mozart is classical music.
1. A large group of musicians who perform classical music together is called an___________________.
2. The person who stands in front of them is the __________________________.
3. A person who plays the piano is a __________________________.
4. A person who plays the violin is a __________________________.
5. A person who plays the cello is a __________________________.
6. A person who sings opera is an ____________________ ___________________.
7. A person who writes high-brow music is a __________________________.
8. Carmen is an opera __________________________ Bizet.
9. Last night we went to a classical music __________________________. Placido Domingo was
__________________________ with the London Symphony Orchestra. It was fantastic.
Exercise 5. Match the following English words and expressions with their Ukrainian equivalents.
|1. tune |а) духовий оркестр |
|2. folk song |b) мелодія, що легко запам’ятовується |
|3. reggae music |с) віршований текст пісні |
|4. brass band |d) мелодія |
|5. percussion instruments |е) народна пісня |
|6. jazz band |f) меломан |
|7. arrangement |g) джазовий оркестр |
|8. string instruments |h) духові інструменти |
|9. beat |і) музика реггі |
|10. lover of music |j) ударні інструменти |
|11. wind instruments |k) аранжування |
|12. catchy melody |1) струнні інструменти |
|13. lyrics |m) ритм |
Exercise 6. Complete the sentences with the words from the box. Sometimes there may be more than one variant.
|pop music |reggae |classical music |folk music |jazz saxophone |
|keyboard |drums |country music |punk music |guitar |
1. _______________ is often played by a big orchestra in a concert hall.
2. _______________ is often played by young people with guitars in a group.
3. _______________ is usually played by young people with brightly coloured hair.
4. _______________ comes originally from black American musicians.
5. _______________ usually offers simple tunes which are popular for a short time.
6. _______________ comes from a specific region and is usually popular there for a long time.
7. _______________ has a strong regular rhythm, it is originally from Jamaica.
8. _______________ is popular for dancing in discos.
9. _______________ is often played freely, not following written music.
10. _______________ is usually played on the guitar, banjo and violin.
11. The_______________ is a string instrument while the _______________ belongs to wind instruments and the_______________ to percussion instruments.
12. The piano and organ are_______________ instruments.
Exercise 7. Fill in the gaps with a suitable word. Mind that there may be more than one variant.
Jazz ____________ (1) in the Southern States of North America at the beginning of the 19th century. The Black people of these states, who were originally slaves from Africa, had their own _______________ (2).
Pop music developed from rock and roll in America, Britain and Europe in the 1960s and is now ____________ (3) in every country. This name is used for the most commercial _____________ (4) which we can buy on records and hear on pop radio. It is usually________________ (5) by groups who often use electronic_______________ (6) and make video_______________ (7) to go with their records.
Exercise 8. Read and translate the text. But before you read look at the following statements and decide whether you agree or disagree with them.
1. There are few places where you can avoid hearing music.
2. Our taste in music is personal.
3. Music can affect us physically.
4. The only music which affects us positively is that which we like.
5. Music can be used to cure people in hospitals.
6. Certain types of music can be harmful.
TEXT 1
THE POWER OF MUSIC
Nowadays it is almost impossible to escape from music, even if we want to. It thunders out of every shop, hisses horribly through other people’s stereos on public transport, lulls you in restaurants, and blasts out of car windows.
But although we all can have music wherever we go, very few of us have any real idea of the effect music has on the human system. For many years it has been thought that musical tastes are subjective - that one person will like jazz while another prefers classical music.
But recent research in America and Australia has shown that appreciation of music is not a matter of individual taste. Certain types of music have a particular effect on us, regardless of whether we like them or not. For instance, some music will help us feel relaxed and peaceful, whereas other types may be stimulating to the brain, encouraging creativity and curiosity. Some music promotes loving feelings while other sounds call for violence.
As a result music is being used in hospitals and doctors have found that 20 minutes of soothing music is often far more effective than tranquilizers or sleeping pills.
Psychologists believe that all music can be divided into three types, and each of them has different effect on the body and mind. The first is low-energy music, the sort that makes you feel bad. Most rock music falls into this category. In fact it has been discovered that rock music makes people feel hate instead of love. The work of some classical composers, such as Debussy, has also been found to have a negative effect.
The next category is high-energy music. This makes you feel better and it can help to normalize the heart rate. J. S. Bach’s music has exceptionally high energy.
The third category is prayerful music. This is the most healing of all. Much of the classical music written before 1600 falls into this category.
It seems that most jazz, country and western music is simply neutral, having neither healing nor harmful effect.
Scientific work on the healing power of music started with plant research in 1970s. Many types of classical music speeded plant growth, whereas heavy metal caused plants to draw away from the speakers and die.
Music can also help us in our daily life. For example, you can prepare yourself for important occasions such as an exam or a job interview by humming an appropriate tune. It can also act as a pain reliever when you go to the dentist, or it can simply give expression to your mood. Listening to music gives you brain a break and helps you get through the day.
Exercise 9. Answer the questions in writing. Use them to describe the role of music in your life.
1. What kind of music do you like (dislike)? Who or what do you think influenced your music tastes?
2. Did you learn music at school? Can you play any musical instrument? If yes, which one? Do you enjoy doing it? If not, what instrument would you like to learn to play?
3. Do you have favourite musical instruments? Which ones? What do you like about them?
4. Do you have any special feelings when you hear a brass band play? Do you have any associations with this kind of music?
5. Do you prefer music according to your mood and the job that you are doing? If yes, what kind of music do you like to listen to when you are:
|a) with your friends? |c) dancing? |e) doing your homework? |
|b) relaxing alone? |d) in a bad mood? |f) working about the house? |
6. Do your parents, grandparents and you share the same musical tastes? Do you like to listen to the same music? Do you think music tastes have something to do with age? Do you agree that tastes in music change during a person’s life? Why do you think it happens?
7. Have you ever experienced any healing influence of music? If yes, can you tell about it? Do you believe in the healing power of music?
8. Do you like classical music? If yes, do many of your friends share your love of classical music? If not, can you explain why?
9. Why do you think there is so little classical music on radio and TV?
10. Do you prefer to listen to live or recorded music? What is the difference?
11. Can you imagine the world without music? What would it be like?
Exercise 10. Use the words in the box to complete the text below. What Ukrainian songs do you know?
|a) tastes; b) power; c) homeland; d) customs; e) mother-caretaker; f) song; g) ancestors |
THE UKRAINIAN SONG
A song always played a very big role in the life of Ukrainian people. It helped to show truthfully their joys and sorrows, peculiarities of their (1) _________________ and traditions, their outlook and everyday life. The song made us think over and analyze deeply the history of our land and the man’s mission on the Earth, to ponder over such eternal phenomena as life and death, loyalty and treachery, happiness and misfortune. The Ukrainian folk song is a real miracle. It contains great (2) _________________ in it. Centuries pass, social orders change, the world is shaken by devastating wars and famine, old generations are followed by new generations. Each of them has its (3) _________________ and interests. But the folk song remains to be charming in spite of all hardships. It possesses its inimitability and unfading youth.
The (4) _________________ is the voice of the people’s soul, the poetic expression of their hardworking and musical nature, the figurative embodiment of their history, morality, dreams and desires. Our song was born in hard labour and amusement, in calendar rituals of our (5) _________________.
It relieved the pain of the parting and the Siberian exile. It sounded as the call of poor emigrants to their (6) _________________ from beyond the ocean. The song was always our (7) _________________ who stood on the guard of our sacred sources that nowadays are feeding our national rebirth. It always advocated justice, purity, humaneness.
Exercise 11. Read the information about rock and pop music. Study and memorize the new topical vocabulary.
Rock and pop music, e.g. U2, Madonna, Robbie Williams, Alicia Keys
There are many types of rock and pop music. Some are popular for long periods, others have a short history. Examples in the last 25 years are: punk, reggae, rap, garage and hip-hop.
Rock and pop music are usually performed (played to an audience) by a group/band, e.g. Bon Jovi or Travis. Most groups have a lead singer, a lead guitarist (guitar with six strings), a bass guitarist (four strings) and a drummer.
Solo artists (people who perform alone, e.g. Robbie Williams or Madonna) play with a backing group. Some of them are songwriters, they write their music / songs. Chris Martin is the lead singer and main songwriter in the band Coldplay.
A hit record is a song that is very popular and bought by many people, e.g. Bohemian Rhapsody was a hit single for Queen, and Angel was a hit single for Robbie Williams. Groups and solo artist also produce albums (= make a collection of songs, usually 8-12, on one CD). Sergeant Pepper by the Beatles is one of the most famous albums ever made.
These are also common phrases we use to talk about popular music:
Craig David’s new album is out next week. One can buy his new album next week.
They plan to release a new record for Christmas - put it in the shops for people to buy
Have you heard the latest album by Stereophonics? - the most recent / newest album
Kylie Minogue’s new single is number one - the most popular record in the shops this week
Which is your favourite track on the album, the song on the album you like the most?
Has your taste in music (the type of music you like) changed in the last ten years?
Glossary
musical instrument - a thing that is used for playing music
musician - a person who plays a musical instrument
composer - a person who writes music, compose v.
lead singer - the main singer in a band
solo artist - a singer or musician who is not part of a band
songwriter - a person who writes the words and music for a song
conductor - the person in an orchestra who directs the musicians
orchestra - a large group of musicians who play music together
record smth - put music, a film, etc. onto a CD or tape, recording n.
album - a collection of songs (often eight or ten)
release smth - put an album onto the market so people can buy it, release n.
Exercise 12. Fill the gaps with the appropriate word.
1. Do you play a musical _________________________?
2. A: Do you like _________________________ music?
B: Yes, very much.
A: Who’s your favourite _________________________?
B: It’s hard to say, but I love Bach.
3. I sang in a _________________________for years. We performed in churches all over the country.
4. Their new CD is __________________next week. I’m sure it’ll go to number ___________________.
5. Their first single was very popular, but they haven’t _________________________an album yet.
6. I think their _________________________album is brilliant, and much better than their last one.
Exercise 13. Now use the context and your own knowledge to fill the gaps with a suitable word.
1. He used to be conductor of the Berlin Philharmonic _________________________.
2. Robbie Williams was in a _____________ called Take That before he became a ________________ artist.
3. I think Hey Jude or I want to hold your hand is the Beatles’ biggest selling hit __________________ but Sergeant Pepper is probably their most famous ________________________. That or Abbey Road.
4. I haven’t been to the ________________________since I saw The Marriage of Figaro last year.
5. Keith Richard has been ________________________guitarist of the Rolling Stones for over 30 years.
6. Duke Ellington is one of the greatest ________________________ pianists ever.
7. Waterloo was one of Abba’s most famous hit ________________________.
8. Eric Clapton sings on his albums, but he first became famous as a ________________________.
9. Before he became a solo artist, Sting was the ________________________ singer with Police.
Exercise 14. Complete this story of Craig David’s early years.
Craig David was born and grew up in Southampton, on the south coast of England. As a teenager he used
to write his own (1) __________________ on a dictaphone, and his (2) __________________in music at that time ranged from Terence Trent D’Arby to Michael Jackson and Stevie Wonder. His first (3) __________________ was Human, a version of the song that was a (4) __________________ for the Human League. After that David became better known, and his first album was (5) __________________ in summer 2000.
Exercise 15. Change Active Voice into Passive. Analyze the grammar forms.
1. The students are passing their exam in that classroom.
2. They were driving the car from 3 to 5 o’clock.
3. The Queen will open a new library.
4. Sir Christopher Wren built the cathedral after the Great Fire.
5. Columbus discovered America.
6. John is writing a new article on art.
7. He gives an interview every month.
8. We have just visited that old medieval town.
9. Thousands of people watched the rock concert.
10. They have elected a new President.
11. Millions of people speak English all over the world.
12. Walt Disney created several cartoons.
13. France gave the Statue of Liberty to the United States.
14. When the manager arrived, they had already solved the problem.
15. That company will publish a new book next year.
16. A cinema is a place where they show films.
17. They are using the conference room at the moment.
18. Michelangelo painted the Sistine Chapel.
19. I didn’t realise that somebody was recording our conversation.
20. The housekeeper doesn’t lock the door every night.
21. Pollution isn’t affecting the area.
22. The TV was informing the consumers.
23. When we arrived at the airport, we found that they had cancelled the flight.
24. They have amended the USA Constitution 26 times in more than 200 years.
25. They founded America’s first college, Harvard, in Massachusetts in 1636.
Exercise 16. Read the information about a pop group. Study more topical vocabulary.
Pop and rock
Arctic Monkeys are a four-piece band from Sheffield, England. They first became well known in 2004 when people were able to download their music from the internet. Their first two singles went to number 1 in the UK singles chart in 2005. Their first album, Whatever People Say I Am, That’s What I’m Not, sold over 350,000 copies in its first week.
The group are: Alex Turner, who is the lead singer and plays the guitar, Jamie Cook and Nick O’Malley, who both play the guitar, and Matthew Helder, who is the drummer and also sings.
Note: Living and alive mean “not dead”, but alive is not used before a noun:
He’s one of the greatest living composers. Mozart isn’t alive today.
Live adj, adv (sounds like five) means “seen or heard as it is happening”:
We saw the band play live, then watched a recording of the concert on TV.
Glossary
single - one song on a CD
number 1 - the single that sells the most in one week
the singles chart - the list of pop music singles that sell the most in one week
admire smb - like smb and think they have achieved a lot, admiration n.
influence smb /smth - make a change to the way smb thinks, influence n.
appeal to smb - be attractive or interesting to smb, appeal n.
download music - copy music from the internet onto a computer, MP3 player, etc.
band - a number of people who play music together, syn group
voice - the sound a person makes when they talk or sing
talented - having a lot of ability, talent n.
melody - a series of musical notes in a particular order, syn tune inf.
lyrics - the words of a song
Exercise 17. What can you remember? Underline the correct answer.
Model: There are four / five people in the band Arctic Monkeys.
1. They first became well known in 2004 / 2005.
2. People were able / unable to download music in 2004.
3. Their first two / three singles went to number 1.
4. Their first single / album sold over 350,000 copies in the first week.
5. Alex Turner / Jamie Cook is the lead singer.
6. Matthew Helder plays the guitar / drums.
Exercise 18. Underline the correct answer.
|Model: James Brown isn’t live / alive any longer. |4. Katie Melue has a great tune / voice. |
|1. I like the tune but not the lyrics / melody. |5. He’s one of the best living / alive songwriters. |
|2. Is he a solo / single artist? |6. The song has a beautiful melody / voice. |
|3. I’ve never seen the band live / alive. |7. His music appeals / influences to me. |
Exercise 19. Complete the words in the sentences.
Model: They both play in a rock band.
1. My brother plays the violin in an o__________________.
2. Noel Gallagher plays the g__________________ in the rock b__________________ “Oasis”, and his brother Liam is the l__________________ singer.
3. Do you play a musical i__________________?
4. I don’t like modern c__________________ such as Bartok and Stockhausen.
5. Paul Simon sings and plays the guitar but is most famous as a s__________________.
6. Mike’s playing guitar, but who is the keyboard p__________________?
7. There are five in the band and they’re all good m__________________.
8. Sir Georg Solti was the c__________________ of several wonderful orchestras.
Exercise 20. Complete the sentences.
Model: Paul McCartney plays the guitar with his left hand.
1. Another word for a band is a ________________________.
2. The most important singer is the _________________________ singer.
3. Someone who plays the drums is the __________________________.
4. A CD with one song on it is a ___________________________.
5. A CD with about ten songs on it is an __________________________.
6. The ________________________ is the list of singles that sell most in a week.
7. The Beatles first became well _______________________ in the 1960s.
8. You can __________________________ music from the internet.
|albums influenced talented release appeals |
|solo recorded admire recording |
Exercise 21. Complete the text with words from the box.
Gilberto Gil is a Brazilian singer and guitarist, and one of his country’s most talented songwriters. As a young musician in the 1950s, he was l) ______________________________ by the bossa nova style of Joao Gilberto, but he didn’t 2) __________________________ his first album, Louvacao, until 1967. He travelled in the 1970s, 3) __________________________ an album in English, and, in l980, introduced reggae to Brazil with his 4) __________________________ of the Bob Marley song, “No woman, no cry”. He has played with many musicians, while continuing his career as a 5) ______________________ artist. In all he has produced over 40 6) _______________________. His music 7) _____________________ to people because of the rhythm and melodies, but people also 8) __________________________ him for his work in politics and for social activities.
Exercise 22. Read the text and do the activities that follow it.
Text 2
WHO WROTE IMAGINE?
Imagine, John Lennon’s most famous song, was recently voted “Britain’s favourite song of all time”. It’s an idealistic song about peace and the hope for a better world. “Imagine all the people living life in peace.” The song was a big hit in 1971, and again in 1980 when Lennon was murdered in New York. It became a hit for a third time after the terrorist attacks of September 11th 2001.
But who really wrote the song? Until recently the answer to this question was always John Lennon. But on a TV programme Lennon’s wife, Yoko Ono, spoke about how she, in fact, helped to write the song.
Ono said that the idea and inspiration for Imagine came from some of her poems that John Lennon was reading at that time. The poems began with the word “Imagine”: “Imagine a raindrop, Imagine a goldfish.” Ono said, “When I was a child in Japan during the Second World War my brother and I were terribly hungry. I imagined delicious menus for him and he began to smile. If you think something is impossible, you can imagine it and make it happen.”
In an interview just before he died, Lennon admitted that Yoko deserved credit for Imagine. He said, “A lot of it – the lyrics and the concept - came from her, from her book of poems.” Lennon said that he was “too macho” to share the credit with her at the time.
Ono said that some of the song was written when they were flying across the Atlantic and the rest was written on the piano in their bedroom at their home in England. Ono said, “The song speaks about John’s dream for the world. It was something he really wanted to say.” Imagine has become a popular song for peace activists everywhere.
In March 2002 the airport in his home town of Liverpool was re-named John Lennon Airport. A sign above the main entrance has a line from Imagine: “Above us only sky”. Imagine will be a great hit forever.
Exercise 23. a) Mark sentences as True or False. Correct the false ones.
1. Imagine was a hit three times. ______________________________________
2. Yoko Ono helped to write Imagine. ______________________________________
3. Ono wrote poems for John Lennon. ______________________________________
4. Lennon never said that Yoko helped him with the song. ____________________________________
5. Imagine was written in two places. ______________________________________
6. John Lennon opened the new Liverpool Airport. ______________________________________
b) Read the article again. Number the sentences in the order that things happened.
A John Lennon read Ono’s poems.
B John Lennon wrote Imagine.
C Yoko Ono helped her little brother.
D John Lennon spoke about the song in an interview.
E Liverpool Airport was renamed John Lennon Airport.
F Yoko Ono spoke about the song on a TV programme.
G The song became a hit again when Lennon died.
H The song became popular again after September 11th 2001.
c) Ask questions on Text 2.
Exercise 24*. Unscramble the letters in the words from the box. Put them into two groups. Give each group a title.
|dnab, lvinoi, mdrurme, aorcthesr, lcoel, aled gsinre, mcoeposr, nsiegl, oconcrdut, garuit |
_____________________________________________________________________________________
I ____________________ II _____________________
band _______________ _____________________
Exercise 25. Write a different name to complete each sentence.
1. _________________ _________________ is a famous opera singer in my country.
2. _________________ _________________ is lead singer with _________________.
3. _________________ _________________ is a famous conductor.
4. The _________________ _________________ orchestra comes from my country.
5. _________________ _________________ is a great pianist.
6. _________________ _________________ by _________________ is one of my favourite albums.
7. _________________ is number 1 in the charts at the moment.
8. _________________ _________________ is the drummer with _________________.
Exercise 26. Take a music quiz. Choose the correct answer. Start questions with the appropriate question words from the box.
| How many; Where; What; How long; Which (2); Why; Who (2); Whose; When |
1. __________ did Freddie Mercury, the lead singer of Queen, die?
2. __________ did the Eagles stay in their 1976 song?
3. __________ did the Beatles stay together?
4. __________ husband is the film director Guy Ritchie?
5. __________ happened to Mick Jagger in 2004?
6. __________ song did Robbie Williams sing with Nicole Kidman in 2002?
7. __________ sang I can’t get you out of my head?
8. __________ did Nirvana stop playing in 1994?
9. __________ band included Phil Collins and Peter Gabriel?
10. __________ Spice Girls were there?
11. __________ did Elvis Presley die?
12. __________ did Chris Martin, lead singer of Coldplay, marry in 2003?
1. a) 1981 b 1991 c 2001
2. a) Heartbreak Hotel b) Hotel California c) Hilton Hotel
3. a) For eight years b) For thirteen years c) For seventeen years
4. a) Dido’s b Barbra Streisand’s c) Madonna’s
5. a) He left the Rolling Stones. b) He became Sir Mick Jagger. c) He divorced Jerry Hal.
6. a) Angels b Something Stupid c) Let me entertain you
7. a) Britney Spears b) Kylie Minogue c) Beyonce
8. a) Because they argued. b) Because Kurt Cobain left. c) Because Kurt Cobain died.
9. a) Dire Straits b) Genesis c) Pink Floyd
10. a) four b) five c) six
11. a) In a plane crash b) He shot himself c) An accidental drugs overdose.
12. a) Gwyneth Paltrow b) KateWinslet c) Drew Barrymore
|Exercise 27. Complete the crossword. The word in the tinted box means a | |
|person who writes symphonies or concertos. |1 |
|1. a song on an album | |
|2. His new record will be _____________ next week. | |
|3. collection of songs on one CD or record | |
|4. La Traviata and Carmen are examples of this. | |
|5. play or sing for an audience | |
|6. put a new record on sale | |
|7. the newest record or hit |2 |
|8. person who writes music / songs | |
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Exercise 28. What Ukrainian musicians do you admire? Give your answers to music questionnaire in writing.
1. Who’s your favourite group? _________________________________
2. Who’s in the band, and what instruments do they play?________________________________
3. When did they first become well known? ________________________________________
4. What’s the name of one of their singles? ___________________________________________
5. What’s the name of one of their albums? ____________________________________________
6. What’s your favourite song by this band? ___________________________________________
7. Write the name of a modern solo artist that you admire. __________________________________
8. Has his music been influenced by anyone / anything? _______________________________________
9. Does he write and record his own music or play other people’s? _______________________________
10. Does he often do live concerts? Have you seen him play live? ________________________________
11. What was the last album he released? _____________________________________________________
12. Why does his music appeal to you? Is it because of: a great voice / talented musicians / lovely melodies / good lyrics? ______________________________________
Exercise 29. Read the text and do the activities that follow it.
TEXT 3
Music is a language which speaks to everyone - from the day we are born we hear music of some kind most of the days of our life. But there are as many different kinds of music as there are different languages, and it is impossible to describe them all. In the passage below there are just a few well known types.
“Welcome to the concerts to the Gilbert’s Concert Hall! Look through the programme and choose your music!”
|Date |Performer |You will hear |
|June 23rd |Las Palomas |This South American group play the traditional tunes and sing the popular songs of Peru and |
| | |Bolivia. |
|June 30th |The Bad Bad Boys |Punk music from one of the new waves of punk bands coming out of California. |
|July 14th |“Elvis Lives!” |He looks like Elvis! He sings like Elvis! Jimmy Wild creates the great sound of the great rock |
| | |singer - Elvis Presley. |
|July 21st |Ronnie Sonny |One of the world’s great jazz musicians excites you with the wonderful rhythms of his saxophone. |
|July 23rd |An Evening of Classical Music|The Vienna Orchestra play some of your favourite tunes - the timeless melodies of Mozart, Straus |
| | |and Beethoven. |
|July 31st |Jamaica Inn |The West Indian Band plays reggae music that will make you want to get up and dance. Listen and |
| | |dance to the great reggae beat. |
|August 5th |“Sixties Nights” |Pop music from the 1960s played by Sam and the Band. Remember the songs and the sounds of the pop|
| | |greats - The Beatles, The Beach Boys and many more. |
Exercise 30. Match the type of music with the performers who play it.
|1. |The Bad Bad Boys |a) |pop music |
|2. |Jimmy Wild |b) |jazz |
|3. |Jamaica Inn |c) |punk music |
|4. |Las Palomas |d) |classical music |
|5. |Sam and The Band |e) |rock music |
|6. |The Vienna Orchestra |f) |reggae |
|7. |Ronnie Sonnie |g) |folk music |
Writing Task: The adjectives given in the box are often used to describe music. Make up sentences with them expressing your attitudes and uses of different kinds of music.
|soothing |violent |traditional |discordant |rhythmical |
|gentle |joyful |energetic |romantic |melodious |
|loud |harsh |sad |depressing |lively |
|lovely |aggressive |beautiful |background |healing |
Model: When I do my homework I like to have gentle background music, it helps me to concentrate. But when I tidy up my room I always listen to loud energetic rhythms which make me work faster.
Final speaking task. Answer the revision questions and describe your music preferences.
- Are you one of those people who switch on the tape-recorder to listen to music as soon as they wake up? If yes, what kind of music do you like to listen to in the morning?
- What influences your attitude to a foreign song, the words of which you don’t understand? Which is more important for you: the lyrics of the song or its melody? Would you like a song if its lyrics did not appeal to you?
- What music programmes do you like to watch on TV? What do you think of their quality?
- What is a new popular style of music at the moment? Can you describe it?
Imagine that you are going to take part in an experiment and will have to spend a month on a desert island. You can take several recordings with your favourite music. Which would you choose and why?
Suggested activity in conclusion: agree or disagree with the following statements. Explain why you think so. Find some other witty quotations about music.
1. “An unalterable and unquestioned law of the musical world required that the German text of French operas sung by Swedish artists should be translated into Italian for the clear understanding of English-speaking audiences.” (Edith Wharton)
2. “Beethoven is the greatest composer – but Mozart is the only one.” (Gioacchino Antonio Rossini)
3. “The function of music is to release us from the tyranny of conscious thought.” (Sir Thomas Beecham)
UNIT 3 PRINTED WORD: BOOKS AND READING
Exercise 1. Match basic English vocabulary with Ukrainian equivalents. Memorize it.
|1. paperback |a) тверда палітурка |
|2. novel |b) наукова фантастика |
|3. fiction |c) розділ |
|4. non-fiction |d) вірш / строфа |
|5. characters |e) поезія |
|6. chapter |f) м’яка палітурка |
|7. poem / verse |g) документальна, довідкова література |
|8. poetry |h) персонажі |
|9. hard back / hard cover |i) роман |
|10. science fiction (sci-fi) |j) белетристика, художня проза |
Exercise 2. Match the words in the left-hand column with their definitions in the right-hand column.
|1) |an article |a) a book that is used to study a school subject |
|2) |an atlas |b) a publication that comes out weekly or monthly |
|3) |an encyclopedia |c) a reference book with maps of the world |
|4) |a magazine |d) a book of word definitions |
|5) |a biography |e) a book or set of books giving information about every branch of knowledge with articles in ABC|
| | |order |
|6) |a novel |f) usually a cheap book in a soft cover |
|7) |a poem |g) a story about a real person |
|8) |a dictionary |h) a piece of writing in a newspaper |
|9) |a paperback |i) a list of books on one subject |
|10) |a textbook |j) a short piece of writing (usually rhymed) expressing a deep feeling or thought |
|11) |a bookworm |k) an article that critically examines a new book |
|12) |bibliography |l) stories, novels and romances |
|13) |review |m) a book with recipes of dishes |
|14) |fiction |n) a fictional story about people who are not real, invented by a writer |
|15) |a cookery book |o) a person who is very fond of reading |
Exercise 3. Match the writers with what they write.
|1. Authors |d. write articles in newspapers. |
|2. Novelists |f. write plays. |
|3. Poets |b. write about famous people. |
|4. Playwrights / dramatists |a. write poetry. |
|5. Journalists |c. write any kind of book. |
|6. Biographers |e. write fiction. |
Exercise 4. Fill in the following sentences with the given prepositions. Use some of them more than once.
|by; in; up; with; from; of; to; |
|on. |
1. I borrowed this book ___________ the library.
2. I read it ___________a book.
3. You’ll have to look ___________ the meaning ___________ a dictionary.
4. “Hamlet” is a tragedy ____________ Shakespeare.
5. Books are a wonderful source ___________ knowledge.
6. I’d like to relax ___________ a good book for the rest of the day.
7. I believe that reference books should be ___________ every home.
8. Nowadays books are sold ___________ large numbers.
9 The librarian said the book was ___________ the top shelf.
10. Do you like to lend books ___________ your friends?
Exercise 5. Which is the odd word in each group and why?
|book |novel |short story |poem |
|atlas |dictionary |paperback |encyclopedia |
|textbook |article |dictionary |guidebook |
|magazine |biography |newspaper |booklet |
Exercise 6. Put each of the following words in its correct place in the passage below.
|bibliography; bookworm; reviews; illustrations; borrow; published. |
I love books. I love to read. I am a real ____________ (1), and I love to visit bookshops, just looking briefly at one book after another. I look at the ____________ (2), the photos or drawings. I sometimes look at the ____________ (3) at the back, which is a list of other books on the same subject. And I use the library a lot. I _____________ (4) two or three books a week. Friends often recommend books to me, and I also read ___________ (5) in the newspapers. I don’t always agree with them, but anyway they let me know what new books are being ___________ (6).
Exercise 7. Match the titles of the books with the genre of fiction they represent. What kind of fiction do you like? Mark the books which you have read.
|1. Jack London “Martin Eden” |a) adventure novel |
|2. George Wells “Time Machine” |b) biography |
|3. Anre Perroushon “The Life of Renoir” |c) romance |
|4. Agatha Christie “The Sleeping Murder” |d) science fiction |
|5. Sidney Sheldon “Memories of Midnight” |e) fantasy |
|6. Lina Kostenko “On the Banks of the Eternal River” |f) fairy tale |
|7. John Tolkien “The Hobbit” |g) horror novel |
|8. Barbara Cartland “Love Songs” |h) historical novel |
|9. Charles Perrault “Puss in Boots” |i) novel |
|10. Bram Stoker “Dracula” |j)detective novel |
|11. Alexey Tolstoy “Peter I” |k) poetry |
Note. A classic is a famous book which everyone agrees will last, for example, “Pride and Prejudice” by Jane Austin or “The Three Musketeers” by Alexandre Dumas.
Exercise 8. Mark each sentence P - if it expresses a positive idea or N for a negative idea.
1. I’ve just finished a Stephen King novel. I couldn’t put it down.
2. I just couldn’t relate to any of the characters.
3. It’s no masterpiece but it’s very readable.
4. The main characters don’t really develop and v some of the minor characters are very one-dimensional.
5. The first few chapters were such heavy going that I gave up.
6. It’s such a moving story. I couldn’t stop thinking about it.
7. It’s a very simple story but there’s no real plot. Nobody seems to have a reason for doing what they do.
Exercise 9. Use these words to complete the following.
| a) poems b) poetry c) poetess d) verses e) recite |
When we did (1) ___________ at school, we had to learn whole (2) ___________ by heart and then (3) ___________ them for the whole class. Lesia Ukrainka was my favourite (4) ___________. I remember the longest poem I had to learn had over 20 (5) ___________. It was “Contra spem spero!”
Exercise 10. You have surely read a lot of books by Ukrainian, British and American writers. Do the following activity to test your knowledge on the literature of these countries. Choose the right completion for the following sentences.
1. The founder of the modern Ukrainian literature was
a) Ivan Kotlyarevsky. b) HryhoryKvitka-Osnovyanenko. c) Taras Shevchenko. d) PanasMyrny.
2. The first woman writer who appeared in Ukrainian literature was
a) Lesya Ukrainka. b) Olena Bgyilka. c) Marko Vovchok. d) Larissa Kosach.
3. One of the “Writers of the Sixties” was
a) Volodymyr Vinnichenko. b) Mykola Bazhan. c) Pavlo Tychina. d) Vasyl Stus
4. The most popular authors in Britain are
a) Robert Burns and Walter Scott.
b) William Shakespeare and Charles Dickens.
c) Jane Austin and Charlotte Bronte.
d) Lewis Carroll and Robert Louis Stevenson.
5. In his novels Walter Scott mostly described the history of
a) Ireland. b) Wales. c) England. d) Scotland.
6. Jane Austin was the author of
a) “Rob Roy”. b) “Katriona”. c) “Emma”. d) “Consuello”.
7. Harriet Beecher-Stowe wrote about
a) the horrors of slavery. b) the tragedy of native Indians.
c) the hard life of American women. d) the adventures during the gold rush.
8. Samuel Langhorne Clemens is the real name of
a) Jack London. b) Mark Twain. c) O’Henry. d) Bret Harte.
9. “For Whom the Bell Tolls” was written by
a) Jack London. b) Theodore Dreiser. c) Walt Whitman. d) Ernest Hemingway.
Exercise 11. Complete the text with the words from the box and translate it. Two words are odd.
|a) science fiction b) development c) historic d) comeback e) adventure |
|f)literature g) poetry h) poetess |
LINA KOSTENKO
Lina Kostenko, a world-wide known Ukrainian (1) ____________, was born on March 19, 1930 in Rzhyshchiv, Kyyiv Region, into the family of school teachers.
Her life story is not exactly happy. The rebellious spirit of a poetess explains her almost fifteen-year silence during the period of our social stagnation. It was a sad episode in the history of Ukrainian (2) ____________. Within this time there grew up an entire generation of people who did not know Lina Kostenko’s (3) ____________.
Then followed Lina Kostenko’s (4) ____________ when she had already become world-wide known poetess. She published her book of verse “On the Banks of the Eternal River”. This book is extraordinarily penetrating in its force of feeling and concentration of thought. It is sincere in everything — feelings, thoughts and words. Such works are important for literature because they restore the creative impulse and moral wholesomeness in fiction.
This collection was followed by a (5) ____________ novel in verse, “Marusya Churai”, which can be called an encyclopedia of Ukraine’s cultural life in the 17th century. Then appeared the books of verse “Inimitableness” (1980) and “The Garden of Unmelting Sculptures” (1987). Because of these books Lina Kostenko has become the most popular of the modern poets. Lina Kostenko has greatly contributed to the (6) ____________ of our modern Ukrainian literature.
New vocabulary: rebellious - бунтівний, бунтарський; spirit – дух; stagnation – застій; penetrating - проникливий, пронизливий; sincere – щирий; wholesomeness – благотворність; inimitableness – неповторність.
Exercise 12. Answer these questions about yourself.
1. Which is easier for you to get the news from:
a) a newspaper? b) the television or radio?
2. Which is more interesting for you:
a) to read a biography of a famous person?
b) to watch a TV program about a famous person?
3. Which is cheaper in your country:
a) a paperback? b) a ticket to the cinema or theatre?
4. Which is it most important to have in your home:
a) fiction books such as novels, short stories and books of poems?
b) non-fiction books such as dictionaries and encyclopedias?
c) a mixture of both non-fiction and your favourite fiction?
Exercise 13. Read the following text and do the activities that follow.
TEXT 1
READING IN OUR LIFE
Nowadays there are quite a few people who think that as more and more people have television sets in their homes, fewer and fewer people will buy books and newspapers. Why read an article in the newspaper, when the TV news can bring you the information in a few minutes and with pictures? Why read a novel, when a play or a film on television can tell you the same story with colour, picture and action? Why read the biographies of famous men and women, when an hour-long television programme can tell you all that you want to know?
However, television has not killed reading. Today newspapers and magazines are sold in very large numbers. And books of every kind are sold more than ever before. Books are still a rather cheap way to get necessary information for many people all over the world. Although it is true that some books with hard covers are quite expensive, many books are published today as paperbacks, which are reasonably cheap. For example, in some countries a paperback novel is almost always cheaper than an evening in the cinema or at the theatre. You can keep the book as long as you wish and read it many times.
Books in the home are a wonderful source of knowledge, information and pleasure. Some types of books should be in every house. Every home library should have some good dictionaries, and a geographical atlas of the world with large clear maps. It might be expensive, but a good encyclopedia is useful, too, because in it you can find information on any subject you are interested in. In addition, it is useful to have on your bookshelves other non-fiction books such as history books, science textbooks, cookery books, books about medicine and health and the like. It is also important to have some fiction on your shelves, too. Then you can relax with a good story, or from time to time, you can take a book of poems off your shelf and read the thoughts and feelings of your favourite poet.
Exercise 14. Answer these questions about yourself. If possible ask another person these questions and discuss your points of view.
1. What newspapers and magazines do your family read?
2. Why is reading important in your life?
3. What books do you have on your bookshelves at home? Do you have more fiction or non- fiction?
4. How often do you use dictionaries and encyclopedias?
5. What are your favourite kinds of books?
6. Who are your favourite writers?
7. What was the last book you read? Why did you decide to read it? Did you like it? Will you recommend it to your friends or parents?
8. Do you think books influence people in some way? Yes/No. Why do you think so?
9. Do you prefer to read a book first and then see its filmed version or, see it first and then read? Why?
10. What or who influences the choice of books you read?
11. If you have read an interesting book, do you want to share your impressions with somebody (your friends, parents) or do you like to keep them to yourself?
12. Some science fiction writers say that in the future books will be replaced by the computer. What is your opinion about this?
Exercise 15. Сomplete this biography of American poet Emily Dickinson. Use the Simple Past form of
the verbs in parentheses.
Emily Dickinson, one of the most popular American poets, (to live) lived from 1830 to 1886.
She (to write) _____________ about love, nature, and time. These (to be) _____________ her favorite themes. Dickinson (to lead) _______________ an unusual life. After just one year of college, she (to become) _________________ a recluse — she almost never (to leave) __________________ her house in Amherst, Massachusetts. At home, she (not to have) __________________ visitors, and she only (to wear) _________________ white.
Exercise 16. Complete this list of facts about Emily Dickinson. Use the simple past form of the verbs in parentheses.
Model: Dickinson (to like) liked science.
1. She (to study) _______________ it in school.
2. She (to become) ______________ very interested in chemistry.
3. Later she (to read) _______________ about Arctic exploration.
4. She (to use) _____________ ideas from science in many of her poems.
5. Emily Dickinson (not to write) _______________ only poems.
6. She also (to write) _______________ letters.
7. But she (not to address) _______________ the envelopes.
8. Other people always (to do) ____________ that for her.
9. During her lifetime, only 7 of her 1,700 poems (appear) _______________ in print.
10. This (to be) _______________ without her knowledge or permission.
Exercise 17. Read the text and study the glossary that follows.
TEXT 2
For some years now people have been arguing that as a result of the popularity of television news, newspapers will soon lose their importance, and they even disappear completely. The news on television is inevitably more up-to-date, and often more interesting, because of world-wide satellite television and the internet. Why bother to buy a newspaper? But people in Britain are still buying them, and for several reasons. First of all, people enjoy reading something while they are travelling to and from work, whether to find out the details of the news, or perhaps just to be entertained.
Though an increasing number of people are listening to a personal stereo instead of reading, the newspaper remains a favourite way of spending the time. Secondly, some newspapers contain far more detailed local news than any television programme. There may be more detailed local news or sports news, or political news. And the third reason is a political one too. Most television channels try to avoid any obvious political view of the news. So it is only in your chosen newspaper that you can enjoy reading about your political party in a way that pleases you.
As a newspaper editor I read a huge amount. I’m always using reference books such as dictionaries, encyclopedias, manuals, catalogues, and so on. Most biographies and reference books are hardbacks but most novels are paperbacks. I read a lot for pleasure too, and I particularly like poetry. At home all my books are arranged in alphabetical order (I know that’s a bit strange!). I’ve got loads of novels, murder mysteries, science fiction, etc. But there is non-fiction as well: I read quite a lot of biographies. My husband says I’m a book worm.
Glossary
reference book – a book you use to find a piece of information.
encyclopedia – a book or set of books that gives information about many different subjects, arranged in alphabetical order.
manual – a book that tells you how to do or use smth such as a car or a computer.
catalogue – a complete list of things you can buy or see somewhere.
pleasure – a feeling of enjoyment.
poetry – poems in general (a poem is a piece of writing arranged in short lines which express thoughts and feelings through sound and rhythm).
alphabetical – listed in the same way as the alphabet: A, B, C, etc.
novel – a book that tells a story about people or events that are not real.
mystery – a story in which the events are only explained at the end (e.g. a murder mystery).
science fiction - books about events that take place in the future, often involving travel in space, syn sci-fi inf.
non-fiction - books about real facts, people, events, etc, opp fiction.
biography – the story of smb’s life written by someone different (an autobiography is the story of smb’s life written by that person).
Test yourself. Look at the glossary words and cover the meanings. What are the meanings?
Exercise 18. Rearrange the words into two groups.
|catalogue*, reference book, murder mystery, encyclopedia, autobiography, novel, biography, manual, sci-fi, |
|ghost story, atlas, textbook, dictionary, thriller, classic, detective story. |
I Non-fiction: catalogue, …
II Fiction:
Exercise 19. Which of the following books would you choose in the situations below?
| dictionary; travel guide; atlas; autobiography; encyclopedia; cookery book; children’s book |
1. You don’t like fiction. You prefer to read about the life stories of real people, written by the people themselves. _______________________
2. You are 20 years old and are leaving home to share a flat with some friends. You’ve never cooked for yourself before. _______________________
3. You don’t know what to buy your seven- year-old nephew for his birthday. _______________________
4. You are going trekking in Nepal. You’ve never been there before. _______________________
5. You are going to look up the meaning of a word. _______________________
6. You are going to look up the height of Niagara Falls. _______________________
7. You are going to find a detailed map of China. _______________________
Exercise 20. Complete the sentences.
Model: A dictionary is arranged in alphabetical order.
1. If you don’t know the date of the French Revolution, look up in an _________________.
2. Shakespeare is famous for his plays, but he also wrote beautiful __________________.
3. Dictionaries are a kind of ___________________ book.
4. What kind of books do you read for _____________________ in the evening?
5. Do you read crime stories? – Yes, I’m reading a murder ___________________ at the moment.
6. What’s the tenth letter of the _____________________? – It’s ‘J’.
7. Did David Beckham write his life story himself? – Yes, it’s his _____________________.
8. If you don’t know how you camera works, you should look in the ____________________.
Exercise 21. Match each kind of book with what you would normally expect to find in it.
1. atlas a) basic coursebook at school or university
2. autobiography b) information about subjects in alphabetical order
3. dictionary c) lists of words grouped according to their similarity in meaning
4. encyclopedia d) maps
5. guidebook e) a list of important, famous people and brief details of their lives
6. manual f) meanings of words
7. textbook g) tourist information about a country
8. thesaurus h) instructions on how to use or repair a machine
9. Who’s Who i) the story of one’s own life written by oneself
Exercise 22. a) Read this article about a modern writer.
Ana Castillo is a modern poet, short story writer, and teacher. She was born in Chicago in 1953, and she lived there for 32 years. Otro Canto, her first book of poetry, appeared in 1977.
In her work, Castillo uses humor and a lively mixture of Spanish and English (Spanglish). She got her special writer’s “voice” by living in a neighborhood with many different ethnic groups. She also thanks her father for her writing style. “He had an outgoing and easy personality, and this . . . sense of humor. I got a lot from him ...”
Castillo attended high school, college, and graduate school in Chicago. In the 1970s, she taught English and Mexican history. She received a Ph.D. in American Studies from Bremen University in Germany in 1992.
b) Read the statements. Write True or False and correct the False statements.
Model: Ana Castillo was born in Mexico City.
That’s False. She wasn’t born in Mexico City. She was born in Chicago.
1. She lived in Chicago until 1977.
___________________________________________________________
2. Her father was very shy.
___________________________________________________________
3. She grew up among people of different cultures.
___________________________________________________________
4. Castillo got most of her education in Chicago.
___________________________________________________________
5. She taught Spanish in the 1970s.
___________________________________________________________
6. She went to France for her Ph.D.
___________________________________________________________
Exercise 23. Read this student’s journal. There are ten mistakes in the use of the simple past. The first mistake is already corrected. Find and correct nine more.
enjoyed
Today in class we read a poem by American poet Robert Frost. I really enjoy it. It was about a person who choosed between two roads in a forest. Many people believed the person were Frost. He thinked about his choice for a long time. The two roads didn’t looked very different. Finally, he didn’t took the road most people take. He took the one less traveled on. At that time, he didn’t thought it was an important decision, but his choice change his life.
Sometimes I feel a little like Frost. Two years ago I decide to move to a new country. Did I made the right decision?
Exercise 24. Read booksellers’ survey. How did you choose the last book you read?
The title and front cover just attracted my attention.
I was browsing in a bookshop. I just picked up a paperback that looked interesting.
A recommendation by a friend – he said it was very readable and well written.
It was a gift, but I like the author so I was really pleased.
I looked through the first chapter – it looked fascinating.
Hardcover books and paperbacks are plentiful at American public libraries, materials can be easily borrowed. Book sales are also brisk because many individuals want to establish personal libraries. Justly proud of their literary fiction giants: Twain, Faulkner, Steinbeck, etc. Americans may collect non-fiction: biographies / autobiographies, ‘how-to’ books (How to Fix Your Car (or) Make Money), books on art, architecture, gardening, travel, cooking, hobbies, encyclopedias, dictionaries, poetry, classic literature, and/or ‘escape fiction’ like mysteries, adventures, and romance novels.
Glossary
title – the name of a book, play, film, etc.
cover – the outside part of a book, magazine, etc.
attract smb’s attention – if smth attracts your attention, it interests you so that you want to look at it.
browse – spend time pleasantly in a shop looking at things.
paperback – a book with a thick paper cover (a hardback has a hard cover).
readable – easy or interesting to read.
gift – a thing that you give to smb, e.g. for their birthday, syn present.
author – the writer of a particular book, play, etc.
look through smth – read smth quickly, syn skim smth.
chapter – one of the parts into which a book is divided.
fascinating – very interesting.
Test yourself. Cover the glossary words and look at the meanings. What are the words?
Note: There are many adjectives consisting of well + past participle, e.g. well written (of a book, article, etc.), well informed (= knowing a lot about a subject), well known (=famous).
Exercise 25. Choose the correct sentences ending.
Model: Who is the author / gift?
1. The cover attracted my chapter / attention.
2. The author was well known / well written.
3. I read the second title / chapter.
4. The book looked very readable / well informed.
5. I wanted the cheaper one, so I bought the hardback / paperback.
6. I was in a bookshop the other day, just attracting / browsing.
Exercise 26. Complete the text. Use the first letter as the prompt.
My cousin has just written a reference book. He’s not (0) well known, but he’s a good (1) a___________. His book might attract a lot of (2) a___________ because it’s called “How to make a lot of money by doing very little” – isn’t that a great (3) t____________! It’s being published in hardback and (4) p____________. I read the first (5) c___________ about selling things on the internet, and it’s really (6) f_____________ - I couldn’t put it down. On the front (7) c____________ there’s a picture of my cousin in bed with his laptop; it’s a bit silly. But it’s a funny book and it’s (8) well w____________.
Exercise 27. Choose the right word.
1. I don’t like reading history or biographies; I prefer _______________ myself.
a) description b) fiction c) invention d) narration
2. That book has been out of _____________ for a long time.
a) copy b) press c) print d) publication
3. You have to pay a __________ if you do not return your library books on time.
a) fee b) fine c) penalty d) tax
4. Most of the poet’s earlier work was published under a _____________.
a) misnomer b) namesake c) nickname d) pseudonym
5. His new book received good ____________ from the critics.
a) comprehension b) flavours c) reviews d) understanding
6. He bought the book for half price because its ___________ was torn.
a) coat b) coating c) cover d) skin
7. I have just read a lovely ____________ about a man who devoted his life to charity.
a) fiction b) history c) production d) story
8. The first ______________ of a book can sometimes be very valuable.
a) copy b) edition c) title d) type
9. This is a good _________________ of his delight in unusual words and phrases.
a) case b) example c) expression d) passage
10. I can’t read this book without my glasses. The ___________ is too small.
a) handwriting b) letter c) print d) typewriter
11. Ask the publishers to send you their latest ___________ of English text-books.
a) booklet b) catalogue c) index d) prospectus
12. I’m reading a book about _______________ of Henry VIII.
a) the existence b) the life c) the living d) the road
13. Because Shakespeare mainly wrote plays, he is usually regarded as ___________.
a) an author b) a dramatist c) a novelist d) a writer
14. He knows most of Ivan Franko’s poems by _____________.
a) head b) heart c) memory d) mind
Exercise 28. Fill in the blanks with prepositions and enjoy the joke about Mark Twain. Use some of the prepositions more than once.
|about; down; from; to; in; during; of; by. |
Mark Twain
Mark Twain was not only a famous writer but also a famous humorist. He travelled widely,
making speeches ________ (1) different towns. ________ (2) these speeches he often told funny
stories making the audience laugh. Wherever he went he was always followed ________ (3) reporters
who wrote ________ (4) everything he said. His stories were told and retold and passed down ________
(5) generation ________ (6) generation. His remark, when he heard a rumor that he was dead, “The
rumors ________ (7) my death are greatly exaggerated”, became an American by-word.
Once Mark Twain and two ________ (8) his friends were sitting ________ (9) a restaurant.
One friend had just returned ________ (10) a trip ________ (11) the mountains. He said that the
air ________ (12) the mountains was so clear that the echo ________ (13) a voice came back five
times stronger than the original voice.
“That is nothing”, said the second friend, “In some places ________ (14) Colorado, an echo
________ (15) a voice spoken ________ (16) the morning comes back ________ (17) the afternoon”.
Mark Twain laughed and said, “Oh yes, the echoes you’ve told ________ (18) are really very unusual. But ________ (19) a small church ________ (20) Hannibal, the town I was born ________ (21), there is an echo which is still more unusual than those. If one says ________ (22) a loud voice, “Good morning. How are you?”, the echo comes back ________ (23) a moment very clearly, “Very well, thank you. And how are you?”
Exercise 29*. Finish the sentences using idiomatic expressions about books below.
|by the book (follows rules)…………… e.g. He never deviates from the rules, he goes strictly by the book! |
|crack a book (to study); hit the book (to study); can’t tell a book by its cover (outward appearance); |
|in someone’s book (opinion); one for the books (record-breaking); read between lines (infer); one’s nose |
|in a book (always studying/reading); read someone like a book (understand him / her); throw the book |
|at someone (charge guilty / convict); turn over a new leaf / page (forget past and start again); |
|to leaf through (turn pages without reading); use every trick in the book |
1. He looks industrious, but you _______________________________________.
2. I passed the last exam without ______________________________________.
3. If you want to be a successful student, you’ll have to __________________________________.
4. ______________________________________ that’s the only way to get the job done!
5. His super high jump yesterday was ______________________________________.
6. Every time I see her, she has ______________________________________.
7. Do you believe that? Well, you’d better ______________________________________.
8. I know why it happened, I can ______________________________________.
9. I heard that the judge ______________________________________.
10. I’m studying harder now and ______________________________________.
11. You might get new ideas if you ______________________________________.
12. Although we ______________________________________ nothing helped the situation.
Writing task: Answer the questions and ask another student.
1. What kind of books do you find most fascinating?
2. What kind of reference books do you use most often?
3. Do you enjoy browsing in bookshops?
4. What book have you ever been attracted to just by the cover? Why did the cover attract you?
5. Do you have more paperbacks or hardbacks in your library? Why?
Final speaking task: Speak about a book or story you have read. Use the following patterns for your review.
I am going to say a few words about a book (story) I’ve recently read.\
The book (story) is written by the well-known English / American / Ukrainian / Russian / French, etc.
writer of the ________th century_____________________________ (name of the writer).
The title of the book (story) is __________________________.
It’s a historical novel / an adventure story / a science fiction story / a novel of everyday life, etc.
The scene is laid in _____________________ (place) in the _____________ (time).
The plot of the book (story) is interesting / moving / fascinating, etc.
The characters are well drawn.
The book tells about a ______________ who _____________ (here the contents of the book (story) must be given very briefly).
There are some humorous/funny/sad/tragic episodes in the book (story).
I could not help smiling / laughing / feeling sad / crying when I read about (how) ________________
To cut a long story short, _________________ (here the end of the book (story) must be given).
My appraisal is very incomplete, I haven’t mentioned, for instance, the ___________ and the ___________, but (because) ______________
On the whole, the book (story) is quite readable. It is really worth reading.
If you like historical novels / adventure stories /science fiction /novels of everyday life, etc., I advise you to read it.
Suggested activity in conclusion: agree or disagree with the following statements. Explain why you think so. Find some other witty quotations about books and reading.
1. I don’t understand people who read detective stories. In my opinion, it’s a waste of time.
2. Reading takes too much time. Nowadays you can get all the necessary information from newspapers,
TV, radio or the internet.
3. Only books which will be reread all the time are worth buying and having in a home library.
4. “Never lend books, for no one ever returns them; the only books I have in my library are the books
that other people have lent me.” (Anatole France)
5. “These books can do - not these alone: they give new views to life, and teach us how to live.” (George Grabbe)
6. “Reading is to the mind what exercise is to the body.” (Sir Richard Steele)
7. “Prose = words in their best order; Poetry = the best words in their best order.” (Samuel Taylor Coleridge)
8. “Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed and some few to be chewed and digested.” (Francis Bacon)
9. “Books are friends that never fail me.” (Thomas Carlyle)
10. “A good story is at its best when the line between truth and fiction remains ambiguous.” (Leicester Hemingway)
GRAMMAR SUPPLEMENT 1
TYPES OF QUESTIONS
General (Yes / No) Questions
|AuxiliaryVerb |Subject |MainVerb |Object |
|Do |you |go |there? |
|Have |they |gone |there? |
|Were |you |going |there? |
Alternative / Or- Questions
|AuxiliaryVerb |Subject |MainVerb |or |AlternativeVerb |
|Did |you |go |or |run? |
|Has |she |gone |or |run? |
|Were |you |going |or |running? |
Tag Questions
|Subject |MainVerb |Object |AuxiliaryVerb |Subject |
|You |go |there, |don’t |you? |
|They |haven’t gone |there, |have |they? |
|He |is going |there, |isn’t |he? |
Information / Wh- Questions
|Question Word |AuxiliaryVerb |Subject |MainVerb |Object |
|Why |do |you |go |there? |
|When |did |she |arrive |there? |
|How |will |we |go |there? |
Wh-Questions: Subject / Object
|QuestionAbouttheSubject |Аnswers |
|Wh-WordSubject |Main Verb |Object |Subject |Main Verb |Object |
|Who |saw |Mary? |Maria |saw |her |
| |carries | |Nick |carries | |
| | |thebox? | | |it |
|QuestionsAbouttheObject |Аnswers |
|Wh- WordObject |AuxiliaryVerb |Subject |MainVerb |Subject |MainVerb |Object |
|Who(m) |did |Maria |see? |She |saw |Mary |
| |does |Nick |carry? |He |carries | |
|What | | | | | |thebox |
GrammarNotes Examples
|1. Use wh-questions (also called information |A: Who did you see at the meeting? |
|questions) to ask for specific information. |B: Mary Adams. |
|Wh-questions begin with wh-words such as who, what, |A: When did you go there? |
|where, when, why, which, whose, how, how many, how |B: On May 12. |
|much, and how long. |A: How many people saw you? |
| |B: Many. |
|2. When you are asking about the subject, use: |subject |
|awh-word in place of the subject, and statement word |Someone saw you. |
|order: subject + verb. |subject |
|For questions beginning with which, whose, how much, |Something happened. |
|and how many, we often usewh-word + noun in place of |Who saw you? What happened? |
|the subject. |Which politician told the truth? |
| |How many people saw the accident? |
|3. When the verb is a form of be (am, is, are, was, |Mary Adams is the reporter. |
|were) use: |Who is the reporter? |
|Wh-word + be. |Mary Adams is the reporter. |
| |WhoisMaryAdams? |
|4. When you asking about the object, use: | object |
|a wh-word, and the following word order: auxiliary |You saw someone. |
|verb + subject +main verb. |object |
|For question beginning with which, whose, how much, |He said something. |
|and how many, we often use wh-word + noun in place of |Who did you see? |
|the object. |What did he say? |
|REMEMBER: An auxiliary verb is such as do (does, did),|Which politician did you believe? |
|have (has, had), can, or will.Be can be an auxiliary |How much time did the president need? |
|too. |Who does she teach? |
| |Who is she helping? |
|5. Usage note: In very formal English when asking |Very formal: |
|about people as object, whom is sometimes used instead|Whom did you see? |
|of who. |More common: |
|BE CAREFUL! If the main verb is a form of be, you |Who did you see? |
|cannot use whom. |Who is the next president? |
GRAMMAR SUPPLEMENT 2
FORMATION OF ACTIVE VOICE
|час |уживання |утворення |вказівки часу |приклади |
|Sim|pre|теперіш |дія |+ verb(I)/ |often, usually, |+ I often write letters. |
|ple|sen|нійнеознач|відбуваєтьсяпо|verb(I)+s(he/she/it)|never, always, |? Do you always write |
|/ |t |е |стійно або |? |seldom, every |letters? |
|Ind| |ний |повторюється |do/does(he/she/it)+ |day, frequently,|–He doesn’t write letters |
|efi| |час |час від часу |verb(I) |sometimes, in |every week. |
|nit| | | |– don’t/doesn’t + |the evening | |
|e | | | |verb(I) | | |
| |pas|минулий |дія |+ |yesterday, last |+ I wrote this letter |
| |t |неозначе |відбувалася |verb(II)/verb(I)+ed |week, in 1998, |yesterday. |
| | |ний |одноразово або|? did + verb(I) |two years ago, |? Did you write this letter |
| | |час |повторювала |– didn’t + verb(I) |the day before |last week? |
| | | |ся в минулому | |yesterday |– I didn’t write this letter |
| | | | | | |three hours ago. |
| |fut|майбутній |дія буде |+ shall/will+verb(I)|tomorrow, next |+I shall write this letter |
| |ure|неозначе |відбуватися |? shall/will+ |week, in 2 days,|tomorrow. |
| | |нийчас |одноразово або|verb(I) |the day after |? Will you write this letter |
| | | |повторюватися |– shall not/shan’t/ |tomorrow, then |in four hours. |
| | | |в |will not/won’t + | |– He won’t write this letter |
| | | |майбутньому |verb(I) | |next week. |
|Con|pre|теперіш |тривала дія, |+ am/is/are + |now, at the |+I am writing this letter at |
|tin|sen|ній |що |verb(I) + ing |moment, Look! |this moment. |
|uou|t |тривалий |відбувається в|? am/is/are + |Hurry up! |? Is he writing this letter |
|s /| |час |даний момент |verb(I) + ing | |at this moment? |
|Pro| | | |– am | |– We aren’t writing this |
|gre| | | |not/isn’t/aren’t + | |letter now. |
|ssi| | | |verb(I) + ing | | |
|ve | | | | | | |
| |pas|минулий |дія |+ was/were+ |at 5 o’clock |+ I was writing this letter |
| |t |тривалий |відбувалася у |verb(I)+ing |yesterday, from |at |
| | |час |певний момент |? was/were+ |5 till 6 |3 o'clock yesterday. |
| | | |або тривала |verb(I)+ing |yesterday, when |? Was he writing this letter |
| | | |протягом |– wasn’t/weren’t + |he came, the |from 5 till 6 yesterday? |
| | | |певного часу в|verb(I) +ing |whole evening |– They weren't writing this |
| | | |минулому | |yesterday |letter when he phoned. |
| |fut|майбутній |дія буде |+ shall/will +be + |at 5 o’clock |+ She will be writing this |
| |ure|тривалий |відбуватися в |verb(I) + ing |tomorrow, from 5|letter from 3 till 4 |
| | |час |певний момент |? shall/will + be+ |till 6 tomorrow,|tomorrow. |
| | | |або триватиме |verb(I) + ing |the whole |? Will he be writing this |
| | | |протягом |– shan’t/won’t +be+ |evening tomorrow|letter the whole evening |
| | | |певного часу в|verb(I) + ing | |tomorrow? |
| | | |майбутньому | | |– We won't be writing this |
| | | | | | |letter at 6 o’clock tomorrow.|
|час |уживання |утворення |вказівки часу |приклади |
|Per|pre|теперіш |дія відбулася |+ has / have + |today, this |+I have already written this |
|fec|sen|ній |до моменту |verb(III)/ verb(I) +|week, yet ever, |letter. |
|t |t |заверше |мовлення, не |ed |just, never, |? Has she ever written |
| | |ний |вказується її |? has/ have + |already, lately,|letters? |
| | |час |точний час, |verb(III) / verb(I) |recently, for 2 |– They haven’t written this |
| | | |але є |+ ed |days, since |letter yet. |
| | | |результат на |– hasn't / haven't +|morning | |
| | | |даний момент |verb(III)/verb(I)+ed| | |
| |pas|минулий |дія відбулася |+ had +verb(III) / |by 3 o’clock, |+ I had written this letter |
| |t |заверше |раніше певного|verb(I)+ed |before he came, |by 2 o’clock. |
| | |ний |моменту або |? had + verb(III) / |after |? Had they written this |
| | |час |дії в минулому|verb(I)+ed | |letter before their parents |
| | | | |– hadn’t + verb(III)| |came? |
| | | | |/ verb(I)+ed | |– He hadn't written this |
| | | | | | |letter by 4 o’clock. |
| |fut|майбутній |дія |+ shall/will + have |by 3 o’clock |+ We will have written this |
| |ure|заверше |закінчиться до|+ verb(III)/ verb(I)|tomorrow, by |letter. |
| | |ний |певного |+ ed |next Sunday |by 3 o’clock tomorrow. |
| | |час |моменту або |?shall/ will + have | |? Will he have written this |
| | | |дії в |+verb(III)/verb(I) | |letter by next Monday? |
| | | |майбутньому |+ed | |– I will not have written |
| | | | |– shan’t/won’t + | |this letter by 2 o’clock |
| | | | |have +verb(III) / | |tomorrow. |
| | | | |verb(I) + ed | | |
|Per|pre|теперіш |дія почалася в|+ has/have + been + |for two hours, |+ He has been writing this |
|fec|sen|ній |минулому, |verb(I) + ing |since morning |letter since morning. |
|t |t |заверше |тривала якийсь|? has/have +been + | |? Has she been writing this |
|Con| |ний |час до певного|verb(I) + ing | |letter for 30 minutes? |
|tin| |тривалий |моменту в |– hasn’t/haven’t + | |– I have not been writing |
|uou| |час |теперішньому і|been + verb(I) + ing| |this letter for two hours. |
|s | | |продовжує | | | |
| | | |тривати | | | |
| |pas|минулий |дія почалася в|+ had + been + |for two hours, |+ He had been writing this |
| |t |заверше |минулому і |verb(I) + ing |by the time he |letter for two hours |
| | |ний |тривала якийсь|? had + been + |came, for 40 |yesterday. |
| | |тривалий |час до певного|verb(I) + ing |minutes |? Had she been writing this |
| | |час |моменту в |– hadn’t + been + |yesterday, since|letter for one hour before |
| | | |минулому |verb(I) + ing |morning last |they left? |
| | | | | |Monday |– We hadn’t been writing this|
| | | | | | |letter since morning |
| | | | | | |yesterdav. |
| |fut|майбутнійз|дія почнеться |+ shall/will + have |for two hours |+ I will have been writing |
| |ure|аверше |в майбутньому |+ been+verb(I) + ing|tomorrow, since |this letter for 3 hours |
| | |ний |і буде тривати|? +shall/will +have |tomorrow morning|tomorrow. |
| | |тривалий |якийсь час до |+ been + verb(I) + | |? Will he have been writing |
| | |час |певного |ing | |this letter since morning |
| | | |моменту в |– shan’t/won’t + | |next Saturday? |
| | | |майбутньому |have + been +verb(I)| |– She won’t have been writing|
| | | | |+ ing | |this letter for 20 minutes |
| | | | | | |then. |
GRAMMAR SUPPLEMENT 3
LIST OF PRESENT AND PAST TENSES (ACTIVE VOICE)
Simple present I do
I work in a bank but I don’t enjoy it very much.
Tom watches television every evening.
Do you like parties? Does he like sport?
We don’t go out very often. We usually stay home.
Present continuous I am doing
Please don’t bother me. I’m working.
“What’s Tom doing?” “He’s watching television.”
Hello, Ann. Are you enjoying the party?
We aren’t going to the party tomorrow night.
Present perfect I have done
I’ve lost my key. Have you seen it anywhere?
“Is Tom here?” “No, he has gone home.”
How long have they been married?
The house is very dirty. We haven’t cleaned it for weeks.
Present perfect continuous I have been doing
I’m tired. I’ve been working hard all day.
You’re out of breath. Have you been running?
How long has she been studying English?
I haven’t been feeling very well lately.
Simple past I did
I lost my key yesterday.
They went to the movies, but they didn’t enjoy the film.
What time did you get up this morning?
It was hot in the room, so she opened the window.
Past continuous I was doing
When I arrived, Tom was watching television.
This time last year I was living in Brazil.
What were you doing at 10:00 last night?
The television was on, but they weren’t watching it.
Past perfect I had done
I couldn’t get into the house because I had lost my key.
When I arrived at the party, Sue wasn’t there. She had gone home.
They didn’t come to the movies because they had already seen the film.
The house was dirty because we hadn’t cleaned it for weeks.
Past perfect continuous I had been doing
I was very tired. I had been working hard all day.
He was leaning against a wall out of breath. He had been running
GRAMMAR SUPPLEMENT 4
TRANSFORMATION FROM ACTIVE INTO PASSIVE VOICE
Present simple passive: am/is/are + Participle II (verb+ed/verbIII).
Active: Somebody cleans this room every day.
Passive: This room is cleaned every day.
Many accidents are caused by dangerous driving.
I’m not often invited to parties.
How many people are injured in road accidents every day?
Past simple passive: was/were+ Participle II (verb+ed/verbIII).
Active: Somebody cleaned this room yesterday.
Passive: This room was cleaned yesterday.
During the night we were all waken up by a loud explosion.
When was that castle built?
The house wasn’t damaged in the storm but a tree was blown down.
Present continuous passive: am/is/are + being+ Participle II (verb+ed/verbIII).
Active: Somebody is cleaning this room at the moment.
Passive: This room is being cleaned at the moment.
Look at those old houses! They are being knocked down.
(shop assistant to customer): Are you being served, madam?
Past continuous passive: was/were + being+ Participle II (verb+ed/verbIII).
Active: Somebody was cleaning this room when I arrived.
Passive: This room was being cleaned when I arrived.
Suddenly I heard footsteps behind me. We were being followed.
Present perfect passive: have/has+ been+ Participle II (verb+ed/verbIII).
Active: The room looks nice. Somebody has cleaned it.
Passive: The room looks nice. It has been cleaned.
Have you heard the news? The president has been shot.
Have you ever been bitten by a dog?
I’m not going to the party. I haven’t been invited.
Past perfect passive: had + been+ Participle II (verb+ed/verbIII).
Active: The room looked much better. Somebody had cleaned it.
Passive: The room looked much better. It had been cleaned.
Jim didn’t know about the change of plans. He hadn’t been told.
Future simple passive: shall/will + be+ Participle II (verb+ed/verbIII).
Active: Somebody will clean this room tomorrow.
Passive: This room will be cleaned tomorrow.
GRAMMAR SUPPLEMENT 5
FORMATION OF PASSIVE VOICE
to be + Participle II (verb+ed/verbIII)
|TENSE |ACTIVE |PASSIVE |NOTE: the action is |
| | | |done to the subject |
|INDEFINITE / |Present |ask (s) |am |He asks / |
|SIMPLE | | |is asked |Він запитує |
| | | |are | |
| |Past |asked |was asked |He is asked / |
| | | |were |Його запитують |
| |Future |will ask |will be asked | |
|CONTINUOUS |Present |am |am |He is asking / |
| | |is asking |is being asked|Він зараз запитує |
| | |are |are | |
| |Past |was asking |was being asked |He is being asked / |
| | |were |were |Його зараз запитують |
| |Future |will be asking | | |
|PERFECT |Present |have asked |have been asked |He has asked/ |
| | |has |has |Він вже запитав |
| | | | | |
| |Past |had asked |had been asked |He has been asked / |
| |Future |will have asked |will have been asked |Його вже запитали |
USES OF THE PASSIVE VOICE PECULIAR TO THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE
1.The passive voice is used when it is not so important (or unknown) who or what did the action.
My article was published yesterday.
Rome wasn’t built in one day.
The origin of the Universe will never be explained.
2.It’s wrong to consider the passive to be another way of expressing a sentence in the active voice.
Helen likes English.(But not “English is liked by Helen”. It sounds funny in English.)
3. Only the verbs which take on object can go into the passive. Intransitive verbs can't be used in the Passive voice. They are used only in the Active voice:
• to fly, to arrive;
• to be, to become;
• to have, to lack, to possess, to consist, to belong;
• to hold, to suit, to resemble, to fit;
• to appear, to seem, to come, to go, to last.
The hall holds 500 people.
They have a nice house.
My shoes don’t fit me.
Sylvia resembles a Greek goddess.
My mother lacks tact.
4. There are sentences in the active having a passive meaning.
This shirt irons well.
Your book reads well.
This coat will wear a lifetime.
The door closed and there was silence in the room.
5. If you want to say who did it or what caused the action, use by or with.
The house was built by my grandfather.
It was destroyed by fire.
The room was filled with smoke.
The wood can be cut with a knife.
6.After modal verbs the infinitive and a number of other verbs are used. The passive infinitive is to be done/to have been done.
MODAL VERBS IN PASSIVE VOICE
|can/could |be done |
|may/might |have been done |
|must/have to | |
|should/would | |
|needn’t | |
I want to be left alone.
The music could be heard far away.
My bicycle has disappeared. It must have been stolen.
7. If it is possible to make two different passive sentences, it is more usual for the passive sentence to begin with the person.
Ann wasn’t offered the job.
The job wasn’t offered to Ann.
GRAMMAR SUPPLEMENT 6
THE COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES
COMMON COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE FORMS:
We use the comparative when comparing one person or thing with another.
We use the superlative when comparing one person or thing with more than one.
|ADJECTIVES |POSITIVE |COMPARATIVE |SUPERLATIVE |
|One-syllable and some tw- | |adj+ -er |adj + -est |
|syllable words ending in |hot | | |
|-y, - er, - ow, -le |large | | |
| |narrow | | |
| |simple | | |
| | |hotter |the hottest |
| | |larger |the largest |
| | |narrower |the narrowest |
| | |simpler |the simplest |
|Two- or more syllable words | |more +adj |most +adj |
| |beautiful | | |
| |interesting | | |
| | |more beautiful |the most beautiful |
| | |more interesting |the most interesting |
|Irregular forms |good |better |the best |
| |bad |worse |the worst |
| |old |older |the oldest |
| | |elder |the eldest |
| |far |farther |the farthest |
| | |further |the furthest |
| |little |less |the least |
| |much, many |more |the most |
1. Adjectives like hot (big, fat) double the consonant: hot - hotter - the hottest.
2. Adjectives like nice (fine, large, late, safe) add -r, -st: nice - nicer - the nicest.
3. With adjectives like busy we use -i in place of -y :busy - busier - the busiest.
NOTE: some two-syllable adjectives (happy, clever, common, narrow, quiet, simple, pleasant )have two comparative or superlative forms.
We use intensifiers to strengthen adjective/adverbs: much/far.
She works much harder than you. It happens far more often.
COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE FORMS OFTEN CONFUSED:
1. Further and farther refer to distance: London is five miles further/farther. Further (Not “farther”) can mean “in addition”: There is no further information.
2. We use elder/eldest before a noun only with reference to people in a family: my elder brother/son, the eldest child, he’s the eldest (but not “He is elder than me.”) We use older/oldest for people and things: He is older than I am. This book is older.
3. Latest/last: I bought the latest (i.e. most recent) edition of today’s paper. I bought the last (i.e. final) edition of today’s paper.
GRAMMAR SUPPLEMENT 7
MODAL VERBS
Modal verbs are used to show the speaker’s attitude to the action. We use them with other verbs. There are 10 modals: can, may, must, shall, will, would, should, ought to, need, dare. Modal verbs are not “complete” verbs. They are called defective (except dare and need) because they lack component tenses, the passive and have some other peculiarities:
1. We can’t use them as “to”-infinitives: to go, to speak.
2. We don’t use the “to”-infinitives after modals:
3. There is no –(e)s in the 3rd person singular:
In their first use modal verbs have basic meanings which are given in the dictionaries:
can / could – ability I can lift 25 kg / I can type;
shall / will / would – prediction It will rain soon;
may / might – permission You may leave early;
should / ought to – duty You should do as you are told;
must – total obligation You must be quiet;
needn’t – no obligation You needn’t wait.
The second use of modal verbs is to express degrees of certainty or uncertainty.
Future
will (’ll) – He’ll be there now, certainly. Він напевно зараз там буде. (100%).
should – Не should be there now, I think. Він, певно, там буде, я думаю. (75%).
may – Не may be there now, but I’m not sure. Він, можливо, буде там, але я не впевнений. (50%).
might – Не might be there, but I doubt it. Він навряд чи буде там, я маю сумнів. (75%).
won’t (will not) – Не won’t be there, I’m sure. Його там не буде, я певний. (100%).
Present
must / will – They must know it, they were told. Вони напевно знають про це, їм сказали. (100%).
should – They should know it, it was announced. Вони, певно, знають, про це повідомляли. (75%).
may – They may know it, I’m really not sure. Вони, можливо, знають про це, але я не впевнений. (50%).
might – They might know it, but they were out. Вони навряд чи знають про це, їх не було. (75%).
Grammar supplement F continuation
can’t – They can’t know it, it was announced right now. Вони напевно не знають, про це тільки що повідомили. (100%).
Past
must + Perfect Infinitive – They must have arrived by now, it’s already 9 o’clock. Вони, напевно, вже приїхали, вже 9 година. (100%).
should + Perfect Infinitive – They should have arrived by now, I think. Вони, певно, вже приїхали, я так думаю. (75%).
may + Perfect Infinitive – They may have arrived by now, but the trains are often late. Вони, можливо, вже приїхали, але потяги часто запізнюються. (50%).
might + Perfect Infinitive – They might have arrived by now, but I doubt it. Вони навряд вже приїхали, я маю сумнів. (75%).
can’t + Perfect Infinitive – They can’t have arrived by now, it’s too early. Вони, напевно, ще не приїхали, ще надто рано. (100%).
Questions and Negatives
Can you play chess? I can’t understand a word. May I leave earlier?
The Contracted Forms
Can’t, couldn’t, mustn’t, needn’t, oughtn’t, mayn’t, shouldn’t.
Modal Verbs and Their Equivalents
|Modal verb |Present |Past |Future |
|Equivalent | | | |
|can |can |could | |
|to be able to… |am able to… |was able to… |will be able to… |
| |is able to… |were able to… | |
| |are able to… | | |
|Modal verb |Present |Past |Future |
|Equivalent | | | |
|may |may |might |--- |
|to be allowed to… |am allowed to… |was allowed to… |will be allowed to… |
| |is allowed to… |were allowed to… | |
| |are allowed to… | | |
|Modal verb |Present |Past |Future |
|Equivalent | | | |
|must |must |had to… |will have to… |
|have to… |have to… |had to… |will have to… |
| |has to… |had to… |will have to… |
|be to… |am to… |was to… | |
| |is to… |were to… | |
| |are to… |were to… | |
GRAMMAR SUPPLEMENT 8
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
Conditional sentences may express real and unreal condition. They are introduced by the conjunctions: if, in case, provided, unless, suppose.
|Condition |Subordinate clause |Principal clause |
| |If it looks like rain, |we’ll stay at home. |
| |If I have more time, |I’ll come over. |
| |If he is working on Friday, |he won’t be able to go with us. |
|I Real | | |
| |Present Indefinite/ |Will (Shall) |+ Inf. |
| |Present Continuous | | |
|Unrea| |If I were you, |I would go there myself. |
|l | |If I had more time, |I would come over. |
| |II Present / |If you knew him better, |you wouldn’t think so. |
| |Future |If it were not raining, |I could go out. |
| | |Past Indefinite/ |would |+ Inf. |
| | |Past Continuous |could | |
| | | |might | |
| | |If you had gone there, |you would have seen him. |
| |III Past |If you had earned enough money last |we could have gone to the South. |
| | |summer, | |
| | |Past Perfect |would |+ have + Participle II |
| | | |could | |
| | | |might | |
1 “If” is the most common. “In case” and “provided” are chiefly used in sentences of real condition.
If the weather is fine, we shall go outside. Якщо погода буде гарна ми підемо на вулицю.
Unless has a negative meaning.
I’ll come tomorrow unless it rains.Я прийду завтра якщо не буде дощу.
Suppose is more common in sentences of unreal condition.
Suppose he wrote to you, would you answer? – Уявіть, він написав би вам, ви б відповіли?
2 There are two mixed types of sentences of unreal condition:
a) the condition refers to the past but the consequence refers to the present;
Grammar supplement G continuation
If you had taken medicine yesterday, you would be well today. Якби ти вчора випив ліки, сьогодні б почувався добре.
b) the condition refers to no particular time and the consequence to the past.
If he were not so absent-minded, he would not have missed the train yesterday. Якби він не був таким неуважним, він би не спізнився вчора на поїзд.
3 In sentences of unreal condition the modal verbs “might” and “could” are often used instead of “would”; they fully retain their modal meaning.
If I had a big garden I would (could, might) grow a lot of flowers. Якби в мене був великий сад, я б вирощував (міг би вирощувати) багато квітів.
4) In adverbial clause of condition the verbs had, were, could, should are often introduced without any conjunction. In these cases we find inversion.
If I had time, I would come over.Якби в мене був час, я б зайшов.
Had I time, I would come over.Був би час, я б зайшов.
If she were in New York, she would certainly call you. Якби вона була у Нью Йорку, вона б звісно зателефонувала б тобі.
Were she in New York, she would certainly call you. Була б вона у Нью Йорку, вона б звісно зателефонувала б тобі.
Study this example:
“I’ll phone you when I get home” is a sentence with two parts: the main part: “I’ll phone you” and the when-part: “when I get home”. The time in the sentence is future (“tomorrow”), but we use a present tense (I get) in the when-part of the sentence. We do not use will in the when-part of the sentence.
Some more examples:
We’ll go out when it stops raining (not when it will stop).
When you are in Kyiv again, visit us (not When you will be).
The same thing happens after while / before / after / as soon as / until or till:
I’m going to read a lot while I’m on holiday, (not while I will be)
I’ll probably go back home on Sunday. Before I go, I’d like to visit the museum.
Wait here until (or till) I come back.
LIST OF IRREGULAR VERBS
|V1 |V2 |V3 |Значення |
|arise |arose |arisen |виникати, з’являтися |
|be |was, were |been |бути |
|bear |bore |born |народжувати |
|become |became |become |ставати |
|begin |began |begun |починати |
|bend |bent |bent |гнути |
|bind |bound |bound |зв’язувати, пов’язувати |
|bite |bit |bitten |кусатися |
|bleed |bled |bled |кровоточити |
|blow |blew |blown |дути |
|break |broke |broken |ламати(ся) |
|breed |bred |bred |виховувати |
|bring |brought |brought |приносити |
|build |built |built |будувати |
|burn |burnt |burnt |горіти, палити |
|buy |bought |bought |купувати |
|cast |cast |cast |кидати |
|catch |caught |caught |ловити, схоплювати |
|choose |chose |chosen |вибирати |
|come |came |come |приходити |
|cost |cost |cost |коштувати |
|cut |cut |cut |різати |
|dig |dug |dug |рити, копати |
|do |did |done |робити |
|draw |drew |drawn |тягнути; малювати |
|dream |dreamt |dreamt |мріяти; бачитиувісні |
|drink |drank |drunk |пити |
|drive |drove |driven |вести, гнати, керувати |
|eat |ate |eaten |їсти |
|fall |fell |fallen |падати |
|feed |fed |fed |годувати |
|feel |felt |felt |відчувати |
|fight |fought |fought |боротися, битися |
|find |found |found |знаходити |
|flee |fled |fled |бігти; рятуватися |
|fly |flew |flown |літати |
|forget |forgot |forgotten |забувати |
|get |got |got |отримувати; ставати |
|give |gave |given |давати |
|go |went |gone |йти, ходити |
|grow |grew |grown |рости, ставати |
|hang |hung |hung |вішати, висіти |
|have |had |had |мати |
|hear |heard |heard |чути |
|hide |hid |hidden |ховати |
|hold |held |held |тримати |
|keep |kept |kept |тримати, зберігати |
|know |knew |known |знати |
|lead |led |led |вести, керувати |
|learn |learnt |learnt |вчити (ся) |
|leave |left |left |залишати, покидати |
|lend |lent |lent |давати в борг |
|let |let |let |дозволяти |
|light |lit |lit |запалювати |
|lose |lost |lost |втрачати, програвати |
|make |made |made |робити |
|mean |meant |meant |означати, значити |
|meet |met |met |зустрічати |
|put |put |put |класти |
|read |read |read |читати |
|ride |rode |ridden |їздити верхи |
|rise |rose |risen |підніматися |
|run |ran |run |бігти |
|say |said |said |казати, сказати |
|see |saw |seen |бачити |
|sell |sold |sold |продавати |
|send |sent |sent |посилати, надсилати |
|set |set |set |поміщати; встановлювати |
| | | |трясти |
|shake |shook |shaken |сяяти, блищати |
|shine |shone |shone |стріляти |
|shoot |shot |shot |закривати |
|shut |shut |shut |співати |
|sing |sang |sung |занурюватися |
|sink |sank |sunk |сидіти |
|sit |sat |sat |спати |
|sleep |slept |slept |нюхати, пахнути |
|smell |smelt |smelt |говорити |
|speak |spoke |spoken |витрачати |
|spend |spent |spent |псувати |
|spoil |spoilt |spoilt |поширювати |
|spread |spread |spread |стрибати, витікати |
|spring |sprang |sprung |стояти |
|stand |stood |stood |красти; цупити |
|steal |stole |stolen |ударяти |
|strike |struck |struck |боротися |
|strive |strove |striven |клястися |
|swear |swore |sworn |плавати |
|swim |swam |swum |брати |
|take |took |taken |навчати |
|teach |taught |taught |розривати, рвати |
|tear |tore |torn |казати, сказати |
|tell |told |told |думати |
|think |thought |thought |кидати |
|throw |threw |thrown |розуміти |
|understand |understood |understood |носити, зношуються |
|wear |wore |worn |плакати |
|weep |wept |wept |вигравати, перемагати |
|win |won |won |крутити, заводити (годинник) |
|wind |wound |wound |писати |
| | | | |
|write |wrote |written | |
V1 = infinitive
V2 = past simple
V3 = past participle
CONTENTS
Unit 1. Art 3
Unit 2. Music 10
Unit 3. Printed Word: Books and Reading 19
Grammar Supplement 1.Types of Questions 28
Grammar Supplement 2.Formation of Active Voice 29
Grammar Supplement 3.List of Present and Past Tenses
(Active Voice) 30
Grammar Supplement 4.Transformationfrom Active into
Passive Voice 31
Grammar Supplement 5. Formation of Passive Voice 32
Grammar Supplement 6. The Comparison of Adjectives 33
Grammar Supplement 7. Modal Verbs 34
Grammar Supplement 8. Conditional Sentences 35
List of Irregular Verbs 36
References 39
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