A Monk Rebels



Fusion Reformation Review World History/Napp

During the Middle Ages, the Roman Catholic Church was the most powerful institution in medieval Europe. However, Renaissance thinkers and scientists began to challenge the authority of the Church. In addition, individuals within the Church began to question Church teachings and doctrines. Martin Luther was such an individual. Martin Luther was a monk who seriously felt that many things in the Church were wrong and had to be changed or reformed. For example, he said that the sale of indulgences (pardons for sins) should be stopped. He believed that one could not substitute indulgences for the faith of the people. Finally, he could stand it no longer. In October 1517, he nailed 95 theses (ideas to be debated publicly) to the door of the church at Wittenberg, Germany. These theses were printed and read all over Europe. People were excited and upset. The authority of the Church was challenged. Perhaps the Church did not have an absolute control over everything that was right and true.

Write a T for each statement that is true and F for each statement that is false.

1. Martin Luther became a monk.

2. Luther felt that it was wrong to sell indulgences

3. Luther never talked about his opinions in public.

4. Luther never left the Catholic Church.

5. Luther wanted to reform the Catholic Church.

6. Luther liked the simple life of his monastery.

7. Luther did not teach classes in the Bible.

8. Luther felt that he was a man of peace.

9. Martin Luther had strong feelings about many things.

Tell which statements you feel Martin Luther made or might have made.

1. Salvation cannot be bought.

2. People need priests to speak to God for them.

3. People need priests to ask God’s forgiveness for their sins.

4. While every priest cannot be a saint, he must be honest, sincere, and decent.

5. People should think more of God.

6. People should dress in fancy clothes and live and eat well.

7. Religion must help people believe in God.

8. The Catholic Church should not be the only Christian church.

Activity:

Imagine that you are Martin Luther’s friend. You are a loyal Catholic. Write a letter to Martin Luther after his refusal to recant.

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|Base your answer to the question on the cartoon below and on your|Base your answer to the question on the speakers’ statements |

|knowledge of social studies. |below and on your knowledge of social studies. |

|[pic] | |

|Which period began as a result of the actions shown in this |Speaker A: It was a combination of the Protestant wind and the |

|cartoon? |island nature of our nation that protected us. Surely, Philip |

|Italian Renaissance |must be upset at his defeat. |

|Protestant Reformation | |

|Scientific Revolution |Speaker B: Our archipelago and divine winds have protected us |

|Glorious Revolution |once again. The Mongols may have taken China, but they cannot |

| |conquer us. |

|What was a consequence of the Protestant Reformation? | |

|Secular rulers became more powerful. |Speaker C: To support our growing population, we must find a |

|Judaism dominated southern Europe. |suitable way to farm. With floating gardens on our lake, we |

|The Holy Roman Empire became a republic. |should be able to grow enough to meet our demand. |

|Religious differences were peacefully settled. | |

| |Speaker D: We have connected highland and lowland areas by |

|Which leader started the Protestant Reformation by speaking out |building networks of roads and bridges. We have also built |

|against papal abuses and the sale of indulgences in the |terraces into our mountainsides to grow crops. |

|Ninety-five Theses? | |

|John Calvin |Which speaker is most likely from 16th-century England? |

|Henry VIII |A |

|John Wycliffe |B |

|Martin Luther |C |

| |D |

|One major effect of the Protestant Reformation on western Europe | |

|was the |Which technological development contributed most directly to the |

|decline in religious unity |success of the Protestant Reformation? |

|increased power of the Catholic pope |astrolabe |

|reduction in religious wars |compass |

|increase in the sale of indulgences by the Catholic Church |wheel |

| |printing press |

|Johannes Gutenberg | |

|King Henry VIII | |

|John Calvin | |

|Which event in European history was most directly influenced by | |

|these individuals? | |

|Reconquista | |

|Glorious Revolution |Which situation was a direct challenge to the political and |

|Protestant Reformation |religious authority of the Catholic Church? |

|trans-Atlantic slave trade |passage of the Act of Supremacy under Henry VIII |

| |death sentence given to Joan of Arc |

|Martin Luther, John Calvin, and Henry VIII all played a key role |Reconquista of Spain conducted by Ferdinand and Isabella |

|in the |establishment of the Jesuit order under Ignatius Loyola |

|attempts made to reclaim the Holy Land | |

|fall of the Ottoman Empire |One way in which Martin Luther’s Ninety-five Theses and Henry |

|end of religious unity in Europe |VIII’s Act of Supremacy are similar is that both |

|establishment of parliamentary democracy in Britain |emphasize the importance of the Bible |

| |caused the Thirty Years War |

|One result of the Protestant Reformation was |challenged the authority of the Catholic Church |

|fewer challenges to Church authority |helped to unify Christendom |

|a decline in religious unity in western Europe | |

|the disbanding of the Jesuit order |Which statement about the Protestant Reformation is an opinion |

|a weakening of the Inquisition |rather than a fact? |

| |German princes revolted against the Holy Roman Emperor. |

|One impact Gutenberg’s printing press had on western Europe was |Membership in the Catholic Church declined in northern Europe. |

|spread of Martin Luther’s ideas |European religious unity was disrupted by the newly established |

|a decrease in the number of universities |religions. |

|a decline in literacy |Henry VIII led a stronger religious reform movement than Martin |

|the unification of the Holy Roman Empire |Luther did. |

|Which change to Christian church practice was suggested by Martin| |

|Luther? |Which action led most directly to divisions in Christianity in |

|1.increasing the sale of indulgences |western Europe? |

|2.installing statues of saints in churches |1. Urban II calling for the Crusades |

|3.saying the mass in Latin so the faithful would learn it |2. King John signing the Magna Carta |

|4.printing the Bible in the vernacular so all could read it |3. German cities establishing the Hanseatic League |

| |4. Martin Luther posting the Ninety-five Theses |

|Prior to the Protestant Reformation, the medieval church in |Sale of indulgences authorized by Pope Leo X to raise money to |

|western Europe was criticized for |build St. Peter’s Basilica in Rome (1515) |

|1. sponsoring explorations to the Middle East |Ninety-five Theses posted (1517) |

|2. allowing the Bible to be printed and distributed to the people|Hearing held at Worms, Germany (1521) |

| |These events are most closely associated with |

|3. being too concerned with riches |Charles V and absolutism |

|4. refusing to sell indulgences to peasants |Martin Luther and the Protestant Reformation |

| |John Locke and the Enlightenment |

|An important effect of the Protestant Reformation in Europe was |Karl Marx and scientific socialism |

|that it strengthened the | |

|power of monarchies |The most significant way in which the Renaissance influenced the |

|power of the pope |Reformation was in the Renaissance emphasis on |

|belief in polytheism |supporting democratic forms of government |

|unity of Europe |encouraging a questioning attitude |

| |stressing the importance of life after death |

|In western Europe, a long-term effect of the invention of |questioning the existence of God |

|Gutenberg’s printing press was that the | |

|monarchies were restored to absolute power |During the Renaissance, which development contributed most to the|

|feudal system declined |Protestant Reformation? |

|literacy rate increased |1. interest in ancient Greece and Rome |

|development of new ideas was discouraged |2. advances in mathematics and science |

| |3. questioning of traditional authority |

|The issues of the sale of indulgences and of the worldly lives of|4. attention to realism and detail |

|the clergy were addressed by | |

|1. Adam Smith in The Wealth of Nations |* Martin Luther stresses faith. |

|2. John Locke in his treatises on government |* The belief of predestination spreads. |

|3. Martin Luther in his ninety-five theses |* The Council of Trent clarifies the teachings of the Church. |

|4. Marx in The Communist Manifesto |These statements describe ideas and events that |

| |1. brought religious unity to Europe |

| |2. shaped the Reformation and the Counter Reformation |

| |3. ended the Glorious Revolution |

Base your answer to the question on the time line below and your knowledge of social studies.

[pic]

Which period of European history is represented by the time line in the graphic?

1. Enlightenment

2. Middle Ages

3. Reformation

4. Commercial Revolution

Base your answer to the question on the map below and your knowledge of social studies.

[pic]

Which title would be most appropriate for this map?

1. “The Impact of the Protestant Reformation”

2. “The Catholic Counter-Reformation”

3. “The Fall of the Holy Roman Empire”

4. “European Religious Unity”

Which innovation had the greatest impact on the Protestant Reformation?

1. Movable-type printing press 2. Magnetic Compass

Martin Luther: 1483–1546

“In one way, fear led Luther to become a monk. At the age of 21, Luther was caught in a terrible thunderstorm. Convinced he would die, he cried out, ‘Saint Anne, help me! I will become a monk.’ Even after entering the monastery, Luther felt fearful, lost, sinful, and rejected by God. He confessed his sins

regularly, fasted, and did penance. However, by studying the Bible, Luther

came to the conclusion that faith alone was the key to salvation. Only then

did he experience peace.”

• Explain the concept of justification by faith alone or that only through faith does salvation occur, according to Luther?

P R I M A RY SO U R C E

I am bound by the Scriptures I have quoted and my conscience is captive to the Word of God. I cannot and I will not retract anything, since it is neither safe nor right to go against conscience. I cannot do otherwise, here I stand, may God help me. Amen.

~ MARTIN LUTHER, quoted in The Protestant Reformation by Lewis W. Spitz

• Why could Luther never recant?

[pic]

• How did the conversion of Henry VIII differ from Luther’s conversion?

• Why are there different branches of Protestantism? How does the Bible as the ultimate authority lead to many Protestant sects as opposed to one Protestant church?

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