Online Appendix for “Europe Belongs to the Young ...



Online Appendix for “Europe Belongs to the Young? Generational Differences in Public Opinion towards the European Union during the Eurozone Crisis”Part 1: Full ResultsInteraction ModelsTable I. Full Results Figure 1: Age*Euro-debtor/creditor interaction modelsTrust in the EP2002-2016Beta (Std. Error)Support for further unification2004-2016Beta (Std. Error)Age-.069*** (.004)-.053*** (.006)Age2.001*** (.000).000*** (.000)Euro-creditor.323*** (.044)-.197*** (.055)Euro-debtor-.150* (.059)0.126 (.074)Euro-creditor*Age-.001 (.001).009*** (.001)Euro-debtor*Age.016*** (.001).011*** (.002)CohortPre-integration.160*** (.041)-.068 (.053)Merger.013 (.034).032 (.043)SEA-.010 (.055)-.052 (.069)Post-Maastricht-.079 (.066)-.065 (.083)EMU.216* (.085).041 (.107)Indv.-level controlsYes (same as in full model)Yes (same as in full model)Country*Year fixed effectsYesYesN (observations)225,940172,415R2 (adjusted).127.148Notes: *p<.05; **p<.01; ***p<.001. Reference group: post-integration cohort and other EU member states. Reference year: 2002 and 2004 respectively. Data: ESS. See Appendix for more information on variables.Table II. Full Results Figure 2: Cohort*Euro-creditor/debtor interaction modelsTrust in the EP2002-2016Beta (Std. Error)Support for further unification2004-2016Beta (Std. Error)CohortPre-integration-.035 (.053).002 (.069)Merger.129** (.041).113* (.052)SEA.141* (.062).174* (.079)Post-Maastricht.064 (.073).208* (.092)EMU.248** (092).143 (.115)Euro-creditor.273*** (.036).351*** (.046)Euro-debtor.917*** (.054).811*** (.069)Cohort*Euro-creditor/debtorPre-integration*creditor.272*** (059)-.069 (.078)Pre-integration*debtor.355*** (.084)-.214 (.109)Merger*creditor-.113** (.043)-.137* (.056)Merger*debtor-.313*** (.064)-.060 (.083)SEA*creditor-.055 (.061)-.329*** (078)SEA*debtor-.612*** (.082)-.351*** (.104)Post-Maastricht*creditor.025 (.055)-.361*** (.071)Post-Maastricht*debtor-.730*** (.077)-.495*** (.097)EMU*creditor.306*** (.061)-.057 (.074)EMU*debtor-.847*** (.089)-.338** (.107)Age-.065*** (005)-.046*** (.006)Age2.001*** (.000).000*** (.000)Indv.-level controlsYes (same as in full model)Yes (same as in full model)Country*Year fixed effectsYesYesN (observations)225,940172,415R2 (adjusted).129.148Notes: *p<.05; **p<.01; ***p<.001. Reference group: post-integration cohort and other EU member states. Reference year: 2002 and 2004 respectively. Data: ESS. See Appendix for more information on variables.Table III. Full Results Figures 3 & 4: Cohort*Crisis experience interaction modelsTrust in the EP2002-2016Beta (Std. Error)Support for further unification2004-2016Beta (Std. Error)CohortPre-integration-.026 (.053).001 (.069)Merger.126** (.041).103 (.053)SEA.130* (.062).158* (.079)Post-Maastricht.047 (.073).184* (.092)EMU.203* (.092).117 (.115)Euro-creditor (pre-crisis).289*** (.042).354*** (.053)Euro-creditor (crisis).359*** (.047).426*** (.067)Euro-debtor (pre-crisis).993*** (.066).826*** (.084)Euro-debtor (crisis).560*** (.079).814*** (.105)Cohort*Euro crisis experiencePre-integration*creditor (pre-crisis).314*** (.067)-.107 (.086)Pre-integration*creditor (crisis).189* (.080)-.014 (.107)Pre-integration*debtor (pre-crisis).265** (.097)-.242 (.127)Pre-integration*debtor (crisis).388** (.135)-.157 (.170)Merger*creditor (pre-crisis)-.075 (.049)-.097 (.062)Merger*creditor (crisis)-.167** (.057)-.210** (.078)Merger*debtor (pre-crisis)-.390*** (.077)-.053 (.098)Merger*debtor (crisis)-.185* (.093)-.068 (.124)SEA*creditor (pre-crisis)-.000 (.070)-.257*** (.088)SEA*creditor (crisis)-.139 (.081)-.466*** (.111)SEA*debtor (pre-crisis)-.674*** (.099)-.367** (.122)SEA*debtor (crisis)-.481*** (.117)-.324* (.157)Post-Maastricht*creditor (pre-crisis).061 (.062)-.292*** (.080)Post-Maastricht*creditor (crisis)-.016 (.072)-.488*** (.098)Post-Maastricht*debtor (pre-crisis)-.823*** (.094)-.502*** (.117)Post-Maastricht*debtor (crisis)-.575*** (.111)-.478*** (.144)EMU*creditor (pre-crisis).380*** (.070).066 (.081)EMU*creditor (crisis).251** (.078)-.269* (.106)EMU*debtor (pre-crisis)-.853*** (.117)-.245 (.130)EMU*debtor (crisis)-.625*** (.119)-.408** (.151)Age-.066*** (.005)-.047*** (.006)Age2.001*** (.000).000*** (.000)Indv.-level controlsYes (same as in full model)Yes (same as in full model)Country*Year fixed effectsYesYesN (observations)225,940172,415R2 (adjusted).130.149Notes: *p<.05; **p<.01; ***p<.001. Reference group: post-integration cohort and other EU member states. Reference year: 2002 and 2004 respectively. Data: ESS. See Appendix for more information on variables.Part 2: Variables, Operationalisation and Additional AnalysesI Dependent VariablesVariableDefinitionTrust in the European Parliament“Using this card, please tell me on a score of 0-10 how much you personally trust each of the institutions I read out. 0 means you do not trust an institution at all, and 10 means you have complete trust. Firstly, ... the European Parliament?”0 (no trust at all) to 10 (complete trust)Support for further European unification“Now thinking about the European Union, some say European unification should go further. Others say it has already gone too far. Using this card, what number on the scale best describes your position?”0 (unification already gone too far) to 10 (unification should go further)"Before 1933" 2 "1934-1945" 3 "1946-1955" 4 "1956-1965" 5 "1966-1975" 6 "1976-1985" 7 "1986-1995" 8 "After 1995"II Key Independent VariablesVariableDefinitionEuropean integration cohortsCategorization of cohorts based on early adulthood socialization (up to age 20) during key stages of the European integration process(1) Pre-integration (before 1933); (2) Post-integration (1933-1945); (3) Merger (1946-1966); (4) SEA (1967-1972); (5) Post-Maastricht (1973-1979); (6)?EMU (after 1979)Ten-year cohortsCategorization of cohorts based on intervals of ten years(1) Before 1933; (2) 1934-1945; (3) 1946-1955; (4) 1956-1965; (5) 1966-1975; (6) 1976-1985 (7) 1986-1995; (8) After 1995Age/Age2Age of respondent (continuous)/Squared term for age of respondentPeriodYear of the surveyCountryRespondent’s country of residence Period*CountryInteraction of period and country of residence to account for the nested structure of the dataResidence in Euro-debtor member state Residence in Euro-debtor member states = 0, or 1 if respondent is from Greece, Ireland, Italy, Portugal or SpainResidence in Euro-creditor member state Residence in Euro-creditor member states = 0, or 1 if respondent is from Austria, Belgium, Finland, France, Germany and the NetherlandsPeriod*Residence in Euro-debtor member state Interaction of period and residence in a Euro-debtor member statesPeriod*Residence in Euro-creditor member state Interaction of period and residence in a Euro-creditor member stateIII Control VariablesVariableDefinitionGender Gender of respondent (0 = female; 1 = male)Left-Right placement= 0 (most left) to 10 (most right)Educational level(1) less than lower secondary education; (2) lower secondary education completed; (3) upper secondary education completed; (4) post-secondary non-tertiary education completed; (5) tertiary education completedPolitical interestPolitical interest of respondent= 1 (not at all interested) to 4 (very interested)Attitude toward immigrationFeeling whether immigration makes respondents’ country a worse or better place to live= 0 (worse place to live) to 10 (better place to live)Religious denomination(1) Catholic (0 = no; 1 = yes); (2) Protestant (0 = no; 1 = yes); (3) Eastern Orthodox (0?= no; 1 = yes)Feeling about household incomeFeeling about household income nowadays (1) Very difficult on present income; (2) Difficult on present income; (3) Coping on present income; (4) Living comfortably on present incomeDescriptive StatisticsAverage trust in the European Parliament by age and country(0 no trust – 10 complete trust)AustriaBelgiumBulgariaCroatiaCyprusCzech RepublicDenmarkEstoniaFinlandFranceGermanyGreeceHungaryIrelandItalyLatviaLithuaniaLuxembourgNetherlandsPolandPortugalRomaniaSlovakiaSloveniaSpainSwedenUKFigure I-XXVII. Average trust in the European Parliament by age and country. Grey spikes indicate standard deviations. Data: ESS. See Appendix for more information on variables.Average support for further unification by age and country(0 unification gone too far – 10 go further)AustriaBelgiumBulgariaCroatiaCyprusCzech RepublicDenmarkEstoniaFinlandFranceGermanyGreeceHungaryIrelandItalyLatviaLithuaniaLuxembourgNetherlandsPolandPortugalRomaniaSlovakiaSloveniaSpainSwedenUKFigure XXVIII-LIV. Average support for further European unification by age and country. Grey spikes indicate standard deviations. Data: ESS. See Appendix for more information on variables.Additional Analyses: Specifying Cohorts DifferentlyHere we present the results of additional robustness checks based on a difference-in-difference analysis estimating cohort differences across creditor, debtor and other member states was rerun with ten-year cohort clusters. Figure LV shows adjusted predictions at observed values for both dependent variables by ten-year cohorts and creditor-debtor status. The results confirm the findings presented in the manuscript. More specifically, they show that generational patterns are largely similar in creditor and other EU member states, whereas patterns are considerably different for cohorts in debtor states. While most successive cohorts in non-debtor member states are increasingly more favourable of the EP and unification than their preceding cohorts, there are only minor differences between old and young cohorts of debtor states. This difference in generational patterns is particularly pronounced for trust in the EP.Trust in the EP(2002-2016)Support for further unification(2004-2016)Notes: Regression results depicted. Data: ESS. See Appendix for more information on variables.Figure LV. Marginal means by ten-year cohorts, Euro-debtor, Euro-creditor and other EU member statesTable IV. Full Results Figure LV: Ten-Year Cohorts*Euro-creditor/debtor interaction modelsTrust in the EP2002-2016Beta (Std. Error)Support for further unification2004-2016Beta (Std. Error)CohortBefore 1933-.315*** (.084)-.140 (.105)1934-1945-.166*** (.049)-.060 (.063)1956-1965.087 (.044).051 (.056)1966-1975.156** (.060).124 (.077)1976-1985.119 (.082).228* (.106)1986-1995.312** (.108).159 (.138)After 1995.867*** (.158).236 (.191)Euro-creditor.179*** (.037).311*** (.048)Euro-debtor.809*** (.056).815*** (.073)Cohort*Euro-creditor/debtorBefore 1933*creditor.411*** (.075)-.093 (.096)Before 1933*debtor.488*** (.102)-.304* (.132)1934-1945*creditor.216*** (.056).044 (.072)1934-1945*debtor.315*** (.083)-.096 (.106)1956-1965*creditor-.034 (.052)-.061 (.066)1956-1965*debtor-.197** (.075).010 (.097)1966-1975*creditor.012 (.052)-.191** (.067)1966-1975*debtor-.411*** (.075)-.186* (.095)1976-1985*creditor.140* (.054)-.331*** (.070)1976-1985*debtor-.575*** (.075)-.536*** (.097)1986-1995*creditor.312*** (.062)-.107 (.076)1986-1995*debtor-.715*** (.089)-.352** (.110)After 1995*creditor.433** (.134).105 (.141)After 1995*debtor-.983*** (.231)-.381 (.209)Age-.060*** (.005)-.046*** (.007)Age2.001*** (.000).000*** (.000)Indv.-level controlsYes (same as in full model)Yes (same as in full model)Country*Year fixed effectsYesYesN (observations)225,940172,415R2 (adjusted).130.148Notes: *p<.05; **p<.01; ***p<.001. Reference group: 1946-1955 cohort and other EU member states. Reference year: 2002 and 2004 respectively. Data: ESS. See Appendix for more information on variables. ................
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