A Clean, Well-Lighted Place - UHS APUSH - HOME



I. Historiography

A. History is interpretation

1. How did it turn out today?

2. Look for key ideas (Liberty, Dem, Wealth, Race)

a. How did it turn out so well? (Berkeley, Turner, Bailyn, Bush)

b. On the other hand, how did it turn out so badly. (Beard, Zinn)

B. Historical interpretations

1. Progressives: Class Conflict

2. Neo Conservatives: Consensus--Homogeneous

3. New History

a. New Left (Foreign policy)

b. New Political

c. New Social

I. Transformation of the Atlantic Community

(Objective: Understanding the rational behind Spanish, French, and English Colonization in the New World and the effects on African and Native American societies)

Thesis: The 16th Century was a time of great change for the entire Atlantic community. European expansion into the Western Hemisphere radically altered the social, economic, and political landscape of both American natives and African societies.

Before 1960, American history was an isolated event

1. There were only white men

2. Teleological—Especially Colonial era & Rev or God’s plan

a. It misses the drama

b. It misses possibility of wide variety of outcomes

3. But—there is a pattern of change over time that does tell a story.

4. After 1990 all this changed

5. Now study Trans-Atlantic community.

a. Complex interplay between Europe, Africa, & New World

b. Interaction with Environment

c. Interaction between the races of Europe, Africa, and America.

A. Early Immigration into the New World

1. Arrival 13,000?

a. Historical debate—Before 1492

1. Progressive and Neo Conservatives said: “All NA the same”

a. Violence, human sacrifice, environmental waste

b. European conquest beneficial

2. New Left: Environmental protection—ideal peaceful life

a. Harmony with nature

b. Careful use of land

c. Europeans inflicted misery with their superior power

b. Paleo Natives 8000-4000 BCE

1. Land Bridge-DNA of 100

2. Stone tools-Exterminated mammoth

3. Spread quickly-Eskimo language

2. Pre-Columbian (1491) Native societies 12-20 million in 1500

a. South-Central America—Aztec and Inca

b. North America

1. Natives in pre-Columbian North America

a. Numbers vary 12-20 million

b. Anthropologists use language groupings

2. Economic organization: Agricultural or Hunter-Gatherer

a. Agricultural societies grew Maize from Mexico

1. Maize responded to human care

2. Large amounts in small space & adapted to dif climates

3. Spread thru trade networks

b. Farming changed social life.

1. Foraging required 100 sq mi for 100 people-Farming 1 mile

2. Need to be near fields led to rise of more density

3. Division of labor to manage harvest and storage

4. Then unequal access to wealth saw rise of classes & bureaucracy.

5. Urban areas governed by bureaucracies—begun in Mexico & spread

c. Population growth created strong family ties - group in clans - then tribes

d. Women often did agricultural work—corn, beans, squash, tobacco

1. Cooking in wooden bowls - hot coals—no iron

2. Clothing from animal skins

e. Marriage between neighboring tribes—created linkage between groups

f. So, agricultural societies more complex

g. but also more susceptible to changing climate and collapse.

f. Not all Natives practiced farming.

1. Climate limited agriculture in many areas, encouraging Hunter-gather

2. Hunter Gathers saw benefit in gathering

a. California coast abundant fish

b. Northeast easier to gather grain and fruits

3. Religion

a. Many tribes have similar origin stories

1. Called “pantheism” or “Animism”

2. One mysterious awe-inspiring force

3. United all nature

b. Hunting societies stressed relationship between hunter and prey

1. Vision quest

2. Seek personal protective spirits

c. Agrarian societies stressed need for fertility of grain

1. Developed understanding of season

2. Developed a priest class, rituals, sacrifices

B. Southwest Indians

1. Hohokam-200BCE

a. Confederation of villages

1. Leader as Chief & Priest

2. Intense sharing - no holding

b. Agricultural economy

1. Extensive irrigation

2. Maize, Squash

c. Political organization—cooperation

1. Male but consensus not coercion

2. Involved "obligations" -- gifts

2. Anasazi

a. Chaco Canyon Cliff Dwellings

b. Disappeared-1300AD

1. Mystery

2. Drought-tree rings

3. Attacked by Alpache?

c. Convenient for Spain

C. Eastern Woodland Indians (2 main groups)

1. Mississippian Mound Builders

a. Maize-extensive trade routes

1. Ample rain-fertile soil

2. Population quadrupled

b. Cahokia—20K pop-6 Sq mi

1. 120 mounds

2. Elite burial-Copper +

c. Also declined in 1200 AD

1. Overworked soil and fuel

2. Pop increased sewage-disease

3. Constant warfare

2. In the North of Eastern Woodlands—Iroquois

a. Hunter Gathering economy

b. Five Tribes-Most formidable of Eastern Woodlands

1. Populations grew by 1400

2. Increase warfare

3. Created confederacy

4. Living in “Longhouses” for multi-families saving heat in winter

D. Great Plains Indians

1. Nomadic (Foraging lifestyle) hunters—Buffalo

2. Warlike

E. So in 1491 - significant differences between Europe and America

1. Technology-Stone tools vs steel-Printing and literature

2. Religion

a. Natives more complex relation with nature

1. Contentious world of spiritual powers

a. Animistic—Spiritual power woven into natural world

b. All nature held spiritual power-rock, tree, animals

c. Must approach each carefully

d. Shaman-priest could influence spirit world

2. Also exploited nature

b. Europe: Humans have a divine right to dominate nature

1. Genesis: Man must subdue the earth and have dominion on all things in it.

a. This separates natural and spiritual

1. All power to one deity—separate and above - beyond us

2. Spirit outside so not in plants or animals

b. Animism is devil’s worship

2. Europeans said natives backward, lazy

a. Native have defaulted the divine right

b. They forfeited their right to the land

3. Science allowed for European expansion

a. Geographic range-Commerce- trade-Weapons

b. Expansion brought new wealth, foods, population increase

c. Europe - most dynamic continent

d. Transformation of New World most revolutionary event in history.

g. So, Columbus did not discover the New World.

1. He just established contact between two very old worlds.

2. Neither understood the other

3. In the confrontation the followed, Natives called upon their gods

to help them defend their homeland.

II. Early Europeans

A. Spain-Portugal

1. South America

2. Other Europeans north--fewer Native Americans

B. Spain-Portugal

1. Spain most dominant empire in European History

a. 10 times larger than Spain itself

b. Larger than Roman Empire

2. Early leaders in expansion

a. Saw wealth of Muslims & Printing press spread stories

b. Ambitious clergy

c. New tech advanced ships

d. Confidence after ousting Muslims

3. Spanish Early goals

a. Christianity with Jesuits & Franciscans

b. Wealth

1. Gold and sugar plantations

a. Greed was positive idea “Gold is wasted on natives”

1. By 1650 181 tons of gold—16,000 tons of silver

2. Spain was riches nation in the world

3. But problems: inflation, no manufacturing, wars

2. Used Natives

3. Encomiendas= (legal system - authority to enslave natives)

4. Spanish exploration and expansion

a. Columbus

b. Conquistadors

1. poor administrator

a. Smash and grab

b. Missionaries often appalled

2. Cortez - Aztecs in 1519

a. Only 13 guns

b. But horses, steel, and war dogs

b. Cortez - Aztecs in 1519

1. Only 13 guns

2. But horses, steel, and war dogs

c. Ponce De Leon-Florida in 1527

1. Worried about FR Huguenots in Carolina

2. Franciscans establish St. Augustine 1565

a. Oldest continuously settled in US territory

b. Attacked-killed all French in 1565

c. Lack of gold & Native resistance stopped advance north.

1. No Spanish settlers came after hearing of Native troubles

2. Only settlements were small missions

d. Coronado moved north from Mexico City-1540

1. Heard rumors of gold north

2. 300 soldiers, 6 priests, 600 horses

3. Found nothing and destroyed multiple villages

a. Natives resisted-he burned 100 at the steak.

b. Never recovered his fortune—crimes ignored by Spain

e. Juan de Onate 1580s-Santa Fe

1. Plundered villages and established Encomienda

2 Franciscans built 60 missions

a. Forced conversions

b. Destroyed Kivas- Kachinas

3. Then Acoma revolt 1599

a. Onate killed 800 with 500 women in slavery

b. males one foot cut off

4. Now Spain changed strategy

a. Colonization left to Franciscans

1. Thousands of NA converted

2. Protected against Apache by military

3. NA admired spartan life of Friars

4. Protected women vs soldiers

5. Friars not seeking gold

b. But troubles continued

1. Old ways persisted in secret

2. Friars were harsh masters

3. Kivas destroyed-many whipped

4. Church demanded change beliefs immediately

c. Finally the great Pueblo Revolt 1680-- Chief Pope

1. Most significant event for Spain

2. Revolt killed 400 Spaniards

3. Pueblo hold on for 12 years.

a. But Spanish return with new policy— Fear of French in SW, 1693

b. Abolished Ecomienda system

c. Combined traditional & Christianity-Synchronism

d. New culture emerged—blending both

C. France forced North

1. UK and France raided Spanish ships but wanted col

a. Took what territory was left

b. 1541 Cartier to St Lawrence in Canada

1. St Lawrence safe from Spain and 1000 mi long

2. Thick with fur

2. Champlain to Quebec in 1608

a. Louis XIV established New France Company

1. Granted land to settlers

2. Imported indentured servants—3 yeas work for land

b. Indian wars, harsh winters, short growing season curtailed settlers

3. Marquette and Joliet -- upper & lower Louisiana 1673

4. Fur required help from Natives

a. Two tribes—Algonquin and Iroquois

b. France sided with more numerous Algonquin

c. English and Dutch will side with Iroquois

5. Dependency on each other

a. Natives wanted metal, cloth, alcohol

b. French needed fur and fish

c. Type of uneasy “alliance” developed

d. But now FR also caught in Indian wars

6. By 1600 400 ships and 4,000 settlers

a. Fur in high demand in fur depleted Europe

b. Algonquin thought trade between equals

1. “They give 1 knife for 20 beaver pelts.”

2. Killed beaver at massive rate—gone by 1650

c. Now move inland —increased tensions

d. French forced to support Algonquin to keep trade

e. With new weapons (guns) war more ferocious.

f. Other tribes especially Iroquois sought allies—turned to UK

g. By 1650 Iroquois vs Algonquin (Huron)

1. Iroquois used new European weapons

2. France now drawn into troubles more than they ever imagined

D. Geopolitics

1. By 1720 Spain controlled SE and SW--France Canada to La.

2. Spain worried

E. Early cultural impact -- the Columbian Exchange

1. Widespread exchange of animals, plants, culture, disease, and ideas

a . Vast assortment of foods

1. Potatoes to Ireland and Maize to Africa

2. Horses to the West

b. Enriched diets helped European population grow

2. Ironically, new disease saw massive decline in Native population

a. 1500 75 million Natives in West--15 million in North America

b. 1890 290,000

3. Intellectual interchange—Economics, Race, and Religion

a. Intermixing of Spanish and Natives—Mestizos

b. Catholic conversions

1. Franciscans - Dominicans most successful

2. Mixing of tradition with new religion

c. Trade increased

1. Natives traded fur for European goods

2. Native debt—paid with their land

d. New world being created

EARLY AMERICAN COLONIZATION

I. Early Virginia Settlement

(Objective: Understanding the rational behind English Colonization in the Chesapeake, New England, and Middle Colonies)

(Thesis: The problems that the first colonists faced in Virginia forced them to make adjustments to the New World environment in order to turn a failed experiment into a successful colony. Ironically, the combination of English traditions applied on the Virginia landscape, produced a colony vastly different from what the Virginians had known back home.)

A. English Background

1. Simple in 1400 but by 1776 the equal of Rome

2. Civil War

3. Also Hierarchical with Primogeniture

4. Does America have a feudal tradition?

5. Civil War delayed UK colonial try

B. UK colonization

1. Feeble 1st attempt-=Roanoke 1585

2. Armada-prevent rescue

3. Embarrassing contrast with Spain

C. After peace, Jamestown-1607

1. Push-Pull

a. Silver inflation

b. Cloth industry declined

c. UK Population Doubled

2. Virginia Stock Company-assume risk at reap profit.

a. Five Month trip—104 landed 1607

b. Jamestown-35 miles up river

c. Fort against Spain.

3. Problems.

a. Already settled

b. Powhatan civilization

1. Powhatan chief—100 wives

2. Several villages—14 tribes

a. 24,000 in Powhatan Confederacy

b. Sons in charge of other tribes

1. Hunter-Gather

2. Maize, squash, beans

c. Don Louis—Opechancanough (Opi chan can now)

3. Last buyer in a subdivision

4. Worst place possible

a. Within 10 days sickness struck—By September 60 dead.

1. Wrong type of settler

a. Lacked supplies

b. Refused to hunt or fish .

2. Salty water

3. Malaria, dysentery, and typhoid took a grim toll

4. George Washington caught thousands

Edward Winfield-Death in Jamestown 1607

b. Jamestown - a death trap.

c. The first Year- “the Starving Time."

4. Early Solutions to the Crisis:

a. Va saved by leadership of "intrepid" John Smith

b. Merchant warrior - 27 fought in Russia, Turkey, Asia

c. Established working rules

1. Needed labor and supplies

2. Described Va as Garden of Eden

d. Despite Smith, death “reap gruesome harvest.”

e. “By 1625 only 1200 survived from 8000

5. Smith captured by Powhatan

a. Threatened with death

b. Enter Pocahontas

c. Allied with colonists vs outside enemies ie Susquehanna

d. Adopted Smith

e. Alliance produced “golden age”

1. Powhatan supplied food to Jamestown

2. But then Smith returned to UK

(Two stories: Wounded or hated & recalled)

3. Relations soured — tension increased

4. Powhatan hesitated-

a. Despite brother, refused to attack Jamestown

b. UK not bring priests

5. Uneasy truce

D. Virginia Company changed goals

1. John Rolfe married Pocahontas—Introduced tobacco

a. Rolfe and Pocahontas traveled to England

b. “See how easily Natives can become English.”

2. Quickly the "bewitching weed" dominated

a. 1624, 1.5 million lbs of tobacco -1700 40 million pounds/yr

b. Va. prospered

3. Tobacco required labor.

a. UK had too many laborers and not enough work

b. VA had too much work but not enough labor

c. So, Headright-50 acres attracted many

1. Indentured servants--mostly men

2. Served 7 years

3. Difficult for women

4. Need for women

5. African slavery in 1619

a. North Atlantic Slave Trade

b. firmly established by 1662

c. Historical controversy

d. North Atlantic Slave Trade

1. By 1700 UK - Dutch leading slave traders

2. SLAVES IN ALL COLONIES

e. “Middle Passage” brutal

6. By 1620 Va Company in debt

a. Needed land for tobacco

1. Powhatan objecte

2. Tensions increased .

b. In 1622 Powhatan died

c. Opechancanough attacked

d. Killed 1/4 Jamestown

1. But too late

2. Now natives can’t win

a. Disease

b. Outnumbered

c. Technology

d. Irony, despite Tobacco, Va Company now badly managed

e. By 1624 King converts Va into a Royal colony

1. King appointed governor

2. Va government now pays ministers

E. Rapid growth

1. Needed political direction

a. House of Burgesses - 1619

b. First representative government

2. Virginia sociological change-1650-1700

a. "Seasoning Time"

1. In 1640 only 8,000 of 15,000 survived

2. “Survive first year”

3. New wells, “apple jack,” and cotton

b. Rise of Plantations and Aristocracy.

1. William Byrd “Westover”

2. Land problems in western Va.

3. Family life

a. Women's position.

1. First domesticated chores

a. animals, pigs, cattle

b. Cook

c. Children

2. Unmarried women can own property.

a. Elisa Pinckney ran plantation

b. Her sons become powerful politicians

b. Men married at 24—earlier than NE or Mid Col

1. Life expectancy was 46

2. 1/2 children lose a parent by age 15

c. Children-Mortality rate highest in colonies—4 in 10 died by age 10

d. Houses-leaky, cramped, 2 rooms

1. quickly built, fell apart in 20 yr

2. No furniture, no utensils

3. Ate with fingers, shared a bowl

4. Boiled forage of corn, pease, pork

5. Better meal than poor in UK

4. Church and School

a. Anglican-“Established”

b. Government paid salary of ministers

c. Distant and Difficult to find

F. Political tensions-Bacon's Rebellion-1676

1. Causes: Va changing in 1680s

a. Population grew

b. Over production-Tobacco prices fell

c. Fertile land more difficult to find

d. Indentured servants and settlers push west

2. Nathaniel Bacon arrived late and took vacant land

a. Quickly trouble with Indians

b. Bacon asked Berkeley for help

c. Governor & H of B wanted to avoid trouble.

1. He knew of Indian trouble in NE

2. Berkeley refused to attack Indians

d. Bacon formed army of indentured servants

e. Bacon attacked Jamestown, burned the town

f. Results of the Rebellion

1. End of indentured servants

2. Solidification of slaver

3. Further destruction of Indians

a. Pushed off land

b. Destroyed by disease and disorganization.

II. The Proprietary Colonies (Most after 1660)

A. Maryland (1634)

1. Lord Calvert (Baltimore) friend of Charles I

2. Sanctuary for Catholics

3. 1649 Toleration Act

B. The Carolinas

1. Politically--Cooper's Fundamental Constitution

a. Wealthy given power

b. Outpost against Spain

2. Economically by 1750, SC wealthiest southern colony

a. Settled by youth from Barbados.

b. Sugar Islands required food

1. Like Spain SC tried Native Americans as labor

2. But disease, death, and resistance turned to African slaves

a. Africans immune to Malaria [mal air]

b. Epidemic in 1699-16 Indians, 135 UK, 37 French die—1 slave

3. Soon 1730 Africans in S. C. outnumber whites 2 to 1.

4. Produced Indigo, rice, timber, & beef

a. Nigerians experienced with cattle cultivation

b. Ibos skilled at rice cultivation

1. 1700 1.5 million lbs of rice—1730 50 million lbs

2. SC alone produced 1/3 as much money as all sugar islands

c. Disease forced whites abandon marshy areas in malaria season

d. Slaves acquired autonomy—grow and sell own goods

3. Result: 1739 Stono rebellion

a. Many slaves from Congo raised Portuguese Catholic

b. On to Florida

C. Georgia-1732

1. Of course, Outpost against Spain

2. But also, France established New Orleans & allied with Creeks

a. SC worried about French-Creek Alliance

b. Demand buffer from Creeks, Spain, & French

3. Oglethorpe and his "poor" prisoners

a. “A haven” for debtors (friend died in prison)

b. Mediterranean climate? Let’s grow olives, silk worms

c. But “No slaves, no rum.”

d. Like VA by 1750, changed goals

1. Import slaves

2. Drink rum

3. Grow cotton

The Rise and Fall of the New England Utopia

(Objective: Understanding reasons for founding of New England and recognize similarities and differences between colonies in the North and South)

(Thesis: On the surface, New England and Chesapeake seem radically different. In fact, the religious reasons for settling New England dominated all aspects of the first settler's lives, but like Chesapeake, the environment of the New World forced Massachusetts Puritans to change and adjust their Utopian dreams. Of course, the question remains: Which colony was the most successful in dealing with problems in the American environment?)

I. Historians and the Puritans

A. Neo-Conservatives -- Boorstin praised the Puritans- Common sense, Pragmatic, hard

work, success

B. Progressives Wertenbacher

1. Boorstin is a fool

2. “Tyrannical deniers of individualism & freedom”

II. Pilgrims-1620 at Plymouth

A. (Push) Economic issues

B. (Push) Religious issue

1. Luther-Calvin 1517

a. Glorification of God--only goal

b. Demand reform for decay in Church

2. But Henry VIII

a. Henry needs a son, sought a divorce

b. Established the Anglican Church

c. Lack of moral code increased demand for reform

3. Pilgrims: Not how God wants to be worshipped.

a. Sought to recover simple church of Jesus

b. “Must become Separatists” (Separate from the Anglican Church)

c. Hire Mayflower and Crew

d. Landed in wrong place

e. Pilgrims and Puritans came with entire families

4. Mayflower Compact

a. Social Compact--if authority to rule came into dispute

b. “Will make own laws with Majority rule”

1. Remarkable statement

2. Not even in UK could communities make own laws

c. Hilly land with cold climate and little prospect for wealth

5. Difficult first winter

a. of the 100 who landed, half died, but hard work paid off

b. Samoset & Squanto “Welcome Englishmen”

1. From Massasoit tribe—looking for allies against Narragansett.

2. “Avoid infected area”

3. Helped in 1621 with planting — bountiful harvest

4. First Thanksgiving

5. Unlike Va, families came & Plymouth grew

6. Families needed few Indentured Servants

6. First Pilgrim Governor--Wm Bradford's

a. Vision-City on Hill

b. Pilgrim mission to establish a government by the agents of God

III. Rise of the Mass Bay Company

A. Pilgrim success beckoned Puritans

1. Push: Problems with King Charles I

a. Catholic Charles-Threatened Puritans

b. Puritans sought haven in New World

c. Establish a joint stock company

2. Arrived in 1630

a. Planned well-carpenters and entire family

b. Survival rate high

3. Great Migration (10,000 between 1630-40)

4. J. Winthrop Mass 1st Governor

a. Origin Story

b. Fulfill God’s covenant

“We have come over this great ocean, and almost perished in its vastness. But we cried unto the Lord, and he heard our voices and looked on our adversity, and we were saved by him. Let us praise the Lord, because he is good and his mercies endure forever. Yea, let us, who have been redeemed by the Lord show how he hath delivered us from the hand of our oppressor. For he is the Lord.” Exodus

c. Typology

1. Look to the past

2. Use ancient text and repeat ancient model

3.”Exodus" — The New "Canaan."

d. He announced: “We will be a Citti on the Hill

e. “Agents of God will establish a new Jerusalem”

3. At exactly the same time—another origin story from George Berkeley

“Westward the Course of Empire Takes its Way.”

B. Mass political structure

1. Quickly established most radical government in the known world

2. Unlike Va stockholders Brought charter to MA

a. Settlers=Stockholder=Freemen (Church members)

b. Mass Bay 90% suffrage (voting)

c. Elected Winthrop 1st governor

3. Like Va, Stockholders establish local govt—General Court

a. Towns send reps to General Court

b. Like Va, MA formed a republic

IV. Social and Religious Utopia

A. Key religious beliefs: Predestination & Gospel of Grace

1. Predestination

a. All powerful God sees Past, present, and future

b. Therefore, Puritans were Visible saints

2. Covenant of Grace

a. All are sinful-- Original Sin

b. Eve caused Original Sin

c. But God offers mercy

1. Salvation not through good works, only God’s Grace

2. God offered covenant

3. How know God if inscrutable?

3. Puritan dilemma

a. Did Eve act of her own “Free Will?

b. If no free will, can God punish her?

c. If humans have no free will, how do they fight against evil?

B. Importance of sermons

1. Bible alone source of God's word=Greek logos meaning word - spirit

a. Learn word thru ministers

b. Thru word one received spirit—Study the word

2. Cain and Able

V. Puritan Utopia—Putting Puritanism into practice.

A. Creating “Citi on a Hill”

1. Congregational church

2. Elect minister

a. Center of town

b. Closed, harmonious, consensus, utopia

c. Democratic town meetings

d. Dedham

1. Beehive

2. Homes and Land done by Lottery

3. Tight knit-feeling of community

e. So, Intellectual dilemma: "Equality" vs "Great Chain of Being"

B. 2nd leg of Puritan town structure was Puritan “family”

1. Tight knit unit

a. Patriarchal

1. 5th Commandment structured family life

2. Father in charge-educate wife

b. Role of the Puritan Mother?

1. Gave up property to husband after marriage

2. Attended church

3. Town meetings but not vote or hold office

4. Domestic duties

5. Pregnant every two years

a. 7-10 children

b. Educated children-Girls seldom as ed as males

2. Education in NE

a. Town of 50 households must educate children

b. Town paid for school + minister; HB in Va.

3. So, Key to utopian family

a. Faithful wife,

b. Dutiful mother

c. Good neighbor.

C. By 1660 problems emerged

1. It worked well

a. Optimism

b. Exceptionalism

c. Divine plan

2. After 1660 – Four issues appeared

a. Social: The Half-Way Covenant-1662

1. Pass Test Grandchildren failed

2. “Time dampened zeal”

a. Change the test

b. 1/2 way members and their children could be baptized.

c. Sacrifice zeal for participation

3. Two views: Wrigglesworth vs. Sewell-Tayor

a. Sewell - Wigglesworth express changes in the utopia

b. Sewell’s view won

1. Diary showed strain

2. Puritans changed their goals

b. Second, economic-ideological pressures

1. No other religion allowed so all problems came from within

2. Roger Williams--Antinomian

a. Ultimate Puritan—Inscrutable God tests us

b. Purchased land from Native Americans

c. Separation of Church and State

d. OKed freedom of Religion-Jews-Catholics

e. No compulsory church worship

f. Expelled by Winthrop

g. Founded RI

3. Equally troublesome -- Anne Hutchinson

a. Antinomian

b. Saved not need to obey law

1. “Word vs Spirit”

2. Anti-intellectual-Anti-typological

3. Expelled by Winthrop

4. Merchant ally

a. NE Merchants and Serpent of Prosperity

1. Geography created merchant economy.

a. Puritans were doors.

b. Puritanism reinforced idea of thrift and hard work

2. 1640 UK encouraged NE to create shipyards

a. By 1700 Boston had 15 shipyards

1. 200 workers to build one ship (need iron, sawmill,

2. By 1700 1/4 all Puritans had shares in local ships

3. Triangle Trade Route

4. Profit produced temptation

a. Winthrop: “Wealth must not be end in itself.”

b. No conspicuous consumption

5. Puritan restrictions—Monitor each other

a. Hutchinson’s Answer

b. Now wealth is a virtue

c. Third issue: Foreign Policy Tensions

1. Natives

a. Landscape is a hideous wild place filled with desperate pagans

b. Indians had surrendered to their wildest instinct

c. God demanded conquering the wilderness

Genesis 1:28

“God said Be fruitful and increase in number; fill the earth and subdue it. Rule over the fish in the sea and the birds in the sky and over every living creature that moves on the ground.”

2. And so, King Philip’s War 1676

a. Pressure for land

1. Massasoit attacked

2. 1000 Puritans killed

b. More Jeremiads

1. “Lost our way” God is angry at us

2. “Return or we are doomed”

3.England is watching (Mass and Va)

a. By 1680s, Colonies profitable and arrogant

b. After Bacon and Philip—“Let’s Reorganize

1. Control loyalty

2. Also increase profit for UK

c. UK: Dominion of NE

1. Edmund Andros new governor

2. Canada to New York

d. Experiment short lived.

1. Andros and James II too autocratic

2. In 1688 Glorious Revolution

d. Fourth problem, Salem Witch Trials-1690

1. Began without warning

2. Jealousy--Outsiders vs Insiders

a. Land shortage

b. Parris failure to control situation

3. End of Dream or just another Bacon's Rebellion?

4. Continuity or Change

a. Neo Cons say: It all worked out

1. It was myth-faith, eco, pol

2. America flourished because of them

b. New Left sees end of Puritan experiment

VI. Other New England Colonies

A. Thomas Hooker and Hartford, Connecticut-1635

1. Fundamental Orders of Conn.-1639 (A squatter Colony)

2. New Haven 1638

B. New Hampshire 1679

Middle Colonies

I. The Strange Case of the Middle Colonies

(Thesis: The middle colonies are a combination of New England and the Southern Colonies. They are

more easily defined by what they were not.)

A. Neglected by UK & FR despite better land and harbors

B. New Amsterdam

1. Dutch grabbed New York.

2. 10,000 ships - powerful banking and trading country

3. Dutch allowed all settlers

a. 18 different cultures

b. UK Charles II wanted to unite VA and MA

c. UK invaded in 1664

4. Great diversity of religious-pol toleration

5. Politics

a. Political factions emerge

1. Large land owners vs rich merchants in NY City

2. Jacob Leisler-1688

b. Then John Peter Zenger-1730

C. Pennsylvania

1. Proprietary Colony--Socially heterogeneous

a. William Penn's (Quaker) Holy Experiment

1. Believed in "inner light"

2. All equal, women, Native Americans, & African-Americans

3. Rejected scripture, ceremonies, no ministers

4. More democratic and more tolerate than other colonies

a. Multitude of languages, religions, and cultures

b. Land grants - mostly 40-100 acres

1. Grew grain for Indies

2. Philadelphia – major trading center

2. Politically chaotic

a. First Frame 1681

b. Charter of Liberties encouraged diversity—No state religion

c. Rise of multiple factions

D. So, Middle Colonies --Proprietary colonies

1. Settled after 1660 by large land owning Englishmen

2. Remarkably heterogeneity

3. Cultural and religious diversity

AMERICA IN THE BRITISH EMPIRE

I. The Intellectual Background

(Objective: Assessing the importance of Enlightenment, and Great Awakening on the rise of individualism and colonial unity in America)

(Thesis: The two major intellectual events, The Great Awakening and the Enlightenment had enormous influence on American intellectuals, playing a key role in the development of the American Revolution and the writing of the American Constitution.)

A. The Enlightenment--1660

1. Background: Calvin sweeps Europe

a. Knowledge comes through:

1. Divine revelation,

2. GCB,

3.Typology

b. Some things are inscrutable

2. Push Back Reaction

a. Reason: Universe based on scientific mechanistic laws

1. Francis Bacon

a. Knowledge comes through experimentation

b. Truth must be proven

c. Original Sin replaced by "progress" & optimism

2. Deism:

a. If Enlightenment is correct, what do we do about God?

b. Answer

1. God created Natural Laws

2. Watchmaker shows a rational God

b. American Enlightenment--Ben Franklin

1. Famous in Europe for his Scientific experiments

2. Abandon Calvinism

3. Stressed perfection of "individual"

B. The Second intellectual movement was The Great Awakening--1740

1. Calvin did not surrender so easily

a. New religious movement

b. Highly emotional revivals

c. Causes

1. Slackers

2. People of Plenty

3. Old churches lacked vitality

2. 1740 wave of Evangelism

a. Jonathan Edwards-America's Great Awakening Minister

1. Enlightenment errored in seeking truth

a. Are the five senses accurate?

b. Attack science

2. “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God"

3. Wrestles with Predestination vs Free Will

a. sinners have no free will.

b. But change behavior

b. George Whitefield arrived in New England

1. Edwards wept and Franklin paid

2. Thousands conversions

3. Core message: "Need for New Birth"

4. Salvation is in your hands.

5. Soon this sermon is repeated by thousands of imitators

c. Results

1. Old religions shattered

2. Conflict--Old Lights v. New Lights

3. They united Colonies and Fostered "individualism"

4. Both give rise to the importance of “individualism”

a. Optimism of self made man--obtain perfection--become a success

b. “GA shows salvation in your hands through ‘rebirth’.

c. Both say: “I control my own destiny--I am an individual”

d. Both say “I can improve myself and become a better person.”

4. Now look who is going to college!

II. America in the British Colonial System

(Objective: Understanding the changing role of America in the Empire and events leading to a call for Independence)

(Thesis: The colonists grew slowly away from England. Left alone by the British for almost 10 years, Americans developed their own unique class structure, political philosophy, and economic system, and although they always considered themselves British citizens, events in the 1760s and 1770s demonstrated how much the two had grown apart. Now all they needed was an excuse to announce their separation. So, the Revolution was a significant event, but not as revolutionary as Americans have often believed.)

A. Background to Revolution (Historians)

1. Causation

2. How to define?

a. Total change

b. Rotation

B. English Culture in America

1. New England Forts

2. Cultural Ambivalence--Attract-Repel

a. Crevecoeur: “Breath the air and become American.”

b. Franklin: Philadelphia is freedom but London is superior

c. Washington’s dinner party for Va Governor

3. Further Ambivalence and stress--population growth

a. 2x every 22 years

b. 1700 is non-English century (SI, German, African-but adopt American customs)

4. Economic growth keeps pace with population growth

a. Abundant raw materials

b. UK factories up 360%

c. 1/4 all trade is with colonies--Networks grow more complex

d. Massive debt to English merchants

C. So, how to control this Empire--Four Phases of Empire Building

1. Era of Benign Abandonment (1607-1650)

a. UK lack of concern

1. UK lacked concern

2. Dominion of NE

b. By 1650 rise of small republics

1. Colonial legislatures

2. Elect representatives

3. Taxed themselves

4. Felt independent

2. Second: Era of Militarism -1650-1720

a. Dominated world trade

b. But military needs grew—UK taxes doubled

c. Economic demands: Mercantilism

1. Colonial wealth catches UK attention

2. Limited gold

3. Keep what you have

4. Take from others in War or Trade

a. Taxes and manufacturing inducements

b. Control colonies & maintain a favorable balance of trade for Mom

d. Control Mercantilism thru Navigation Acts-1650+ (Most impt leg.)

1. All goods shipped on vessels built in UK

2. Raw material to UK only in UK ships--eliminate Dutch-Helps navy

3. No manufacturing in colonies-

4. All goods to other countries stop in UK for unloading

a. To tax foreigners which helped the King’s treasury

b. Maintain favorable balance of trade in the Mother country.

c. Navigation Acts were the enforcement for Mercantilism

5. Effects:

a. Trade increased

b. Gold drained from the colonies

1. But credit and debt increase

2. Colonies suffered imbalance of Trade

3. No American manufacturing

4. Mercantilism Anglicanized colonies

5. Yet “over time imbalance fostered a move toward Revolution”

6. Problems enforcing Nav Acts:

a. Ocean made enforcement difficult

b. With less competition-raw material prices drop (ie Tobacco in Va)

c. By 1690 colonies ignored Navigation Acts

1. Resorted to smuggling and bribes

2. Royal officials poorly paid

3. Era of Salutary Neglect-1720-1748

a. Robert Walpole

b. WAG wars depleted treasury

c. "Corruption"

1. Hands off—lax enforcement

2. Govern self

3. Effects

a. Col elite consolidated power

b. Governors lost power

4. Era of Empire-1748-1776

a. Great War for Empire (1748-1763)

1. Mercantilism increased tensions in Ohio.

2. Global Competition produced Global War-1748.

a. France attempted to consolidate Canada - LA

b. Forts in Ohio

c. France population always small, so relied on NA

1. Few immigrants

a. Long winters shocked them and few women

b. Even peasants refused — No Huguenot allowed

2. “You need a glass eye, brass body, & brandy to tolerate Canada.”

d. British Johnson discover plates saying Fr king owned Ohio

e. Business in Va, Penn, and NY all had land claims in Ohio

f. Parliament demanded fix problem

g. So. . . Albany Plan of Union-1754--Franklin

1. Colonial representatives meet

a. Short range goals: Indian problems

1. I roquois said “Our relations are in trouble.”

2. “We feel you neglect the 5 nations. France is courting us.”

3. “You are steeling & defrauding us of our lands.”

4. “British you are women. France is fortifying Ohio.”

b. Long range of “Albany” Plan

1. Protect self against French

2. Unify with American Parliament

a. “We need one voice speaking to Natives—a president”

b. Each colony send representatives based on population

c. It could tax colonies and solve disagreements between colonies

d. “Join or Die”

2. Opposition to an American Parliament

a. George III

b. Jealousy among Colonial Legislatures

c. So, In 1754 not much has happened to help Natives or stop France

b. The War

1. 22 Yr old G. Washington marched out and was captured

2. Yes, Fr is fortifying the Ohio—UK attack with 3 armies

3. France - Huron win early victories

4. Rise of William Pitt

a. Changed Generals

b. Drops restrictions on Colonies

c. Perhaps colonial unification would help Britain

d. 1763 UK defeated France-Wolfe conquered Quebec.

5. Results

a. Treaty of Paris 1763

1. France lost everything

2. UK to Mississippi River

3. UK debt-( 350,000 a year)

b American felt proud to be British,

1. But also felt mistreated

2. Washington belittled

c. Iroquois lose power and influence

1. They had power because of Huron

2. Now French-Huron are gone

d. Igor and the Revolution

III. Britain's Post War Empire

Thesis: The colonists had grown independent almost by accident, and in 1776 they were ready to proclaim their freedom from King George III. The subsequent revolution was less a fight against British tyranny, than it was a struggle to keep what liberties they had already developed. This intellectual conflict eventually ruptured the bonds between colonies and mother country. By 1776 all the colonists needed was an excuse to justify their revolt. So, in their minds they created the idea (which they convinced themselves was true) that Britian intended to enslave them--And thus the boogyman theory was born.

A. French gone, but tensions increased

1. Huge War Dept-( 350,000 a year)—Taxes double again

a. British taxes highest in Europe

b. Americans only pay their legislatures 1/20

2. Huge population increase caused land rush west, which angered Native Americans

a. Native push back--Pontiac Rebellion-1763

b. Proclamation Line of 1763

1. Attempt to buy time and save $

2. Americans angry—1000s crowded the trails west

3. Deeper problems-Constitutional crisis

a. British view

1. Mixed government=freedom

2. Unwritten constitution

3. Virtual representation

4. Sovereignty-"Parliament is supreme"

b. American view

1. Colonies--Parliament

a. Colonial Legislature’s Power (44 years)

b. Role of governor

1. Power on Paper

2. Replaced every five years

2. Actual Representation

3. Written Constitutions

4. John Locke--Liberty is property

a. Property is important for happiness

b. Liberty is “self property”

c. Right to property comes from “state of nature”

d. May not take property wo consent--violates Laws of Nature

e. Money is property

f. Thus, “No Taxation. . .”

5. So, Americans see selves as defending UK Liberty

6. We are the virtuous ones

B. UK Debts increase tension

1. UK changed policy

a. In 1700 tax to regulate the empire

b. 1760 need revenue

c. End Salutary Neglect

2. In 1764 Sugar Act

a. Replaces 1733 Molasses Act which had lax enforcement

b. Enforced with Writs of Assistance

c. Otis resisted--Violates British Constitution

3. Quartering Act

4. Stamp Tax-1765

a. All paper products

b. Cards, letters, birth certificates.

c. Reaction was immediate

1. Virginia Resolutions"

2. Stamp tax resolutions

a. Only colonial legislators can tax internally

b. Need a Stamp Tax Congress

5. Stamp Tax congress met in NY: Called for a “Boycott”

a. Avoid UK

b. Homemade became the patriotic thing to do"

c. Sons of Liberty enforce Boycott--Violence

d. UK sales plummeted

6. The British reaction

a. UK merchants urged Parliament to repeal the tax--and it did.

b. In its place--Declaratory Act-1766 "Parliament is Supreme."

7. UK responded with Townshend Acts –1767

a. External Tax—Glass, Lead, Tea

b. Franklin (in England) calls for moderation—Colonial reaction

1. Boycott again

2. Mass Gen Court –Circular Letter (More radical)

a. Sam Adams: ‘Townshend is unconstitutional”

1. No rep in Parliament

2. Parliament violated Natural Rights

3. Col only taxed with own consent

b. Now UK responds--Hillsborough: “Repeal Letter”

1. GC to Hillsborough: “Drop Dead--92-17”

2. Parliament closes General Court

3. Troops to Boston in 1768.

4. Tensions increase

c. John Dickinson--"Letter from a PA Farmer"

1. Dickinson in 1767 began by saying--Parliament is supreme

a Parliament has never done this before to raise revenue

b. Can’t tax inside or outside without rep

c. He echoed Locke—You are violating our Natural Rights

2. Underlying idea: Growing common identity

8. Boston Massacre--March 5, 1770

a. Inaccurate portrait of events

b. Revere sought to mobilize support

c. For 3 years nothing—Adams finds the answer

1. He Goes above Parliament—Our Rights are from God

2. “No one can take it from you without your consent.”

3. “If they do, revolution is the only natural answer.”

4. He was using the James Otis argument but now added “Revolution”

5. Without question, colonists felt a sense of humiliation at UK arrogance

a. Not treated like Englishmen

b. Col changed rhetoric from Rights of Englishmen to Natural Rts

1. Felt the sting of taxes as unfair

2. Braver now that France is gone.

c. Col looking for their argument

1. Dickinson dilemma—P is supreme but can’t tax us

2. Confusion needed a solution

3. Adams goes above Parliament—Our Rights are from God

4. In 10 years argument changed

a. Rights from God

b. Jef put it in Dec of Indep

9. 1773 Adams got his chance to stir the pot

a. Tea Tax-1773

1. Help East India company

2. Only 3 cent tax.

3. Boston Tea Party (December 73)

b. British react

1. Coercive Acts +Quebec Act =Intolerable Acts-4/74

a. Close Boston Harbor until pay for tea

b. Replace govt with martial law under General Thomas Gage

c. Eliminated General Court and town meetings.”

d. Only in Mass but other colonies worried

2. Quebec Act

a. Expanded province into Ohio

b. Catholic Bishop

c. Inflamed colonies

In what ways did the French and Indian War alter the

political, economic, and ideological relations between

the British and the American colonies?

10. Mass Calls for Colonial Continental Congress-Fall 1774

a. No real authority

b. Reject Galloway Plan of Union (Old Albany Plan)

1. Showed change in thinking about selves-Col want more than UK-AM Parliament

2. In 1754 they were all individual colonies

3. 1774 dual citizenship-American and UK

c. Suffolk Resolves

1. Reinstate our local governments

2. Don’t pay any taxes

d. Britain may not tax the colonies

e. Meet again April, 1775.

f. Revolutionary?

1. Radicals want stronger action

2. Conservative Dickinson wanted time to solve dilemma.

g. “The Cancer is too far spread and has to be cut out completely. The cancer is UK corruption. . .We are the freest people on earth and now we are being enslaved.”

True?

If you believe it’s true, is it true?

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