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AP EUROPEAN HISTORY

McKay, et. al. 11e, Chapter 27 – Study Guide

Dictatorships and the Second World War (ca 1919-1945)

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"It is the last territorial claim which I have to make in Europe, but it is a claim from which I will not recede and which, God willing, I will make good."

-Adolph Hitler, speech in Sudetenland, 1938.

CHAPTER SUMMARY

The anxiety and crisis that followed the First World War contributed to the rise of powerful dictatorships in parts of Europe, and, unfortunately, an even more horrible Second World War. Some of these dictatorships were old-fashioned and conservative, but there were new totalitarian dictatorships as well, notably in Soviet Russia and Nazi Germany. This chapter examines the different kinds of dictatorship in a general way and then looks at Stalin’s Russia and Hitler’s Germany in detail. It goes on to describe the Second World War and why and how the great coalition of the Soviet Union, Britain, and the United States defeated Germany and its allies.

In Soviet Russia, Lenin relaxed rigid state controls in 1921 after the civil war in order to revive the economy. After defeating Trotsky in a struggle for power, Stalin established a harsh totalitarian dictatorship, which demanded great sacrifices from the people. Soviet Russia built up its industry while peasants lost their land and a radically new socialist society came into being. Mussolini’s government in Italy was much less radical and totalitarian.

This chapter then examines Adolf Hitler and the totalitarian government of the Nazis in Germany. The roots of Nazism are found in racism, extreme nationalism, and violent irrationality, all of which drove Hitler relentlessly. Hitler was also a master politician, and this helped him gain power legally. His government was popular, especially because it appeared to solve the economic problems of the Great Depression. Hitler also had the support of many of the German people because of his success in foreign affairs. He used bullying and fears of communism in Britain and France to rearm and expand, until finally war broke out over Poland in 1939. By 1942, Hitler and the Nazis had temporarily forged a great empire and were putting their anti-Jewish racism into operation.

The Grand Alliance, consisting of the Soviet Union, Britain, and the United States, was able to wage a successful war against Hitler partly because it postponed political questions and adopted the principle of unconditional surrender of Germany and Japan, and partly because of the great and heroic contributions of the British and Soviet peoples and American resources. The beginning of the end for Germany came in 1942, when its offensive into the Soviet Union was turned into a retreat, and the end became certain in 1944, when the American and British forces began to push into Hitler’s empire from the west.

AUTHORITARIAN STATES (27.1)

Before you read:

How do you think Mussolini and Hitler were similar and different?

Terms to know:

Totalitarianism

Fascism

Eugenics

While you read:

1- Describe Conservative Authoritarianism as a theory.

2- What are the similarities and differences between Communism and Fascism?

After you read:

|1. |On the eve of World War II, the governments of Soviet Union, Germany, and Italy could be described as |

|A) |popularly elected |

|B) |totalitarian |

|C) |Fascist |

|D) |Communist |

STALIN’S SOVIET UNION (27.2)

Before you read:

How would a dictator like Stalin get the Soviet Union out of an economic slump?

Terms to know:

Collectivization

“Great Purge”

Kulaks

Gosplan

While you read:

1- What was the purpose of Lenin’s New Economic Policy?

2- How successful was Stalin’s program of five-year plans for the industrialization of Soviet Russia? What were its strengths and weaknesses?

3- How does one explain that despite a falling standard of living, many Russians in the 1920’s and 1930’s willingly worked harder and were happy?

4- Generally, did women gain or lose status and power in the new Stalinist Russian state?

After you read:

|1. |Which Soviet leader implemented the New Economic Policy (NEP) in 1921 in an attempt to rebuild agriculture and industry? |

|A) |Sergei Kirov |

|B) |Vladimir Lenin |

|C) |Josef Stalin |

|D) |Leon Trotsky |

Primary Source – Stalin Justifies the Five-Year Plan (27.2)

1- What reasons does Stalin give to justify an unrelenting “Bolshevik” tempo of industrial and social change?

2- If you were a Soviet student in 1931, would Stalin’s determination inspire, frighten or leave you cold? Why?

MUSSOLINI AND FASCISM IN ITALY (27.3)

Before you read:

What do you know about Mussolini and his ideas?

Terms to know:

Black Shirts

Matteotti

Lateran Agreement

While you read:

1- What were the circumstances under which Mussolini rose to power in Italy? What were his goals and tactics?

After you read:

1. Before 1922, Italy's government had what form? 

a. Liberal democracy

b. Constitutional monarchy

c. Fascist dictatorship

d. Communist autocracy

2. The Lateran Agreement of 1929 was between Benito Mussolini and what group?

a. The Black Shirts

b. The Socialist Party

c. The Catholic Church

d. The landowners

HITLER AND NAZISM IN GERMANY (27.4)

Before you read:

How could the German people and the rest of Europe be so wrong about Hitler and his intentions?

Terms to know:

Mein Kampf

National Socialism

Heinrich Bruning

Enabling Act

SA vs SS

Appeasement

Neville Chamberlin

While you read:

1- Many Germans in the 1920’s and 1930’s viewed Hitler as a reformer. What were his ideas about the problems and the future of Germany?

2- How did the Great Depression affect German political life?

3- What was the role of mass propaganda and psychology in Hitler’s rise to power?

4- Why did Hitler acquire such a mass appeal? Did he improve German life?

After you read:

1. What did the Enabling Act of 1933 do in Germany?  

a. It expelled all Jews from German government.

b. It gave Adolf Hitler dictatorial power for four years.

c. It replaced all Weimar laws with new Nazi laws.

d. It claimed Austria as German territory.

2. As Jews were forced out of their jobs and compelled to sell their homes and businesses, Germans stepped in to take their place in a process known as?

a. Nazification.

b. assimilation.

c. Propaganda

d. Aryanization.

Primary Source – The “Reich Citizenship Law” and the Nazi Volk (27.4)

1- What role does race play in Nazi conceptions of citizenship? How did the Nazis’ ideas about race play into their persecution of European Jews?

2- What arguments do Stuckart and Globke use to challenge Enlightenment ideals about equal rights and relationship between the individual and the state?

Living in the Past- Nazi Propaganda and Consumer Goods (27.4)

1- What do these images suggest about everyday life in Nazi Germany? What do they reveal about the aspirations of the German people for a good life in the 1930’s?

THE SECOND WORLD WAR (27.5)

Before you read:

From what you know, how does Germany lose WWII?

Terms to know

Battle of Britain

Mass Settlement Space

Greater Asian Co-Prosperity Shield

Hinge of Fate

While you read:

1- Describe “Blitzkrieg” and how it helped the Nazi’s dominate Europe?

2- What was Hitler’s “New Order”?

3- What was the “final solution of the Jewish question”? Why did this occur and who is responsible?

4- What were the strengths of the Grand Alliance?

5- How did the Allies finally defeat Hitler?

Mapping the Past- World War II in Europe and Africa (Map 27.3 page 922 and 27.2 page 918)

1- What is the first country conquered by Hitler?

2- What implications might the battle lines on Feb 1945 have had for the postwar settlement in Europe?

Primary Source- Everyday Life in the London Blitz (27.5)

1- Does Marchant’s story have a political message for the British people? How does it reveal the resilience of human beings?

Individuals in Society- Primo Levi (27.5)

1- Describe Levi’s experience at Auschwitz. How did camp prisoners treat each other? Why?

2- What does Levi mean by the “gray zone”?

3- Will a vivid historical memory of the Holocaust help to prevent future genocide?

After you read:

|1. |What was an important goal of Japanese Fascists? |

|A) |To invade Europe and punish its people for past slights |

|B) |To liberate Asia from European colonialism |

|C) |To give China to Germany and Italy |

|D) |To avoid war at all costs |

| | |

| |2- Which nation was first targeted by the German blitzkrieg ("lighting war")? |

|A) |France |

|B) |Russia |

|C) |Poland |

|D) |Italy |

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Chapter Timeline

--1920

--1925

--1930

-1935

-1940

-1945

-1942

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