Op Amps for Everyone Design Guide (Rev. B)


  

 



   

Design

Reference

August 2002

Advanced Analog Products

SLOD006B

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Forward

Everyone interested in analog electronics should find some value in this book, and an effort has been made to make the material understandable to the relative novice while not

too boring for the practicing engineer. Special effort has been taken to ensure that each

chapter can stand alone for the reader with the proper background. Of course, this causes

redundancy that some people might find boring, but it¡¯s worth the price to enable the satisfaction of a diversified audience.

Start at Chapter 1 if you are a novice, and read through until completion of Chapter 9. After

Chapter 9 is completed, the reader can jump to any chapter and be confident that they

are prepared for the material. More experienced people such as electronic technicians,

digital engineers, and non-electronic engineers can start at Chapter 3 and read through

Chapter 9. Senior electronic technicians, electronic engineers, and fledgling analog engineers can start anywhere they feel comfortable and read through Chapter 9. Experienced

analog engineers should jump to the subject that interests them. Analog gurus should

send their additions, corrections, and complaints to me, and if they see something that

looks familiar, they should feel complimented that others appreciate their contributions.

Chapter 1 is a history and story chapter. It is not required reading for anyone, but it defines

the op amp¡¯s place in the world of analog electronics. Chapter 2 reviews some basic physics and develops the fundamental circuit equations that are used throughout the book.

Similar equations have been developed in other books, but the presentation here emphasizes material required for speedy op amp design. The ideal op amp equations are developed in Chapter 3, and this chapter enables the reader to rapidly compute op amp transfer

equations including ac response. The emphasis on single power supply systems forces

the designer to bias circuits when the inputs are referenced to ground, and Chapter 4

gives a detailed procedure that quickly yields a working solution every time.

Op amps can¡¯t exist without feedback, and feedback has inherent stability problems,

so feedback and stability are covered in Chapter 5. Chapters 6 and 7 develop the voltage

feedback op amp equations, and they teach the concept of relative stability and compensation of potentially unstable op amps. Chapter 8 develops the current feedback op

amp equations and discusses current feedback stability. Chapter 9 compares current

feedback and voltage feedback op amps. The meat of this book is Chapters 12, 13, and

14 where the reader is shown how design the converter to transducer/actuator interface

with the aid of op amps.

The remaining chapters give support material for Chapters 12, 13, and 14. Chapter 18

was a late addition. Portable applications are expanding rapidly and they emphasize the

need for low-voltage/low-power design techniques. Chapter 18 defines some parameters

in a new way so they lend themselves to low voltage design, and it takes the reader

through several low voltage designs.

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Thanks to editor James Karki for his contribution. We never gave him enough time to do

detailed editing, so if you find errors or typos, direct them to my attention. Thanks to Ted

Thomas, a marketing manager with courage enough to support a book, and big thanks

for Alun Roberts who paid for this effort. Thomas Kugelstadt, applications manager,

thanks for your support and help.

Also many thanks to the contributing authors, James Karki, Richard Palmer, Thomas Kugelstadt, Perry Miller, Bruce Carter, and Richard Cesari who gave generously of their time.

Regards,

Ron Mancini

Chief Editor

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Contents

Contents

1

The Op Amp¡¯s Place In The World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1

2

Review of Circuit Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1

2.1

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1

2.2

Laws of Physics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1

2.3

Voltage Divider Rule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-3

2.4

Current Divider Rule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-4

2.5

Thevenin¡¯s Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-5

2.6

Superposition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-8

2.7

Calculation of a Saturated Transistor Circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-9

2.8

Transistor Amplifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-10

3

Development of the Ideal Op Amp Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1

3.1

Ideal Op Amp Assumptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1

3.2

The Noninverting Op Amp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-3

3.3

The Inverting Op Amp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-4

3.4

The Adder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-5

3.5

The Differential Amplifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-6

3.6

Complex Feedback Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-7

3.7

Video Amplifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-9

3.8

Capacitors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-9

3.9

Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-11

4

Single Supply Op Amp Design Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1

4.1

Single Supply versus Dual Supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1

4.2

Circuit Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-3

4.3

Simultaneous Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-8

4.3.1 Case 1: VOUT = +mVIN+b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-9

4.3.2 Case 2: VOUT = +mVIN ¨C b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-13

4.3.3 Case 3: VOUT = ¨CmVIN + b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-16

4.3.4 Case 4: VOUT = ¨CmVIN ¨C b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-19

4.4

Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-22

5

Feedback and Stability Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5.1

Why Study Feedback Theory? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5.2

Block Diagram Math and Manipulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5.3

Feedback Equation and Stability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5-1

5-1

5-1

5-6

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