Any time you refer to, comment on, paraphrase, or quote ...



Any time you refer to, comment on, paraphrase, or quote another writer’s information, you must document this in your essay through the use of a citation. The purpose of an MLA in-text citation, sometimes called a parenthetical reference, is to help readers easily find the sources in the Works Cited page that correspond to your referenced passage. You will want to make this process as easy as possible for the reader, so the citations are always placed at the end of the sentence and should always correspond with the first word of the matching Works Cited page entry. Example with author’s name in text:Johnson argues this point (12-13).orThis point had already been argued (Johnson 12-13).Citing sources without an authorSome sources do not have authors or contributors – for instance, when you cite some websites. Instead, refer to the name of the source in your parenthetical citation in place of the author. Shorten / abbreviate the name of the source but ensure that your reader can easily identify it in your works cited?(abbreviate the title starting with the same word in which it is alphabetized). Punctuate with quotations or italicize as you would in its works cited?form (a book is italicized; an article is in quotes).Examples:Double agents are still widely in use (Spies 12-15, 17).With prices of energy at new highs, bikes have been increasingly used (“Alternative Transportation” 89).More examples of MLA In-Text CitationsLet’s suppose that this is a sentence from your essay:The author explains, “Record deals were usually negotiated by elite businessmen” (Hennessey 127).Your reader should be able to turn to the Works Cited page and easily find the bibliographic information for this source. It might be listed like this:Hennessey, William.?The Making of Records in Memphis. Atlanta: Capital Book Press, 2001.Notice that the author’s name in the citation corresponds to the first word of the Works Cited entry. This makes it really easy for the reader to find and match up information, which is the purpose of in-text citations.Two primary elements of a quoted passage should be given to the reader:? 1) the author’s last name and 2) the page number where the referenced passage is found. The page number is always included in the citation at the end of the sentence, but the author’s last name can be placed either in the citation or in the sentence. Here are a few items to remember concerning in-text citations:No “page” or “pg.” or “p.#” or any other variant is used to indicate the page number.End punctuation goes at the end of the citation, not at the end of the passage.Author’s name can either be placed in the citation or in the sentence.No comma or other punctuation mark is needed to separate the author’s name and the page number.Here are a few of the most common in-text citations that you might need to write in your essay:One author:Example 1: Louis Armstrong easily reached difficult notes, the F’s and G’s that hindered so many other trumpeters (Bergreen 258).Example 1a: Bergreen explained, “Louis Armstrong easily reached difficult notes, the F’s and G’s that hindered so many other trumpeters” (258).Note: If the work has no page numbers (i.e. website) simply put the author’s last name in parentheses.Two or three authors of the same work:Example 3: In?Metaphors We Live By, Lakoff and Johnson suggest that metaphors “actually structure our perceptions and understanding” (57).Example 3a: In Metaphors We Live By, the authors suggest that metaphors “actually structure our perceptions and understanding” (Lakoff and Johnson 57).Note: If the work had three authors the citation would read (Lakoff, Johnson, and Smith 57). Remember that there is no comma between the names and the page number, and all authors must be listed either in the sentence or in the citation.Four or more authors of the same work:Example 4: Changes in social regulations are likely to cause new fears among voters (Carber et al. 64).Example 4a: Carber et al. claim that changes in social regulations are likely to cause new fears among voters (64).Note: Only the first author, followed by the term "et al." is listed either in the sentence or in the citation. Don't forget to place a period after "al" since it is an abbreviation of a Latin word, but no period is used after “et.”A work with no author (an organization or website):Example 5:?According to The Center for Contemporary Cultural studies, “There is nothing concrete about hierarchy” (10).Example 5a: “There is nothing concrete about hierarchy” (Center 10).This page provides an example of a Works Cited page in MLA 2016 format.Works CitedDean, Cornelia. "Executive on a Mission: Saving the Planet."?The?New York Times, 22 May 2007, 2007/05/22/science/earth/22ander.html?_r=0. Accessed 12 May 2016.Ebert, Roger. Review of?An Inconvenient Truth, directed by Davis Guggenheim.?, 1 June 2006, . Accessed 15 June 2016.Gowdy, John. "Avoiding Self-organized Extinction: Toward a Co-evolutionary Economics of Sustainability."?International Journal of Sustainable Development and World Ecology,?vol. 14, no. 1, 2007, pp. 27-36.An Inconvenient Truth. Directed by Davis Guggenheim, performances by Al Gore and Billy West, Paramount, 2006.Leroux, Marcel.?Global Warming: Myth Or Reality?: The Erring Ways of Climatology. Springer, 2005.Milken, Michael, et al. "On Global Warming and Financial Imbalances."?New Perspectives Quarterly, vol. 23, no. 4, 2006, p. 63.Nordhaus, William D. "After Kyoto: Alternative Mechanisms to Control Global Warming."?American Economic Review, vol. 96, no. 2, 2006, pp. 31-34.---. "Global Warming Economics."?Science,?vol. 294, no. 5545, 9 Nov. 2001, pp. 1283-84, DOI: 10.1126/science.1065007.Regas, Diane. “Three Key Energy Policies That Can Help Us Turn the Corner on Climate.”?Environmental Defense Fund, 1 June 2016, blog/2016/06/01/3-key-energy-policies-can-help-us-turn-corner-climate. Accessed 19 July 2016.Revkin, Andrew C. “Clinton on Climate Change.”?The New York Times, 17 May 2007, video/world/americas/1194817109438/clinton-on-climate-change.html. Accessed 29 July 2016.Shulte, Bret. "Putting a Price on Pollution."?US News & World Report, vol. 142, no. 17, 14 May 2007, p. 37.?Ebsco,?Access no: 24984616.Uzawa, Hirofumi.?Economic Theory and Global Warming. Cambridge UP, 2003. ................
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