Major Classes of Antibiotics - Mt. San Antonio College
[Pages:3]Major Classes of Antibiotics
Name Beta-Lactams Penicillins
Cephalosporins Carbapenems Monobactams
Examples
Penicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanate (Clavamox, Augmentin), ampicillin, oxacillin,piperacillin, piperacillin/tazobactam (Zosyn), ticarcillin, ticarcillin/clavulanate (Timentin) Cephalothin, Ceftazidime, Cefotaxime
Imipenem, meropenem
Aztreonam
Aminoglycosides Streptomycin, amikacin, gentamicin, kanamycin, tobramycin, neomycin
Quinolones Fluoroquinolones
Ciprofloxacin, Moxifloxacin, Marbofloxacin, Enrofloxacin
Glycopeptides
Vancomycin, Teicoplanin
Lincosamides
Clindamycin, Lincomycin
Spectrum
Gram-positive bacteria, gramnegative bacteria (synthetic forms)
Mode of Action
Inhibition of cell wall synthesis by interrupting peptidoglycan formation
Gram-positive & gram-negative bacteria Gram-positive & gram-negative bacteria Gram-positive & gram-negative bacteria
Inhibition of cell wall synthesis Inhibition of cell wall synthesis Inhibition of cell wall synthesis
Biological Source
Penicillium notatum, Cephalosporium species, Streptomyces clavuligerus (clavulanate)
Semi-synthetic
Streptomyces cattleya
Chromobacterium violaceum
Gram-positive & gram-negative bacteria (esp. Pseudomonas spp)
Binds to bacterial ribosome causing misreading of mRNA resulting in inappropriate amino acid insertion
Streptomyces griseus (streptomycin), Micromonospora spp (gentamicin)
Greatest efficacy against gram -negative organisms Less effective against grampositive
Interferes with activity of bacterial DNA gyrase
synthetic
Gram-positive bacteria (esp Staphylococcus aureus)
Interferes with cell wall synthesis by blocking transpeptidation
Streptomyces orientales
Gram-positive & gram-negative Blocks protein synthesis by bacteria (esp. Bacteroides spp) binding to bacterial
ribosomes
Streptomyces lincolnensis
Macrolides
Erythromycin, clarithromycin, azithromycin
Ketolides
Telithromycin
Oxazolidinones
Linezolid
Streptogramins
Dalfopristin, quinupristin
Sulfonamides & Trimethoprim
SMP/TMX
Tetracyclines
Tetracycline, doxycycline
Nitroimidazole
Metranidazole (Flagyl)
Chloramphenicol Chloramphenicol
Polypeptides
Polymixin, bacitracin
Gram-positive & gram-negative bacteria, not enterics Neisseria, Legionella, Mycoplasma
Gram-positive and some gramnegative aerobes
Blocks protein synthesis by binding to bacterial ribosomes
Intefere with protein synthesis by inhibiting
Streptomyces erythreus
Semi-synthetic derivative of erythromycin
Enterococci, streptococci, staphylococci
Bacteriostatic, inhibits protein synthesis
synthetic
Gram-negative anaerobes & streptococci, staphylococci
Prevent binding of tRNA at Semi-synthetic the ribosome, inhibits protein synthesis
Gram-positive & gram-negative Interferes with folate bacteria, except Pseudomonas production
synthetic
Gram-positive & gram-negative Bacteriostatic, inhibits
bacteria, Rickettsias
protein synthesis
Streptomyces spp.
Binds to DNA
Gram-positive & gram-negative Binds to 50S ribosomal
bacteria
subunit and Interferes with
protein synthesis
Streptomyces venezuelae
Gram-positive & gram-negative Inhibits cell wall production bacteria
Bacillus polymyxa, Bacillus subtilis
Polyenes Rifamycins
Amphotericin, nystatin Rifampin
Fungi
Interfere with fungal plasma Streptomyces nodosus,
membrane
Streptomyces noursei
Gram-positive & gram-negative Inteferes with bacterial DNA- Streptomyces mediterranei
bacteria,
dependent RNA polymerase
M. tuberculosis
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