Major Classes of Antibiotics - Mt. San Antonio College

[Pages:3]Major Classes of Antibiotics

Name Beta-Lactams Penicillins

Cephalosporins Carbapenems Monobactams

Examples

Penicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanate (Clavamox, Augmentin), ampicillin, oxacillin,piperacillin, piperacillin/tazobactam (Zosyn), ticarcillin, ticarcillin/clavulanate (Timentin) Cephalothin, Ceftazidime, Cefotaxime

Imipenem, meropenem

Aztreonam

Aminoglycosides Streptomycin, amikacin, gentamicin, kanamycin, tobramycin, neomycin

Quinolones Fluoroquinolones

Ciprofloxacin, Moxifloxacin, Marbofloxacin, Enrofloxacin

Glycopeptides

Vancomycin, Teicoplanin

Lincosamides

Clindamycin, Lincomycin

Spectrum

Gram-positive bacteria, gramnegative bacteria (synthetic forms)

Mode of Action

Inhibition of cell wall synthesis by interrupting peptidoglycan formation

Gram-positive & gram-negative bacteria Gram-positive & gram-negative bacteria Gram-positive & gram-negative bacteria

Inhibition of cell wall synthesis Inhibition of cell wall synthesis Inhibition of cell wall synthesis

Biological Source

Penicillium notatum, Cephalosporium species, Streptomyces clavuligerus (clavulanate)

Semi-synthetic

Streptomyces cattleya

Chromobacterium violaceum

Gram-positive & gram-negative bacteria (esp. Pseudomonas spp)

Binds to bacterial ribosome causing misreading of mRNA resulting in inappropriate amino acid insertion

Streptomyces griseus (streptomycin), Micromonospora spp (gentamicin)

Greatest efficacy against gram -negative organisms Less effective against grampositive

Interferes with activity of bacterial DNA gyrase

synthetic

Gram-positive bacteria (esp Staphylococcus aureus)

Interferes with cell wall synthesis by blocking transpeptidation

Streptomyces orientales

Gram-positive & gram-negative Blocks protein synthesis by bacteria (esp. Bacteroides spp) binding to bacterial

ribosomes

Streptomyces lincolnensis

Macrolides

Erythromycin, clarithromycin, azithromycin

Ketolides

Telithromycin

Oxazolidinones

Linezolid

Streptogramins

Dalfopristin, quinupristin

Sulfonamides & Trimethoprim

SMP/TMX

Tetracyclines

Tetracycline, doxycycline

Nitroimidazole

Metranidazole (Flagyl)

Chloramphenicol Chloramphenicol

Polypeptides

Polymixin, bacitracin

Gram-positive & gram-negative bacteria, not enterics Neisseria, Legionella, Mycoplasma

Gram-positive and some gramnegative aerobes

Blocks protein synthesis by binding to bacterial ribosomes

Intefere with protein synthesis by inhibiting

Streptomyces erythreus

Semi-synthetic derivative of erythromycin

Enterococci, streptococci, staphylococci

Bacteriostatic, inhibits protein synthesis

synthetic

Gram-negative anaerobes & streptococci, staphylococci

Prevent binding of tRNA at Semi-synthetic the ribosome, inhibits protein synthesis

Gram-positive & gram-negative Interferes with folate bacteria, except Pseudomonas production

synthetic

Gram-positive & gram-negative Bacteriostatic, inhibits

bacteria, Rickettsias

protein synthesis

Streptomyces spp.

Binds to DNA

Gram-positive & gram-negative Binds to 50S ribosomal

bacteria

subunit and Interferes with

protein synthesis

Streptomyces venezuelae

Gram-positive & gram-negative Inhibits cell wall production bacteria

Bacillus polymyxa, Bacillus subtilis

Polyenes Rifamycins

Amphotericin, nystatin Rifampin

Fungi

Interfere with fungal plasma Streptomyces nodosus,

membrane

Streptomyces noursei

Gram-positive & gram-negative Inteferes with bacterial DNA- Streptomyces mediterranei

bacteria,

dependent RNA polymerase

M. tuberculosis

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