Lab Biology Fall Semester Final Exam Study Guide



Fall 2014 Biology

Final Exam Review Guide

Ms. Garcia

What do I need to get on the final?

Quarter 1and 2 = 80%

Final Exam = 20%

Intro to Biology

• Define Biology

• Define Homoeostasis

• Calculate total magnification of a light microscope

Scientific Method

• Dependent and independent variable

Chemistry

• What are atoms composed of?

• Bonds

o Covalent

o Ionic

o Hydrogen

• What is a polar molecule?

• Is water polar? Oil?

• pH of acidic solutions

• What compound do all organic molecules contain?

Macromolecules

• There are 4 groups. For each group give common examples, where they can be found and their chemistry.

Properties of Water

• Surface Tension

• Specific Heat Capacity

• Boiling and Freeing Point

Metric system

• Ex: How many kilometers are in 25mm?

Cells

• Contributions of:

o Robert Hooke

o Anton van Leeuwenhoek

o Rudolph Virchow

o Matthias Schleiden

• Define Cell

• Why is surface area important to a cell?

• Define Organelle

• Purpose of these cellular organelles:

o Cell Membrane

▪ Why is it selectively permeable?

o Golgi Apparatus

o Ribosome

o Mitochondria

o Chloroplasts

▪ Are they found in animal cells?

o Vacuole

Active and Passive Transport

• Diffusion

o Define

o Example

o Passive or Active

• Osmosis

o Define

o Passive or Active

o Hypertonic

o Hypotonic

o Isotonic

• Facilitated Diffusion

o Define

o Example

o Passive or Active

• Sodium Potassium Pump

o Define

o Example

o Passive or Active

• Exocytosis and Endocytosis

o Define

o Example

o Passive or Active

Photosynthesis, Cellular Respiration, and Fermentation

• Autotroph vs Heterotroph

• Photosynthesis

o Define

o Products

▪ Which of these products are used for dark reactions?

o Proton Pumps

o Where does the oxygen produced come from?

o Electron Transport Chain

o Proton Pump

o Importance of NADPH

• ATP

o Where is energy stored in ATP?

o What cellular process is ATP used for?

• Cellular Respiration

o Define

o Aerobic or Anaerobic?

o Glycolysis

▪ What are the electron acceptors?

o What is the final electron acceptor in aerobic respiration?

• Fermentation

o Define

o Aerobic or Anaerobic?

• Which produces more ATP: fermentation or cellular respiration?

Cell Cycle

• PMAT

• Define Mitosis

• Hayflick Limit

Central Dogma (Replication, Transcription, Translation (13)

• Replication

o Purpose and Product?

o DNA Helicase

o Okazaki Fragments

o SSB’s

o DNA Polymerase

o Genetic Code Dictionary

o Recognize structures involved

▪ Codons, tRNA, mRNA

• Transcription

o Purpose and Product?

o Base Pair (What pairs with what?)

• Translation

o Purpose and Product?

o Importance of Proteins

Structure of DNA

• Nucleotide Structure

• Chromatid

• # Chromosomes in human

• Recognize structure of RNA and DNA

Meiosis (12)

• Do somatic cells undergo meiosis

• Anaphase of mitosis and meiosis I

• Crossing over (phase of meioses and importance)

• Random Fertilization (importance)

• Independent Assortment (importance)

• Nuclear divisions in mitosis vs meiosis

• # chromosomes in human diploid and haploid cells

• Automsomes

• Recognize karyotypes (female, male, trisomy, super male, monosomy)

Biology: Fall Semester 2013 Final Exam Study Guide

Section 1: Scientific Process

1. In designing an experiment, how many dependent/manipulated variables should be tested?

2. What is the purpose of a control set-up when designing an experiment?

3. What is the difference between qualitative and quantitative observations?

4. “The Isopod has 2 antennae” is an example of which type of observation?

5. The “Problem” in an experiment is written in what type of sentence form?

6. A ______________________ is a possible solution to a problem which can be tested.

7. What is a theory? Can theories change?

8. Calculate total magnification of a light microscope

Section 2: Biology as a Science

1. What is Biology?

2. What characteristics must an organism have to be considered living?

3. Homeostasis is:

4. The smallest living unit is a ______________.

5. What tools can a scientist use to see organisms that are not visible to the naked eye?

6. What is the total magnification of a microscope if the objective lens is set to 10x & the eye piece is also 10x?

Section 3: Reading Tables and Graphs

Use the following scenario & graph to answer questions 1-4

Bacteria are tiny microorganisms that can reproduce by dividing into two. The graph shows the results of an experiment on the effect of temperature on bacterial reproduction. At the beginning, three populations of bacteria, all of the same type, were of equal size. Each population was kept at a different temperature for 4 days.

1. Classifying What variable did the researcher change during this experiment?

2. Inferring What do the shapes of the curves tell you about the changes in population size?

3. Calculating For the bacteria kept at 15°C, how did population size change during the experiment?

4. Drawing Conclusions What effect did the different temperatures have on the growth of the bacterial populations?

Section 4: Chemistry of Life

1. What are the parts of an atom?

2. What is a polar molecule? Is water polar?

3. Why is water important to living cells?

4. What are the “BIG FOUR” macromolecules?

5. All organic macromolecules contain the element ________________________.

6. What types of foods are high in lipids? What are the major roles of lipids in living organisms?

7. What types of foods are high in proteins? What are the major roles of proteins in living organisms?

8. What types of foods are high in carbohydrates? What are the major roles of carbohydrates in living organisms?

9. What are enzymes? What do they do? Do they get used up during a reaction?

10. What is ATP (adenosine triphospahate)?

11. When living cells break down our food molecules, energy is stored as ______________________.

12. Why is water important to living cells?

13. What is a covalent bond?

14. What is an ionic bond?

15. Draw and label the pH scale. Where is basic and acidic on that scale?

16. What is surface tension?

17. What is the boiling point of water? What is the freezing point?

18. How many kilometers are in 25mm?

19. Know the contributions of:

a. Robert Hooke

b. Anton van Leeuwenhoek

c. Rudolph Virchow

d. Matthias Schleiden

Section 5: Cytology

1. Identify the cells types below. Then identify the structures in the cells below:

2. What are the functions of the organelles listed in #1 above? (mitochondria, nucleus, chloroplasts, cell membrane, cell wall, etc.)

3. What is a prokaryote? What is a eukaryote?

4. How do plant and animal cells differ?

5. What will happen to a fresh water organism if placed into a salt water aquarium? Why?

6. Why is surface area important to a cell?

7. What is an isotonic solution?

8. What is a hypertonic solution?

9. What is a hypotonic solution?

10. Diffusion is:

Osmosis is:

Are these examples of active or passive transport?

Equilibrium is:

11. If a mineral too big to pass through the cell membrane is outside of a cell, but is needed inside, how can a cell acquire that mineral? (hint: uses energy)

12. What are the main ideas of the cell theory?

•

•

•

Section 6: Cell Reproduction

1. Draw & label the parts of a chromosome.

2. Chromatids are:

3. Chromosomes are:

4. What information do chromosomes contain?

5. What are the stages of the cell cycle?

6. What happens during the synthesis phase of the cell cycle?

7. What is mitosis? What are the results (# of cells, # of chromosomes, etc.)

8. What is the Hayflick limit

9. How many pairs of chromosomes do humans have?

Section 7: Bioenergetics

1. What is the equation for photosynthesis? in words? What organelle carries out photosynthesis?

2. What are the two main steps of photosynthesis & what is made in each step?

3. What is NADPH & why is it important to the process of photosynthesis?

4. Why is chlorophyll green?

5. What is the equation for cellular respiration? in words? What organelle carries out cellular respiration?

6. What are the three steps of cellular aerobic respiration?

7. What is the difference between anaerobic and aerobic respiration?

8. What is the relationship between cellular respiration and photosynthesis?

9. Explain what is happening to a distance swimmer who is no longer able to swim as fast as at the beginning of the race and is feeling a burning sensation in her legs.

10. Cells that do not have oxygen stop doing _____________________________ and begin doing ______________________. There are __________ types of fermentation: _________________________, which is done by yeast & __________________ _______________, which is done by animals.

11. Do cells produce more ATP when oxygen is present or absent?

12. Photosynthesis converts _____________________ energy into _____________________ energy, while cellular respiration takes the ______________________ energy and converts it into ______________________ energy.

13. Photosynthesis occurs in the _______________________ of the cell. Cellular Respiration occurs in the ______________________ of the cell.

14. The flow of energy through the biosphere: All energy comes from the ___________________. Producers capture that energy and put it through the process of _________________________. Next, consumers and producers use that energy through the process of ___________________.

15. What is the difference between an autotroph & a heterotroph?

Section 8: Molecular Genetics

1. What is DNA? Where is DNA found? DNA is in what types of organisms? What is the function of DNA? What is the shape of DNA?

2. What is a gene? What is the relation between genes and DNA?

3. What are the three main steps of DNA replication & the names of the enzymes that do them?

4. Why is accurate DNA replication important? What is it called when replication “messes up”? What are the three main types of mistakes that occur during DNA replication?

5. DNA is made of what 4 nucleotide bases? How do the DNA bases pair up?

A

A

B

C

D

6. Label each of the parts of the DNA molecule above (A-D).

7. What is mRNA? How is base pairing from DNA to RNA the same as DNA to DNA? How is it different? What are the differences in the roles of RNA and DNA?

8. What is the sequence of nucleotides that you would find on the complimentary strand of this DNA?

T A C G C G T T T C A

9. What are the two main steps of protein synthesis? Where do they happen in the cell?

10. During step one of protein synthesis is the whole DNA molecule copied?

11. What is the sequence of nucleotides that you would find on the properly transcribed mRNA of this DNA?

T A C A A A T C G C C G A C T

12. Use the codon wheel and the transcribed mRNA sequence above to translate & determine the sequence of amino acids the DNA strand codes for?

13. The sequence of amino acids above is bonded together to form what type of molecule?

14. How can mutations be harmful to living organisms?

15. Are all mutations harmful?

16. What are some current uses of biotechnology?

Don’t forget to review meiosis notes!

-----------------------

(.20)X + (.80)A = B

A= Current Grade

B= Percent You Want for Semester

X= Percent Needed on Final

Ex: If my current grade is a 78%, what do I need to get on the exam to have a final grade of 80%?

A=78 B=80

(0.2)X + (0.8)78 = 80

X= 88%

Type of cell:

Type of cell:

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