Subsistence - Mt. San Antonio College



|D: Subsistence |E: |F: |Ethnographic Examples |Archaeological Examples |

| |Social  Characteristics |Political Systems | | |

|Simple foraging |Egalitarian; mobile; somewhat flexible division of labor only|No central leadership. |!Kung |any Upper Paleolithic or PaleoIndian |

| |by sex and age; minimal specialization |Consensus decisions. | |culture |

| |Small population size, density |“Vote with your feet.” | | |

| |(100 or less; 1 or fewer per mi2 ) |(Band) | | |

|Complex foraging |Ranked; semi-sedentary; division of labor by sex and age; | |Chumash |any Mesolithic or late Archaic culture;|

| |maybe some specialization. |Central leadership. | | |

| |Larger population size, density. |Leader may achieve status (Big Man)| |Ozette |

| | | | | |

| | |or have ascribed (hereditary) | | |

| | |status (Chiefdom) | | |

|Horticulture |Ranked; sedentary; division of labor by sex and age; |Big Man or Chiefdom |Historical Benin Mayans of |Cahokia; |

|(Extensive land use; |some specialization. |(includes “kingdom”) |today |Great Zimbabwe |

|slash and burn) |Even larger population size, density. | | | |

|Agriculture |Stratified into classes; sedentary; |Chiefdom |China; |Classic Mayans, Aztecs, Egyptians; |

|(Intensive land use; |many full-time specialists. |or true government with power to |Los Angeles |Mission San Juan Capistrano |

|plow, irrigate, |Largest population size, density |coerce, often with military (State)| | |

|fertilize) |(10,000 to 200,000; 500 + per mi2) | | | |

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