Science Projects in Renewable Energy and Energy …
SCIENCE PROJECTS IN
RENEWABLE ENERGY
AND ENERGY EFFICIENCY
NREL/BK-340-42236 C October 2007
i
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SCIENCE PROJECTS IN RENEWABLE
ENERGY AND ENERGY EFFICIENCY
A guide for Secondary School Teachers
Authors and Acknowledgements:
This second edition was produced at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory
(NREL) through the laboratory¡¯s Office of Education Programs, under the leadership of
the Manager, Dr. Cynthia Howell, and the guidance of the Program Coordinators, Matt
Kuhn and Linda Lung. The contents are the result of contributions by a select group of
teacher researchers that were invited to NREL as part of the Department of Energy¡¯s
Teacher Research Programs. During the summers between 2003 and 2007, fifty four
secondary, pre-service, and experienced teachers came to NREL to do real research in
renewable energy sciences. As part of their research responsibilities, each teacher
researcher was required to put together an educational module. Some teacher
researchers updated a previous NREL publication, "Science Projects in Renewable
Energy and Energy Efficiency" (Copyright 1991 American Solar Energy Society).
These contributing teacher researchers produced new or updated science project
ideas from the unique perspective of being involved in both education and laboratory
research. Participants that contributed to this publication include Nick Babcock, Jennifer
Bakisae, Eric Benson, Lisa Boes, Matt Brown, Lindsey Buehler, Laura Butterfield, Ph.D.,
Don Cameron, Robert Depew, Alexis Durow, Chris Ederer, Brigid Esposito, Linda
Esposito, Doug Gagnon, Brandon Gillette, Rebecca Hall, Brenna Haley, Brianna Harp,
Karen Harrell, Bill Heldman, Tom Hersh, Chris Hilleary, Loren Lykins, Kiley Mack, Martin
Nagy, Derek Nalley, Scott Pinegar, Jennifer Pratt, Ray Quintana, Steve Rapp, Kristen
Record, Emily Reith, Leah Riley, Nancy Rose, Wilbur Sameshima, Matthew Schmitt,
Melinda Schroeder, Tom Sherow, Daniel Steever, Andrea Vermeer, Brittany Walker,
Dwight Warnke, Mark Wehrenberg and Rick Winters.
Finally, this book owes much to the original authors and advisors of the 1st
Edition in 1991. They include Ann Brennan, Barbara Glenn, Suzanne Grudstrom, Joan
Miller, Tom Milne, Dan Black, Hal Link, Bob Mconnel, Rick Schwerdtfeger, Patricia Bleil,
Rosalie Craig, Steve Iona, Larry Jakel, Larry Lindauer, Bob McFadden, Beverly Meier,
and Helen Wilson.
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The National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) is the nation's premier
laboratory for renewable energy research and development and a leading laboratory for
energy efficiency R&D. NREL is managed by Midwest Research Institute and Battelle.
Established in 1974, NREL began operating in 1977 as the Solar Energy Research
Institute. It was designated a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy
(DOE) in September 1991 and its name changed to NREL.
NREL develops renewable energy and energy efficiency technologies and
practices, advances related science and engineering, and transfers knowledge and
innovations to address the nation's energy and environmental goals. NREL's renewable
energy and energy efficiency research spans fundamental science to technology
solutions. Major program areas are:
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Advanced Vehicle Technologies & Fuels (Hybrid vehicles, fuels utilization)
Basic Energy Sciences
Biomass (Biorefineries, biosciences)
Building Technologies (Building efficiency, zero energy buildings)
Electric Infrastructure Systems (Distribution & interconnection, thermal systems,
superconductivity)
Energy Analysis
Geothermal Energy
Hydrogen & Fuel Cells (Production, storage, infrastructure & end use)
Solar (Photovoltaics, concentrating solar power and solar thermal)
Wind Energy
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Contents
Introduction ...................................................................................................... 4
The Role of the Teacher ..................................................................................... 7
How to Do a Science Project ..............................................................................14
Project Ideas ....................................................................................................18
What Does the Sun Give Us .....................................................................19
Photovoltaics and Solar Energy ................................................................31
Material and Chemical Processing .............................................................56
Modeling the Process of Mining Silicon Through a
Single-Displacement/Redox Reaction ...................................................60
Utilizing Photovoltaic Cells and Systems ....................................................73
Photosynthesis and Biomass Growth .........................................................85
Statistical Analysis of Corn Plants and Ethanol Production ...........................98
Biofuel Production ................................................................................. 103
Renewable Energy Plants in Your Gas Tank:
From Photosynthesis to Ethanol ........................................................ 110
Cell Wall Recipe: A Lesson on Biofuels .................................................... 129
Reaction Rates and Catalysts in Ethanol Production ................................. 140
A Pre-treatment Model for Ethanol Production Using a
Colorimetric Analysis of Starch Solutions ............................................ 151
The Bio-Fuel Project .............................................................................. 158
Biofuel Utilization .................................................................................. 193
Wind .................................................................................................... 198
Hydropower ......................................................................................... 207
Ocean Power ........................................................................................ 211
Alternative Fuels Used in Transportation ................................................. 216
Computer Based Energy Projects ............................................................ 226
Environmental Aspects .......................................................................... 231
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