Grammar and Sentence Structure



Grammar and Sentence Structure

2009-2010

9E Humanities English

This book belongs to:

Adjectives and Adverbs

Adjectives ______________________ or ______________.

Adverbs ________________, ___________ or other ___________. They _______ _______ with _________, but it is important to note that ___________________ with –ly and ____________________ with –ly are adverbs.

Prepositions

• A preposition _______________________, ____________ and ___________ to ____________________ in a sentence.

• The ________ or ______________ that the preposition _________________ is called the _____________________________________.

• A ________________________ ______________ with a ______________ and ___________ with its ______________.

• A preposition shows how ______________________ to the _______________ _______________. The __________________ might deal with ___________, ___________ or ____________.

• _____________________________ of a preposition, __________ and ______ the preposition and then ________ “_________?” or “___________?”.

Commonly Used Prepositions

about

above

across

after

against

along

among, amid

around

as

at

before

behind

below

beneath

beside

between

beyond

but

by

concerning

despite

down

during

except

for

from

in

inside

into

like (similar to)

near

of

off

on, onto

out, out of, outside

over

past

since

through, throughout

to

toward

under, underneath

until

unto

up

upon

with

within

without

Helping Verbs

|c | | | | |

|h | | | | |

|a | | | | |

|d | | | | |

|b | | | | |

|s | | | | |

|w | | | | |

|i | | | | |

|m | | | | |

Preposition Practice

Directions: List 20 commonly used prepositions

___________________ ____________________ ___________________

___________________ ____________________ ___________________

___________________ ____________________ ___________________

___________________ ____________________ ___________________

___________________ ____________________ ___________________

___________________ ____________________ ___________________

___________________ ____________________

Circle the prepositional phrases in the sentences below (make sure to first cross out any and all adjectives and adverbs).

1. He systematically downloaded his favorite songs onto the white laptop computer before putting them onto his new iPod.

2. The old teacher looked nonchalantly at the student’s test paper in amazement because the answers were carelessly written in the wide margins instead of on the appropriate blanks.

3. The confusing disappearance of the new microphone was inconvenient on the night of the sold-out concert.

4. They instinctively headed toward the main office in a hurry to see Mr. Peterson about an unfair detention.

5. During semester exam week, students must have armbands to leave the building before the end of the regular school day.

Simple Sentences

Simple Sentence: A sentence that has _____________________.

Independent Clause: A _________ of words that

1. makes a _______________________ and

2. has a __________ and a ____________.

The subject of a sentence is the

_______

_______

_______

_______

_______

that the sentence is ____________.

Examples:

- John went for a walk. (person)

- Towns are quiet after snowfalls. (place)

- Eggs rolled off the counter. (things)

- Silence is golden. (quality)

- Peace is at hand. (idea)

A verb is a word that ________ the _______ or ____________ of the __________ of a sentence.

Examples:

- Sally sneezed. (physical action)

- John thinks. (mental action)

- Jesse is my friend. (state of being)

A simple sentence has ____________________________:

- _______________

- _______________

- _______________

- _______________

Compound Sentences

Compound Sentence: A compound sentence has ____________ __________________________________.

Examples:

- ______________________________________________.

- Kevin did not want to hurt Kathy’s feelings, so he said nothing about her mistake.

- I want to see my sister soon, for she has been in Switzerland for two years.

Comparing Compound Sentences to Simple Sentences with Compound Subjects and Compound Verbs

Simple Sentence: The men and women met at the station and went to dinner.

Compound Sentence: The men met at the station, and the women went to dinner.

Simple Sentence: The ducks and geese squawked and fluttered their wings.

Compound Sentence: The ducks squawked, and the geese fluttered their wings.

Simple Sentence: Harry and Joe ate ice cream and drank pop.

Compound Sentence: Harry ate ice cream, and Joe drank pop.

Coordinating Conjunction: a _______ that is used with a _____ to ___________________________.

| | |

| | |

| | |

| | |

Examples:

- ______________________________________________ _______________________________________________.

- The children ran all the way to school, yet they were late anyway.

- You will have to finish the project, or your group will get a failing grade.

- Hanna was not at the game, nor was she at the party.

- We did not see Mike at the movie, nor did we see him at the restaurant.

Semicolons (;) can also be used to ______ the ______________ _________________ of a ________________ sentence.

Examples:

- ______________________________________________.

- Jason was highly respected; he was always such a responsible person.

- The meeting was over; it was already midnight.

A compound sentence has ____________________________:

_______________ _______________

Complex Sentences

Complex Sentence: A complex sentence has ______________ _____________ and _________________________________.

Dependent Clause: A dependent clause is a ________________ with a __________ and __________ that __________________.

Examples:

- ______________________________________________.

- Kathy will be late for dinner since the meeting is still in progress.

- The game will end when one team scores.

Subordinating conjunctions are words that ___________ the _________________ of the _________________ clause to the ______________________ clause.

Some words that can be used as subordinating conjunctions are:

after

although

as

as if

as long as

as though

because

before

even if

even though

if

in order that

just as

like

once

provided

rather than

since

so that

than

though

unless

until

when

whenever

while

Sequencing Complex Sentences

Dependent Clause First (comma needed)

- _____________________________________________.

- After the players practiced, they went out for a pizza.

- Until the storm is over, we will not know about the damage.

Independent Clause First (comma not needed)

- ______________________________________________.

- The players went out for a pizza after they practiced.

- We will not know about the damage until the storm is over.

Complex sentences have _______________________________:

_______________ _______________

Compound-Complex Sentences

Compound-Complex Sentences: A compound-complex sentence has ______________________________and _____________ _______________________________________.

Examples:

- ______________________________________________ _______________________________________________.

- Before the trick-or-treaters came, Megan made candied apples; they were delicious.

Sequencing Compound-Complex Sentences

Dependent Clause First

- After the party was over, Jean had a headache, so Paul cleaned up the house.

- When Jennifer feels sad, she calls Chris; he cheers her up.

Dependent Clause Second

- Jean had a headache after the party was over, so Paul cleaned up the house.

- Jennifer calls Chris whenever she feels sad; he cheers her up.

- Chad hates to sleep while his parents are awake, for he might miss something.

- The sky was gray when the volcano erupted; ash was falling everywhere.

Dependent Clause Third

- Jean had a headache, so Paul cleaned up the house after the party was over.

- The boss made Pat a great offer, and she accepted as long as he gave her a travel allowance.

- The doctors were busy with the serious cases; the slightly wounded soldier quietly waited while they worked.

- Todd gave an excellent report; his instructor thanked him after the rest of the class had left the room.

A compound-complex sentence has _____________________:

_______________ _______________

_______________ _______________

_______________ _______________

Adjectives and Adverbs

Adjectives modify nouns or pronouns.

Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives or other adverbs. They commonly end with –ly, but it is important to note that not all adverbs end with –ly and not all words ending with –ly are adverbs.

Prepositions

• A preposition links nouns, pronouns and phrases to other words in a sentence.

• The word or phrase that the preposition introduces is called the object of the preposition.

• A prepositional phrase begins with a preposition and ends with its object.

• A preposition shows how the object relates to the rest of the sentence. The relationship might deal with time, space or logic.

• To find the object of a preposition, identify and read the preposition and then ask “who?” or “what?”.

Commonly Used Prepositions

about below from since

above beneath in through, throughout

across beside inside to

after between into toward

against beyond like (similar to) under, underneath

along but, except near until

among, amid by of unto

around concerning off up

as despite on, onto upon

at down out, out of, outside with

before during over within

behind for past without

Helping Verbs

|c |can |could | | |

|h |has |have |had | |

|a |am |are | | |

|d |do |does |did | |

|b |be |been |being | |

|s |shall |should | | |

|w |was |were |will |would |

|i |is | | | |

|m |may |might |must | |

|c |h |

|, and |, or |

|, nor |, yet |

| |, so |

Examples:

- Baseball is my favorite sport to watch, but football is my favorite sport to play.

- The children ran all the way to school, yet they were late anyway.

- You will have to finish the project, or your group will get a failing grade.

- Hanna was not at the game, nor was she at the party.

- We did not see Mike at the movie, nor did we see him at the restaurant.

Semicolons (;) can also be used to join the two independent clauses of a compound sentence.

Examples:

- Susan loves to swim; her brother likes to dive.

- Jason was highly respected; he was always such a responsible person.

- The meeting was over; it was already midnight.

A compound sentence has two possible formulas:

I,cI I;I

Complex Sentences

Complex Sentence: A complex sentence has one independent clause and two or more dependent clauses.

Dependent Clause: A dependent clause is a group of words with a subject and verb that cannot stand alone.

Examples:

- I like Sally because she is funny.

- Kathy will be late for dinner since the meeting is still in progress.

- The game will end when one team scores.

Subordinating conjunctions are words that show the relationship of the dependent clause to the independent clause.

Some words that can be used as subordinating conjunctions are:

after

although

as

as if

as long as

as though

because

before

even if

even though

if

in order that

just as

like

once

provided

rather than

since

so that

than

though

unless

until

when

whenever

while

Sequencing Complex Sentences

Dependent Clause First (comma needed)

- When I get to Phoenix, you will be sleeping.

- After the players practiced, they went out for a pizza.

- Until the storm is over, we will not know about the damage.

Independent Clause First (comma not needed)

- You will be sleeping when I get to Phoenix.

- The players went out for a pizza after they practiced.

- We will not know about the damage until the storm is over.

Complex sentences have two possible formulas:

ID D,I

Compound-Complex Sentences

Compound-Complex Sentences: A compound-complex sentence has two or more independent clauses and at least one dependent clause.

Examples:

- When you are ready, I will call the store, and we can talk to Tim.

- Before the trick-or-treaters came, Megan made candied apples; they were delicious.

Sequencing Compound-Complex Sentences

Dependent Clause First

- After the party was over, Jean had a headache, so Paul cleaned up the house.

- When Jennifer feels sad, she calls Chris; he cheers her up.

Dependent Clause Second

- Jean had a headache after the party was over, so Paul cleaned up the house.

- Jennifer calls Chris whenever she feels sad; he cheers her up.

- Chad hates to sleep while his parents are awake, for he might miss something.

- The sky was gray when the volcano erupted; ash was falling everywhere.

Dependent Clause Third

- Jean had a headache, so Paul cleaned up the house after the party was over.

- The boss made Pat a great offer, and she accepted as long as he gave her a travel allowance.

- The doctors were busy with the serious cases; the slightly wounded soldier quietly waited while they worked.

- Todd gave an excellent report; his instructor thanked him after the rest of the class had left the room.

A compound-complex sentence has six possible formulas:

D,I,cI D,I;I

ID,cI ID;I

I,cID I;ID

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Nouns

Nouns

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