Biology - PC\|MAC
Domain 1-Cells and Heredity Teacher Notes
I. The cell (basic unit of living things)
A. There are 2 basic types of cells:
1. Eukaryotic cells – these cells have a true
nucleus and organelles. All plants, animals, fungi,
and protists are eukaryotes.
2. Prokaryotic cells – these cells do not have a
true nucleus or organelles. Examples of
prokaryotes are bacteria. [pic][pic]
B. Parts of the cell-need to know terms
1. Cell membrane-allows for materials to enter and
leave the cell (gatekeeper; communicator)
Click here to view cell membrane video (with audio)
2. Nucleus- controls cell functions (the brain);
houses the DNA
[pic][pic]
3. Mitochondria- gives cell energy (powerhouse);
site of cellular respiration
[pic][pic]
4. Ribosome- site of protein synthesis; where
proteins are made
5. Vacuole- membrane bound sac that stores
nutrients or water. Vacuoles are large in plant cells
and play a role in turgor pressure.
[pic]
6. Lysosome- stores digestive enzymes and/or
wastes
7. Endoplasmic reticulum- two types: rough and smooth.
Smooth ER is important in the synthesis of lipids and
membrane proteins. Rough ER is important in the
synthesis of other proteins.
[pic] [pic]
8. Golgi apparatus- The Golgi apparatus modifies, sorts,
and packages macromolecules for cell secretion
(exocytosis) or for use within the cell. It primarily
modifies proteins delivered from the rough ER, but is
also involved in the transport of lipids around the cell,
and the creation of lysosomes.
[pic]
9. Cell wall (PLANT ONLY)- rigid outer wall of cell;
non-living; made of cellulose
10. Chloroplasts (PLANT ONLY)- where
photosynthesis takes place
[pic][pic]
Click here to review cell parts
[pic]
B. The Cell Theory
1. All organisms are composed of one or more cells.
2. The cell is the basic unit of structure and function in organisms.
3. All cells are produced from other cells.
C. Cell Communication and Material Movement
1. Homeostasis- self-adjusting mechanism that helps
to maintain your internal environment;
maintenance of a steady internal environment
in face of a changing external environment
(example: temperature-body sweats, fever flush)
Click here for a video example of homeostasis (audio)
2. Diffusion- movement of materials from a higher
concentration to a lower concentration
3. Osmosis- diffusion of water across a semi-permeable
membrane
Click here to view osmosis video (no audio)
[pic] [pic]
[pic]
For an interactive example of the three types of environments, click here.
For another interactive demo, Click here and drag to “There are three possible relationships that cells can encounter when placed into a water solution.”
Plasmolysis- loss of water by osmosis in a water plant
Click here for an example of plasmolysis of Elodea
4. Transport
a. Passive transport is the movement of
materials that does not require energy.
Diffusion, osmosis and facilitated diffusion
are examples of passive transport.
[pic]
b. Active transport requires the use of energy
usually from ATP, a compound in which
energy is stored in living systems.
(An analogy between ATP and rechargeable batteries is appropriate. The batteries are used, giving up their potential energy until it has all been converted into kinetic energy and heat/unusable energy. Recharged batteries (into which energy has been put) can be used only after the input of additional energy. Thus, ATP is the higher energy form (the recharged battery) while ADP is the lower energy form (the used battery). When a phosphate is cut loose, ATP becomes ADP (Adenosine diphosphate), and the stored energy is released for some biological process to utilize. The input of additional energy (plus a phosphate group) "recharges" ADP into ATP.
Click here for active transport video (with audio)
C. Cell Chemistry
1. most important compounds
| |Elements Present |Building Blocks |Uses |Example |
| | |(smaller units) | | |
| |Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen |Mono- |the primary source of energy |Glucose, fructose, table sugar, corn,|
|A. Carbohydrates | |saccarides |for our bodies |rice, bread |
|B. Lipids or fats |C, H, O |fatty acids and glycerol |store energy efficiently |Cooking oil, bacon grease |
|C. Proteins |C, H, O, N, S |amino acids |used by the cell for growth and|Meat, cheese |
| | | |repair | |
|D. Nucleic Acids |C, H, O, N, P |nucleotides |Contain genetic information |DNA, RNA |
2. Photosynthesis
a. Starts with carbon dioxide, CO2 and water, plus
sunlight
b. ends with glucose (sugar), C6H12O6 and oxygen,O2
c. stores energy from sunlight in the sugar glucose
d. occurs in the chloroplasts
[pic]
3. Respiration
a. starts with glucose (sugar), C6H12O6
b. ends with carbon dioxide, CO2, water, and
ATP (energy molecule)
c. takes energy from glucose and uses it to run
the cell’s processes
d. occurs in the mitochondria
Click here for respiration video clip (with audio)
[pic]
4. Comparison of photosynthesis and respiration.
sunlight
photosynthesis 6 CO2 + 6H2O ( C6H12O6 + 6O2
chlorophyll
respiration C6H12O6 + 6 O2 ( 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy
| |Respiration |Photosynthesis |
|Reaction Type |Exothermic |Endothermic |
|Energy Source |Glucose |Light |
|Form of Energy produced |ATP |Glucose |
|Reactants |O2, glucose |CO2, H2O, energy |
|Products |CO2 , H2O |O2. glucose (C6H12O6) |
[pic]
III. Cell Reproduction
1. Mitosis- reproduction of regular (body, somatic)
cells.
a. interphase (cell growth period-DNA is replicated)
b. prophase (DNA coils, spindle fibers appear)
c. metaphase (Chromosomes line up at the middle
of the cell)
d. anaphase (chromatids separate and are
pulled to opposite sides of the cell)
e. telophase (spindle fibers disappear, cell
cytoplasm divides in two-cytokinesis)
f. daughter cells have the same number of
chromosomes as parent cell
Plant Mitosis
PMAT
Interphase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase
[pic]
[pic]
View Mitosis Video Clip
2. Meiosis-reproduction of sex cells (gametes)
a. cell goes through same phases as mitosis but twice
b. in a second division, chromosome number is
halved (n)
c. daughter cells have half the number of chromosomes
as parent cell
[pic]
Or egg
Meiosis Video Clip
C. Chromosomes
1.. DNA-deoxyribonucleic acid
a.. located in the nucleus
b. made of nucleotides which are composed of
phosphate groups, deoxyribose sugars, and bases
c.. bases-adenine, guanine, cytosine, and
thymine
d. adenine pairs with thymine (A-T) and guanine
pairs with cytosine (G-C)
e. shape of DNA is a double helix (twisted ladder);
double stranded
[pic] [pic]
Click here to view DNA structure video (with audio)
2. RNA
a. made in the nucleus and then moves to the
ribosome
b. made of nucleotide- phosphate groups, and
ribose sugars, and bases
c. bases-same as DNA except thymine is
replaced by uracil
d. adenine pairs with uracil (A-U) and guanine
pairs with cytosine (G-C)
e. single-stranded
f. three types-messenger RNA, mRNA; transfer
RNA, tRNA; ribosomal RNA, rRNA
3. Protein synthesis
a. replication- copying of DNA; occurs during
interphase
Click here for DNA replication video clip (audio)
b. transcription-occurs in the nucleus, messenger
RNA copies the DNA code, then mRNA leaves
the nucleus
Click here for transcription video clip (audio)
c. translation-occurs on the ribosomes, transfer
RNA brings the nucleotides to the ribosome so
that the correct protein can be synthesized
Click here for translation video clip
d. mutation-sudden change in the code
Click here to view protein synthesis
[pic]
IV. Genetics and Heredity
A. Heredity-study of the passing of traits from parent
to offspring.
1. allele-gene forms ex T-tall or t-short
2. traits
a. dominant-trait that is seen or that overrides
the rest (T)
b. recessive (t)
3. phenotype-the way an organism looks; the
expression of a trait
ex. Tall, short
4. genotype-the actual gene make-up ex TT, Tt, tt
5. homozygous-trait with the same alleles (TT, tt)
6. heterozygous-trait with different alleles (Tt)
7. offspring-children
B. Monohybrid Cross-a parental cross of one trait.
Use a Punnett Square to determine the offspring of
the cross.
View a Punnett square video clip
What are the possible genotype and phenotype of the
offspring of a cross between two heterozygous
parents? Tt X Tt
T t
|T |TT |Tt |
|t |Tt |tt |
Genotype ¼ TT, ½ Tt, ¼ tt or 1:2:1
Phenotype ¾ tall, ¼ short 3:1
C. Incomplete or Blended Dominance-neither gene is
dominant
RR=red flower RW=pink flower WW=white flower
What are the possible genotype and phenotype of
the offspring of a cross between two heterozygous
parents? RW X RW
R W
|R |RR |RW |
|W |RW |WW |
Genotype ¼ RR, ½ RW, ¼ WW
Phenotype ¼ red, ½ pink, ¼ white
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V. Classification
A. Classification categories from largest to smallest are
Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
B. Eukaryotes
1. Protista Kingdom
a. Protista are simple, predominately
unicellular eukaryotic organisms.
b. Examples includes slime molds,
euglenoids, algae, and protozoans.
2. Fungi Kingdom
a. Fungi are unicellular or multicellular
organisms with eukaryotic cell types.
The cells have cell walls but are not
organized into tissues. They do not carry
out photosynthesis and obtain nutrients
through absorption.
b. Examples include sac fungi, club fungi,
yeasts, and molds.
3. Plantae Kingdom
a. Plants are multicellular organisms
composed of eukaryotic cells. The cells
are organized into tissues and have cell
walls. They obtain nutrients by
photosynthesis and absorption.
b. Examples include mosses, ferns,
conifers (gymnosperms), and flowering
plants (angiosperms).
4. Animal Kingdom
a. Animals are multicellular organisms
composed of eukaryotic cells. The cells
are organized into tissues and lack cell
walls. They do not carry out
photosynthesis and obtain nutrients
primarily by ingestion.
b. Examples include invertebrates
(sponges, worms, and arthropods) and
vertebrates (fish, amphibians, reptiles,
birds, and mammals).
B. Prokaryotes
1. Archaea (archaebacteria)-ancient bacteria
a. Archaea often live in extreme environments.
b. They include organisms which live in harsh
anaerobic environments such as hot springs,
deep ocean volcanic vents, sewage treatment
plants, and swamp sediments.
2. Bacteria (eubacteria)-“true” bacteria
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Describe transcription.
Describe translation.
Animal Cell
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