CHAPTER 14 LECTURE NOTES: STRESS & HEALTH



Chapter 14 Lecture Notes: Stress & Health

▪ Behavioral Medicine:

➢ interdisciplinary field that integrates behavioral and medical knowledge and applies that knowledge to health and disease

▪ Health Psychology:

➢ subfield of psychology that provides psychology’s contribution to behavioral medicine

▪ Stress: process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging

▪ Stress Appraisal:

➢ Burnout: physical, emotional and mental exhaustion brought on by persistent job-related stress

➢ General Adaptation Syndrome: Selye’s concept of the body’s

adaptive response to stress in three stages

➢ Stressful Life Events:

▪ Catastrophic Events: earthquakes, combat stress, floods

▪ Life Changes: death of a loved one, divorce, loss of job, promotion

▪ Daily Hassles: rush hour traffic, long lines, job stress, burnout

➢ Stress and the Heart

o Coronary Heart Disease

▪ clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle

▪ leading cause of death in many developed countries

o Type A:

▪ Friedman and Rosenman’s term for competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people

o Type B

▪ Friedman and Rosenman’s term for easygoing, relaxed people

Stress and Disease

➢ Psychosomatic Disease

o psychologically caused physical symptoms

➢ Psychophysiological Illness

➢ “mind-body” illness

➢ any stress-related physical illness

▪ some forms of hypertension

▪ some headaches

➢ distinct from hypochondriasis-- misinterpreting normal physical sensations as symptoms of a disease

➢ Lymphocytes

o two types of white blood cells that are part of the body’s immune system

▪ B lymphocytes form in the bone marrow and release antibodies that fight bacterial infections

▪ T lymphocytes form in the thymus and, among other duties, attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances

▪ Negative emotions and health-related consequences:

Promoting Health

▪ Aerobic Exercise:

▪ sustained exercise that increases heart and lung fitness

▪ Biofeedback:

▪ system for electronically recording, amplifying, and feeding back information regarding a subtle physiological state

▪ blood pressure

▪ muscle tension

▪ Modifying Type A life-style can reduce recurrence of heart attacks

▪ Predictors of mortality

Subfields of Alternative Medicine:

➢ Smoking-related early deaths

Obesity and Weight Control

▪ Weight Discrimination: When women applicants were made to look overweight, subjects were less willing to hire

-----------------------

Stressors

Catastrophes

Life changes

Hassles

Intervening

factors

Appraisal

Perceived control

Personality

Social support

Coping behaviors

Stress

reactions

Physiological

Emotional

Behavioral

Stressful event

(tough math test)

Threat

(“Yikes! This is

beyond me!”)

Challenge

(“I’ve got to apply

all I know”)

Panic, freeze up

Aroused, focused

Appraisal

Response

Stress

resistance

Phase 1

Alarm

reaction

(mobilize

resources)

Phase 2

Resistance

(cope with

stressor)

Phase 3

Exhaustion

(reserves

depleted)

The body’s resistance to stress can only

Last so long before exhaustion sets in

Stressor

occurs

Stress

resistance

Phase 1

Alarm

reaction

(mobilize

resources)

Phase 2

Resistance

(cope with

stressor)

Phase 3

Exhaustion

(reserves

depleted)

The body’s resistance to stress can only last so long before exhaustion sets in

Stressor

occurs

Unhealthy behaviors

(smoking, drinking,

poor nutrition and sleep)

Persistent stressors

and negative

emotions

Release of stress

hormones

Heart

disease

Immune

suppression

Autonomic nervous

system effects

(headaches,

hypertension)

Percentage

of patients

with recurrent

heart attacks

(cumulative

average)

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

Year

1978 1979 1980 1981 1982

Life-style modification patients

Control patients

Modifying life-style

reduced recurrent

heart attacks

Life events

Tendency toward

Health

Illness

Personal appraisal

Challenge

Threat

Personality type

Easy going

Nondepressed

Optimistic

Hostile

Depressed

Pessimistic

Personality habits

Nonsmoking

Regular exercise

Good nutrition

Smoking

Sedentary

Poor nutrition

Level of social support

Close, enduring

Lacking

Men

Women

Not smoking Regular exercise Weekly religious attendance attendance

Relative

risk

of dying

1

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0

Alternative systems of

medical practice

Bioelectromagnetic

applications

Diet, nutrition,

life-style changes

Herbal medicine

Manual healing

Mind-body control

Pharmacological and

biological treatments

Subfields of Alternative Medicine

Health care ranging from self-care according to folk principles,

to care rendered in an organized health care system based on

alternative traditions or practices

The study of how living organisms interact with electromagnetic (EM) fields

The knowledge of how to prevent illness, maintain health, and

reverse the effects of chronic disease through dietary or

nutritional intervention

Employing plan and plant products from folk medicine traditions

for pharmacological use

Using touch and manipulation with the hands as a diagnostic

and therapeutic tool

Exploring the mind’s capacity to affect the body, based on

traditional medical systems that make use of the interconnected-

ness of mind and body

Drugs and vaccines not yet accepted by mainstream medicine

33,348

1,686

1,135

556

202

Smoking Suicide Vehicle HIV/ Homicide

crash AIDS

Cause of death

Number

of deaths

per 100,000

Willingness to hire scale

(from1: definitely

not hire)

to

7: definitely hire)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Women

Men

Normal

Overweight

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