List of Important Laws, etc



Name:_______________________________________Date:________________Hour:___________

AP U.S. Government and Politics Review

Instructions: The following is a comprehensive study guide of the material covered by the text and the AP U.S. Government and Politics course.

• Part I: Contains two sets of summative questions/statements/skills that you should be able to respond to for the AP exam.

• Part II: Contains a table of the most important laws studied in AP U.S. Government and Politics (to be reviewed and/or covered in review sessions)

• Part III: Contains a table of the most important terms, laws, court cases, people, etc. from each chapter

• Part IV: Contains a list of the most important Supreme Court cases from the Civil Liberties/Rights unit.

• Part V: Contains a breakdown of each of the policy chapters (to be reviewed/covered in review sessions)

Part I: Review Questions

American Political Culture

 

❑ θ       The dominant aspects of political culture in the U.S.

❑ θ       The contributions to U.S. political culture made by the Revolution, our religious heritages, and by the family

❑ θ       Beliefs that citizens hold about their government and leaders

❑ θ       Processes by which citizens learn about politics

❑ θ       Internal and external political efficacy and how the level of each of these has varied over the past generations

 

Public Opinion

 

❑ θ       Sources of our political attitudes

❑ θ       The significance of race, ethnicity, education, and gender in explaining political attitudes

❑ θ       Explanations for crosscutting cleavages between liberals and conservatives in the U.S.

❑ θ       The liberal and conservative positions on the economy, civil rights, and political conduct

❑ θ       The different types of polling and problems with polls

❑ θ       The differences between how the elites and the general public see politics and how the elites influence public opinion

 

Political Participation

 

❑ θ       The significance of different turnout statistics in the U.S. and other countries

❑ θ       Different forms of participation and why people participate in politics

❑ θ       The factors that are associated with high or low political participation

❑ θ       Factors why political participation has declined over the past century and factors explaining why turnout stays low in the U.S.

 

Political Parties

 

❑ θ       The differences in party structures in Europe and the U.S.

❑ θ       The development of the U.S. party system through its four periods

❑ θ       the functions, organization, and development of political parties

❑ θ       Explanations for why parties have been in decline since the New Deal

❑ θ       The structure of a major party; powerful and powerless party units

❑ θ       Differences between the Republican and Democratic parties

❑ θ       Critical elections in our history

❑ θ       Why third parties have trouble and the effect of third parties on elections and platforms of the major parties

❑ θ       The differences between activists and nonactivists

 

Elections and Campaigns

 

❑ θ       The differences between the party-oriented campaigns of the 19th century and the candidate-oriented ones of today

❑ θ       The election process from a candidate’s announcement through the actual election

❑ θ       The importance of campaign funding; the sources of campaign funds under current laws; and the success or failure of reform legislation in removing improper monetary influences from U.S. elections

❑ θ       Party realignment and dealignment; examples of such elections in the past; critical elections

❑ θ       What the Democrats and Republicans each must do to put together a successful national coalition to win an elections

❑ θ       The relationship between elections and changes in public policy in the U.S.

❑ θ       The role of the Electoral College

❑ θ       Advantages of incumbents

❑ θ       Difficulties facing third parties

The Media

 

❑ θ       The evolution of journalism in U.S. political history and the differences between the party press and the mass media of today

❑ θ       How the electronic media affects the actions of public officials and candidates for national office

❑ θ       The impact of the “national press;” how the media’s coverage influences elections and the public agenda

❑ θ       The rules and laws that govern the media

❑ θ       The impact of the media on politics

❑ θ       The difference in media coverage of the president and members of Congress

❑ θ       Determining bias in press coverage

 

The Judiciary

 

❑ θ       What are the differences between federal and centralized systems of government?

❑ θ       What are advantages and disadvantages of federalism?

❑ θ       How has the Supreme Court interpreted the relationship between national and state powers over the years?

❑ θ       Why have federal grants-in-aid to the states been politically popular? What have been their pitfalls?

❑ θ       What are the positive and negative aspects of categorical grants, block grants, and revenue sharing? Be sure that you know the differences in the different methods for the government giving aid to the states.

❑ θ       What is the role that mandates have played on federalism? What has the effect of devolution on the relationships between the national and state governments?

 

The Constitution

 

❑ θ       The concept of “higher law’ by which the colonists felt they were entitled to certain “natural rights”

❑ θ       The shortcomings and accomplishments of government under the Article of Confederation

❑ θ       Why the framers decided to write a new constitution

❑ θ       The Virginia and New Jersey plans and how they led to the “Great Compromise”

❑ θ       Why separation of powers and federalism became key parts of the Constitution

❑ θ       The compromises made about slavery in the Constitution

❑ θ       Criticisms that the Antifederalists had of the Constitution

❑ θ       The contents of the Constitution

❑ θ       Checks and balances among the three branches of government; which powers each branch has

❑ θ       The content of each Amendment and why it was passed

❑ θ       Ways of Amending the Constitution

❑ θ       Modern views of constitutional reform advocated today

❑ θ       Why the Constitution has lasted so long

❑ θ       Major arguments in the Federalist Papers, particularly #10 and #51

 

Federalism

 

❑ θ       The difference between federal and centralized systems of government

❑ θ       The ways in which national and state powers have been interpreted by the courts and how this has changed over the years

❑ θ       The history of federalism and the concepts of nullification and different types of federalism

❑ θ       How the interpretation of the elastic clause has influenced the use of federal power

❑ θ       Why federal grants-in-aid to the states have been politically popular and the pitfalls of such grants-in-aid.

❑ θ       The different types of grants

❑ θ       The advantages and disadvantages of federalism

❑ θ       The effect of devolution on relationships between the national and state governments

❑ θ       Concurrent, enumerated, reserved, implied, and denied powers in the Constitution

Part I (cont.): More Review Questions

  

|1. |The Founding Fathers believed that it is in our human nature to pursue our own self-interest. What safeguards were written into the |

| |Constitution to safeguard against abuses stemming from our natures? |

| |  |

|2. |What are the formal methods for amending the Constitution? What are some informal ways that the meaning of the Constitution can be |

| |changed? Give examples. |

|3. |List five examples of powers given to the states in the Constitution. |

|4. |Outline the history of federalism including dual federalism, creative federalism, creative federalism, new federalism or devolution, |

| |and fiscal federalism using regulations and mandates, giving specific examples of policies and/or court cases that reflect that |

| |history. |

|5. |List as many effects as you can of having weaker parties. Give examples. |

|6. |How have the reforms of how campaigns are financed affected politics? Include the reforms from the 1970s and the more recent |

| |Bipartisan Campaign Finance Reform Act. |

|7. |List three ways that the Internet has changed election campaigns. |

|8. |What are the underlying reasons that explain why Congress moves slowly and inefficiently? What are the results of the ways that |

| |Congress operates this way? |

|9. |Identify two ways party leadership can influence members of their party in Congress. Identify one factor that makes it difficult for|

| |party leadership to influence members of their party in Congress |

|10. |Why did the Founding Fathers create the Electoral College. List as many flaws as you can with the Electoral College. List reasons |

| |to maintain the Electoral College. |

|11. |List as many strengths and weaknesses of the presidency that you can. Give an example for each one. Include all the restrictions |

| |that Congress has put on the power of the presidency. |

|12. |List as many effects of divided government that you can think of. What are the methods that a president can use to overcome these |

| |barriers? |

|13. |List and explain the causes for the problems the president has in obtaining bureaucratic cooperation. List as many checks on |

| |bureaucratic power that you can think of. What are the powers that the bureaucracy has to resist reform and change? |

|14. |What are the arguments in favor of judicial activism? What are the arguments in favor of judicial restraint? Try to give an example|

| |for each point you make. What are some Supreme Court decisions that are examples of judicial activism? |

|15. |What controls does the Congress have if it does not like a decision of the Court? Give an example for each one. |

|16. |List as many reasons as you can for why it is hard to enact new policies. Give examples for each. |

Part II: Most Important Laws

|Northwest Ordinance |National Environmental Policy Act (1969) |

|Virginia Plan |Civil Rights Act of 1957 |

|New Jersey Plan |Equal Pay Act of 1963 |

|The Great Compromise |Civil Rights Act of 1964 |

|Necessary and Proper Clause |Voting Rights Act of 1965 |

|Supremacy Clause |Open Housing Act of 1968 (Title VIII) |

|Commerce Clause |Higher Education Act of 1972 (Title IX) |

|Fugitive Slave Clause |Education of All Handicapped Children Act of 1975) |

|Clean Air Act (1970) |Voting Rights Act of 1982 |

|Emergency Highway Energy Conservation Act (1974) |Civil Rights Act of 1988 |

|Americans with Disabilities Act (1990) |Civil Rights and Women’s Equity in Employment Act of 1991 |

|Motor Voter Registration Act (1993) |Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 |

|Unfunded Mandates Reform Act (1995) |North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) |

|Welfare Reform Act (1996) |Tax Reform Act of 1986 |

|Voting Rights Act (1965) |Clinton tax plan (1993) |

|Pendleton Act (1883) | Social Security Act (1935) |

|Hatch Act (1939) | Medicare (1965) |

|Federal Election Campaign Act (1974) |Gramm-Rudman-Hollings (1985) |

|Ethics in Government Act (1978) |Social Security Act (1935) |

|Lobbyist Disclosure Act (1995) |Medicare and Medicaid |

|Rule 22 |Welfare Reform law (1996) |

|Congressional Budget and Impoundment Act (1974) |National Security Act (1947) |

|War Powers Act (1973) |Goldwater-Nichols Act (1986) |

|Independent Counsel law |Clean Air Act (1963) |

|Presidential Succession Act of 1947 | Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (1970) |

|Civil Service Reform Act of 1978 | Water Quality Improvement Act (1970) |

|Whistle Blower Protection Act (1989) | Endangered Species Act (1973) |

|Freedom of Information Act (1966) |  |

Part III: Unit Analysis

The Constitution:

|1. |John Locke |16. |Federalist Papers |31. |Ex post facto law |

|2. |social contract |17. |Virginia Plan |32. |Bill of Rights |

|3. |Natural Rights |18. |New Jersey Plan |33. |Proportional Representation |

|4. |State of Nature |19. |The Great (or Connecticut Compromise |34. |Enumerated Powers |

|5. |unalienable rights |20. |Republic |35. |Separated Powers |

|6. |Thomas Hobbes |21. |judicial review |36. |Necessary and Proper Clause |

|7. |Democracy |22. |separation of powers |37. |Apportionment |

|8. |Oligarchy |23. |federalism |38. |Supremacy Clause |

|9. |Monarchy |24. |Popular sovereignty |40. |Treason |

|10. |Mixed Government |25. |Federalists and Anti-federalists |41. |Fugitive Slave Clause |

|11. |Articles of Confederation |26. |James Madison |42. |Veto |

|12. |Constitutional Convention |27. |Alexander Hamilton |43. |Electoral College |

|13. |Shays’s Rebellion |28. |Federalist Nos. 10 and 51 |44. |Original Jurisdiction |

|14. |Northwest Ordinance |29. |Coalition |45. |Appellate Jurisdiction |

|15. |factions |30. |Bill of Attainder |46. |Line-item veto |

Political Culture, Public Opinion and Political Participation

|1. |Political Culture |18. |Political Elite |35. |saliency |

|2. |Political Ideology |19. |New Class |36. |Help America Vote Act 2002 |

|3. |Equality of Opportunity |20. |New Deal Coalition |37. |Motor-Voter Law (1993) |

|4. |Equality of Results |21. |random sample |39. |Fifteenth Amendment |

|5. |Civic duty |22. |sampling error |40. |literacy test |

|6. |progressive culture |23. |Weighting |41. |poll tax |

|7. |orthodox culture |24. |quota sample |42. |grandfather clause |

|8. |political efficacy |25. |focus groups |43. |white primary |

|9. |Middle America |26. |instant response polling |44. |Voting Rights Act (1965) |

|10. |Silent Majority |27. |push polls |45. |Nineteenth Amendment (1920) |

|11. |Social Status (socio-economic status,|28. |bandwagon effect |46. |Voting Rights Act (1970) and (1982) |

| |SES) | | | | |

|12. |Christian Coalition |29. |refusal rate |47. |Twenty-Sixth Amendment (1971) |

|13. |Gender Gap |30. |exit polls |48. |Twenty-Third Amendment (1961) |

|14. |Liberal |31. |Tracking poll |49. |disfranchisement |

|15. |Conservative |32. |skewed question |50. |Australian ballot |

|16. |Libertarian |33. |context effect |51. |activist |

|17. |Populist |34. |question framing |52. |demographics |

Political Parties

|1. |political party |14. |patronage |27. |McGovern-Fraser Commission |

|2. |progressives |15. |plurality system |28. |Party Dealignment |

|3. |direct primary |16. |caucus |29. |“personal following” |

|4. |national convention |17. |linkage institutions |30. |proportional representation |

|5. |national committee |18. |“loyal opposition” |31. |coalition |

|6. |congressional campaign committee |19. |“out party” |32. |party platform |

|7. |national chairman |20. |realignment |33. |Progressives |

|8. |Soft money |21. |First Party System |34. |Dixiecrats |

|9. |Hard money |22. |Second Party System |35. |Strom Thurmond |

|10. |super-delegates |23. |New Deal Coalition |36. |George Wallace |

|11. |winner-take-all-system |24. |Spoils System |37. |American Independent Party |

|12. |political machine |25. |Critical Elections |38. |Ross Perot |

|13. |Tammany Hall |26. |Civil Service | | |

Elections and Campaigns

 

|1. |incumbent |14. |closed primary |27. |527s |

|2. |coattails |15. |blanket primary |28. |prospective voting |

|3. |PAC or political action committee |16. |runoff primary |29. |retrospective voting |

|4. |federal matching funds |17. |Smith v. Allwright (1944) |30. |critical/realigning election |

|5. |caucus (esp. Iowa caucus) |18. |white primaries |31. |split ticket voting |

|6. |primary |19. |whistle-stop train tour |32. |straight ticket voting |

|7. |front-loaded campaign |20. |campaign spots |33. |“front-loading” nomination process |

|8. |clothespin vote |21. |Federal Election Campaign Act (1974) |34. |“Winner-take-all” primaries |

|9. |position issue |22. |Federal Election Commission (FEC) |35. |Super Tuesday |

|10. |valence issue |23. |Buckley v. Valeo (1976) |36. |Bush v. Gore (2000) |

|11. |general election |24. |soft money |37. |Opposition Research |

|12. |primary election |25. |hard money |38. |McConnell v. FEC (2003) |

|13. |open primary |26. |Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act (2002) |  |  |

The Media

|1. |Muckraker |12. |Equal Time rule |23. |Adversarial Press |

|2. |Associated Press |13. |Right-of-reply rule |24. |“Off/On the record” |

|3. |yellow journalism |14. |Political editorializing rule |25. |“On (deep) background” |

|4. |“Big Three” Networks |15. |Fairness Doctrine |26. |Feeding Frenzy |

|5. |sound bites |16. |Selective attention |27. |Pack Journalism |

|6. |Libel |17. |Editorial endorsement |28. |New York Times Co. v. Sullivan (1964) |

|7. |Defamation |18. |C-Span |29. |Federal Communications Commission |

|8. |Prior Restraint |19. |Routine Stories |30. |Telecommunications Act |

|9. |The Pentagon Papers |20. |Feature Stories |31. |Shield law |

|10. |trial balloon |21. |Insider Stories |32. |“Above” or “Below the fold” stories |

|11. |loaded language |22. |News Leaks |33. |Freedom of Information Act (1974) |

Interest Groups

|1. |K Street |12. |Environmental Movement |22. |Ethics in Government Act (1978) |

|2. |Lobby and lobbyist |13. |Feminist Movement |23. |Lobbyist Disclosure Act (1995) |

|3. |Interest group |14. |Union Movement |24. |Pluralist theory |

|4. |Solidary incentives |15. |Foundations |25. |Elitist theory |

|5. |Material incentives |16. |Direct Mail |26. |Hyperpluralist theory |

|6. |Purposive incentives |17. |Political cue |27. |Trade association |

|7. |Ideological interest group |18. |Insider strategy |28. |Iron Triangles |

|8. |Public-interest lobby |19. |Grassroots lobbying |29. |Free rider problem |

|9. |Ralph Nader |20. |Astroturf lobbying |30. |Think tanks |

|10. |Communication Workers of America v. Beck|21. |“Revolving Door” |31. |earmarks |

| |(1988) | | | | |

|11. |Social Movement |  |  |  |  |

The Congress:

|1. |franking privilege |28. |Shaw v. Reno (1993) |56. |Simple resolution |

|2. |unicameral |29. |descriptive representation |57. |Concurrent resolution |

|3. |bicameral |30. |substantive representation |58. |Joint resolution |

|4. |Speaker of the House |31. |sophomore surge |59. |multiple referral |

|5. |Newt Gingrich |32. |privileged speech |60. |sequential referral |

|6. |Nancy Pelosi |33. |Edmund Burke |61. |discharge petition |

|7. |Harry Reid |34. |Representational theory |62. |closed rule |

|8. |Party caucus |35. |Organizational theory |63 |open rule |

|9. |Rules Committee |36. |Attitudinal theory |64. |restrictive rule |

|10. |filibuster |37. |President Pro Tempore |65. |quorum |

|11. |17th Amendment |38. |Majority and Minority leaders |66. |quorum call |

|12. |Rule 22 |39. |Party Whip |67. |cloture rule |

|13. |cloture |40. |Steering Committee (D) |68. |double-tracking |

|14. |term limits |41. |Committee on Committees (R) |69. |roll-call vote |

|15. |US Term Limits, Inc. v. Thornton (1995)|42. |Policy Committee |70. |rider |

|16. |Marginal districts |43. |Party polarization |71. |Christmas tree bill |

|17. |Safe districts |44. |Caucus |72. |Committee of the Whole |

|18. |House Banking scandal |45. |Congressional Black Caucus |73. |Pork-Barrel |

|19. |House Post office scandal |46. |Blue Dog Democrats |74. |Earmarks |

|20. |Reapportionment |47. |Standing Committees |75. |Congressional courtesy |

|21. |redistricting |48. |Select Committees |76. |logrolling |

|22. |malapportionment |49. |Joint Committees |77. |Nongermane amendment |

|23. |gerrymandering |50. |Conference Committees |78. |Unanimous consent |

|24. |majority-minority districts |51. |seniority system |79. |Holds |

|25. |Wesberry v. Sanders 1964 |52. |Congressional Research Service |  |  |

|26. |Baker v. Carr (1962) |53. |General Accounting Office (GAO) |  |  |

|27. |“one man, one vote” |54. |Congressional Budget Office (CBO) |  |  |

The Presidency and the Bureaucracy:

|1. |Divided government |23. |United States v. Nixon (1973) |45. |Laissez-faire economics |

|2. |Unified Government |24. |Congressional Budget and Impoundment Act |46. |16th Amendment |

| | | |(1974) | | |

|3. |Representative democracy |25. |Impoundment |47. |Discretionary authority |

|4. |Direct democracy |26. |War Powers Act (1973) |48. |Competitive service |

|5. |Electoral college |27. |Trustee approach and Delegate model |49. |Office of Personnel Management |

|6. |Faithless electors |28. |Independent Counsel law |50. |Excepted service |

|7. |Pyramid structure |29. |Lame duck |51. |Merit system |

|8. |Circular structure |30. |Presidential Succession Act of 1947 |52. |Civil Service Reform Act of 1978 |

|9. |Ad hoc structure |31. |12th Amendment |53. |Hatch Act (1933 and 1993) |

|10. |Cabinet |32. |22nd Amendment |54. |Whistle Blower Protection Act (1989) |

|11. |Executive Office of the President |33. |25th Amendment |55. |Issues network |

|12. |Office of Management and Budget |34. |Impeachment |56. |Authorization legislation |

| |(OMB) | | | | |

|13. |National Security Council (NSC) |35. |Bully Pulpit |57. |Appropriations |

|14. |Council of Economic Advisers (CEA) |36. |Inherent power |58. |Committee clearance |

|15. |Executive Agencies |37. |Executive orders |59. |Legislative veto |

|16. |Independent Agencies |38. |Approval ratings |60. |INS v. Chadha 1983) |

|17. |Acting appointments |39. |Imperial presidency |61. |Red tape |

|18. |Presidential honeymoon |40. |Rule of propinquity |62. |National Performance Review |

|19. |Veto message and pocket veto |41. |bureaucracy |63. |Going native |

|20. |Line-item veto |42. |patronage |64. |Freedom of Information Act (1966) |

|21. |Clinton v. New York City (1998) |43. |spoils system |65. |National Environmental Policy Act (1969) |

|22. |Executive privilege |44. |Pendleton Act (1883) |  |  |

The Judiciary:

 

|1. |Judicial review |21. |Robert Bork |40. |Sovereign immunity |

|2. |Strict constructionist |22. |Antonin Scalia |41. |Class action suit |

|3. |Judicial activist |23. |Clarence Thomas |42. |Law clerks |

|4. |Federalist No. 78 |24. |David Souter |43. |Briefs |

|5. |Marbury v. Madison (1803) |25. |Ruth Bader Ginsburg |44. |Amicus curiae |

|6. |John Marshall |26. |Warren Court |45. |Solicitor General |

|7. |McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) |27. |Burger Court |46. |per curiam opinion |

|8. |Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) |28. |Rehnquist Court |47. |Opinion of the Court |

|9. |Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857) |29. |Dual Court System |48. |Concurring opinion |

|10. |Roger B. Taney |30. |Federal-question cases |49. |Dissenting opinion |

|11. |Court packing plan |31. |Civil law |50. |Stare decisis |

|12. |Constitutional court |32. |Criminal law |51. |Political question |

|13. |District court |33. |Dual sovereignty |52. |Remedy |

|14. |Courts of Appeals |34. |Writ of certiorari |53. |Court order |

|15. |Legislative courts |35. | In forma pauperis |54. |Impeachment |

|16. |Senatorial courtesy |36. |Fee shifting |55. |Appellate jurisdiction |

|17. |Blue Slips |37. |Plaintiff |56. |Concurrent jurisdiction |

|18. |Litmus test |38. |Defendant |57. |Exclusive jurisdiction |

|19. |Gang of 14 |39. |Standing |58. |Original jurisdiction |

|20. |William Rehnquist |  |  |  |  |

Civil Liberties:

|1. |Civil Liberties |18. |“Clear and Present Danger” |35. |Slander |

|2. |McCarthyism |19. |“time, place, and manner” |36. |Commercial speech |

| | | |restrictions* | | |

|3. |Incorporation Doctrine* |20. |Symbolic Speech* |37. |Right to assemble |

|4. |Fourteenth Amendment |21. |“Hate Crime” |38. |Right to associate* |

|5. |Equal protection clause* |22. |Speech codes |39. |Search warrant |

|6. |Due process clause* |23. |Prior Restraint* |40. |Indictment* |

|7. |Selective Incorporation* |24. |Libel* |41. |Grand Jury* |

|8. |Preferred freedoms* |25. |“actual malice” |42. |Substantive due process* |

|9. |Establishment Clause* |26. |Obscenity |43. |Procedural due process |

|10. |Free Exercise Clause* |27. |“Community standards” |44. |Probable cause* |

|11. |Wall of Separation Principle |28. |“Prurient interests” |45. |Exclusionary rule* |

|12. |Lemon Test* |29. |Preferred position |46. |“fruit of the poison tree” |

|13. |Equal Access Act |30. |Imminent danger* |47. |“good faith” exception* |

|14. |Parochial Schools |31. |Neutrality and Clarity |48. |Miranda rights |

|15. |School Vouchers |32. |Least-restrictive means |49. |Capital Punishment |

|16. |Freedom of Expression* |33. |John Peter Zenger |50. |Self-incrimination* |

|17. |Oliver Wendell Holmes |34. |Pentagon Papers |51. |Patriot Act |

Civil Rights:

|1. |Civil Rights |15. |Equal Pay Act of 1963 |29. |Reverse discrimination* |

|2. |Suspect classifications* |16. |Civil Rights Act of 1964* |30. |“Equality of opportunity: |

|3. |Strict Scrutiny and semi-strict |17. |Voting Rights Act of 1965* |31. |“Equality of result” |

| |scrutiny* | | | | |

|4. |Reasonabless or rationality |18. |Open Housing Act of 1968 (Title VIII) |32. |Quotas and preferences |

| |standard* | | | | |

|5. |Jim Crow laws* |19. |Higher Education Act of 1972 (Title IX) * |33. |Compensatory action |

|6. |“equal protections of the laws” |20. |Education of All Handicapped Children Act of|34. |“compelling government interest” * |

| | | |1975) | | |

|7. |“separate but equal” |21. |Voting Rights Act of 1982 |35. |“narrowly tailored” * |

|8. |“with all deliberate speed” |22. |Civil Rights Act of 1988 |36. |Concurring opinion* |

|9. |Segregation and desegregation * |23. |American with Disabilities Act of 1990* |37. |Dissenting opinion* |

|10. |integration* |24. |Sexual harassment |38. |“comparable worth” |

|11. |de jure segregation |25. |Equal Employment Opportunities Commission |  |  |

|12. |de facto segregation |26. |Equal Rights Amendment* |  |  |

|13. |Civil disobedience |27. |Right to privacy* |  |  |

|14. |Civil Rights Act of 1957 |28. |Affirmative Action* |  | |

Part IV: Supreme Court Cases

|Incorporation |

|Barron v. Baltimore (1833) |

|*Gitlow v. New York (1925) |

|Near v. Minnesota (1931) |

|Palko v. Connecticut (1937) |

|Freedom of Religion: Establishment Clause |

|*Everson v. Board of Education (1942) |

|*Lemon v. Kurtzman (1971) |

|Wallace v. Jaffree (1985) |

|Westside Community Schools v. Mergens (1990) |

|Santa Fe Independent School District v. Doe (2000) |

|Ten Commandments cases: McCreary County, KY v. American Civil Liberties Union of Kentucky and Van Orden v. Perry (2005) |

|Freedom of Religion: Free Exercise Clause |

|Reynolds v. United States (1879) |

|Sherbert v. Verner (1963) |

|Employment Division, Department of Human Resources of Oregon v. Smith (1990) |

|Church of the Lukuani Babalu Ave., v. City of Hialeah (1993) |

|Freedom of Speech and Press |

|*Schenck v. United States (1919) |

|*Gitlow v. New York (1925) |

|Near v. Minnesota (1931) |

|New York Times Co. v. Sullivan (1964) |

|*Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District (1969) |

|*New York Times Co. v. U.S. (1971) |

|Miller v. California (1973) |

|Bethel School District No. 403 v. Fraser (1986) |

|Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier (1988) |

|Texas v. Johnson (1989) |

|Morse v. Fredeerick (2007) |

|Freedom of Assembly and Petition |

|NAACP v. Alabama (1958) |

|Boy Scouts of American v. Dale (2000) |

|2nd Amendment rights |

|District of Columbia v. Heller (2008) |

|Due Process and the Rights of the Accused |

|*Mapp v. Ohio (1961) |

|*Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) |

|*Miranda v. Arizona (1966) |

|Death Penalty cases: Furman v. Georgia (1972) and Gregg v. Georgia (1976) |

|New Jersey v. T.L.O (1985) |

|Equal Protection of the Laws – Minorities |

|*Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) |

|*Korematsu v. United States (1944) |

|*Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954) |

|*Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978) |

|Lawrence v. Texas (2003) |

|Grutter v. Bollinger (2003) and Gratz v. Bollinger (2003) |

|Equal Protection of the Laws – Women and the Rights to Privacy and Abortion |

|*Griswold v. Connecticut (1965) |

|Reed v. Reed (1971) |

|*Roe v. Wade (1973) |

|Webster v. Reproductive Health Services (1989) |

|Planned Parenthood v. Casey (1992) |

|Gonzales v. Carhart (2007) |

 

* indicates you should know this case by name. It is sufficient to know them by their shorthand name such as Plessy or Bakke. For the other cases, knowing them by name would be ideal, but is not required. The important task is to understand the cases and their ramifications.

Part V: Policy Chapters Review

 

|1. |Fiscal policy |9. |Milton Friedman |17. |Arthur Laffer |

|2. |Budget deficit |10. |Inflation |18. |Reaganomics |

|3. |budget surplus |11. |Recession |19. |Adam Smith |

|4. |Monetary policy |12. |Keynesianism |20. |Federal Reserve |

|5. |Fiscal Year (FY) |13. |John Maynard Keynes |21. |Scarcity |

|6. |Council of Economic Advisers (CEA) |14. |Economic planning |22. |Substitutability |

|7. |North American Free Trade Agreement |15. |Price and wage controls |23. |Opportunity costs |

| |(NAFTA) | | | | |

|8. |Monetarism |16. |Supply-side theory |24. |Budget Resolution |

 

Questions on Chapter 16 – Economic Policy

Page 459-471

|1. |Summarize how economics affects politics and how politicians respond. |

|2. |How do two kinds of majoritarian politics complicate the politics of taxing and spending? |

|3. |Summarize the following economic theories: Monetarism, Keynesianism, economic planning, industrial policy, supply-side, Reaganomics. |

|4. |Define fiscal policy, budget deficit, budget surplus, monetary policy, and fiscal year. |

|5. |Summarize the role of the CEA, OMB and secretary of the treasury. |

|6. |What are the two sides of the debate on free trade? |

|7. |How did the Congressional Budget Act of 1974 change the budget process? In your answer indicate how the budget process is supposed to work. |

|8. |What are entitlements? What impact do they have on the federal budget? |

|9. |What was in the Gramm-Rudman Act or Balanced Budget Act of 1985? Define sequester. What strategy was adopted when sequestration didn’t work? |

|Page 471 - 477 |

|10. |Using the handout, define gross domestic product, recession, fiscal policy, discretionary spending, mandatory spending |

|11. |How did the Budget Enforcement Act of 1990 reform the process? |

|12. |Define tax loopholes, progressive tax, marginal rate, regressive tax, sin taxes, flat tax, capital-gains tax (from handout) |

|13. |What was in the Tax Reform Act of 1986? (from handout) |

|14. |What is the main function of the Federal Reserve and what are the three main tools they at their disposal to implement their policies? Make |

| |sure you know this. (Of course, that’s true for everything….) |

 

Chapter 17: Social Welfare

 

|1. |What does it mean to have a “means test” for a program? |

|2. |What is the political difference between programs like Social Security or Medicare and Aid to Families with Dependent Children that make the |

| |latter easier to reform? |

|3. |How do the distinctive factors of social welfare programs in the U.S. affect the programs that we have developed? |

|4. |Study the yellow chart on p. 483 and be sure that you are familiar with Medicare, Unemployment Insurance, TANF, Food Stamps, Medicaid, and the|

| |Earned Income Tax Credit. |

|5. |What are the three possible solutions for reforming Social Security? |

|6. |What were the problems with Medicare and what are the possible solutions? |

|7. |How was welfare (AFDC) reformed in 1996? Why was it possible to pass this reform? |

 

Chapter 21: Environmental Policy

 

|1. |Why is environmental policy so controversial? |

|2. |How does environmental policy in the United States differ from other countries? |

|3. |The book gives examples of how environmental issues illustrate al four styles of policy-making. From p. 587 -596, skim the book and note down|

| |how environmental politics represents entrepreneurial, majoritarian, interest group, and client politics. I’m interested in your |

| |understanding the interplay of different forces on policy-making rather than on your knowing the specifics of environmental policy over the |

| |decades. I also want you to understand how the perceived costs of a policy impact public acceptance of that policy. |

 

|Chapter 20 : Foreign and Military Policy |

|  |

|1. |Be sure that you understand how the roles of the President and Congress change according to what type of foreign policy issue is involved. |

|2. |On pp 555 – 560, the book talks about the extent and limits of presidential power. This should be a review to you from the unit on the |

| |Presidency. Make sure you remember all this. Outline briefly the powers that the president has in foreign policy plus the checks on |

| |presidential power. Be sure to understand the limits of those checks. |

|3. |What are the limits on the ability of the Secretary of State to direct foreign policy? |

|4. |What is the role of the NSC? |

|5. |Summarize the information about the interplay of public opinion and foreign policy. What is the “rally around the flag” effect? |

|6. |Skim through the material on the four world views discussed in the book and be sure you understand what each was.. |

|7. |What does the phrase “the military-industrial complex” refer to? |

|8. |What factors influence the growth or decline of the defense budget? |

|9. |What are the five explanations the book gives for cost overruns on big-ticket items in the defense budget? |

|10. |What is the explanation for expensive small-ticket items? |

|11. |Why was readiness given the lowest priority in budgeting? |

|12. |What solution did Congress adopt for base closings? |

|13. |What is the structure of the command in the Department of Defense? The book talks about the 1986 reorganization, the Goldwaters-Nichols Act |

| |and how it reorganized the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Summarize that information. |

 

The Politics of Taxing and Spending - Terms to Know

 

|1. |Budget |14. |Tax Reform Act of 1986 |27. |Appropriations Committee |

|2. |Deficit |15. |Clinton tax plan (1993) |28. |General Accounting Office (GAO) |

|3. |Expenditures |16. |Gross domestic Product (GDP) |29. |Budget and Accounting Act (1921) |

|4. |Revenues |17. |“Military industrial complex” |30. |Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act|

| | | | | |(1974) |

|5. |Interest on debt |18. |Social Security Act (1935) |31. |Budget resolution |

|6. |Income tax |19. |Medicare (1965) |32. |Reconciliation |

|7. |Pollock v. Farmer’s Loan and Trust |20. |“Great Society” |33. |Authorization bill |

| |Co. (1895) | | | | |

|8. |Internal Revenue Service (IRS) |21. |Incrementalism |34. |Appropriations bill |

|9. |Progressive tax |22. |Mandatory or uncontrollable expenditures |35. |Continuing Resolutions |

|10. |Flat tax |23. |Office of Management and Budget (OMB) |36. |Omnibus spending bills |

|11. |Federal debt |24. |House Ways and Means Committee |37. |Gramm-Rudman-Hollings (1985) |

|12. |Tax loopholes |25. |Senate Finance Committee |38. |Sequestrations |

|13. |Indexing |26. |Congressional Budget Office (CBO) |39. |PAYGO |

 

Chapter 17: Social Welfare

 

|1. |Means test |5. |Medicaid |9. |Welfare Reform law (1996) |

|2. |Means tested |6. |Food Stamps |10. |insurance program |

|3. |Social Security Act (1935) |7. |Aid to Families with Dependent Children |11. |assistance program |

| | | |(AFDC) | | |

|4. |Medicare |8. |Earned Income Tax Credit |12. |service strategy |

|  |  |  |  |13. |income strategy |

Chapter 21: Environmental Policy

 

|1. |Clean Air Act (1963) |6. |Kyoto Protocol |

|2. |Auto emission standards |7. |Smog |

|3. |Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (1970) |8. |toxic Waste |

|4. |Water Quality Improvement Act (1970) |9. |Acid Rain |

|5. |Endangered Species Act (1973) |10. |Environmental impact statement (EIS) |

 

Chapter 20: Foreign Policy

 

|1. |Legislative veto |7. |Iran-contra |13. |Containment |

|2. |War Powers Act (1973) |8. |Central Intelligence Agency |14. |Domino theory |

|3. |Senate Foreign relations Committee |9. |Isolationist |15. |Munich |

|4. |Boland Amendment |10. |Internationalist |16. |Appeasement |

|5. |National Security Council |11. |“rally around the flag” effect |17. |Disengagement |

|6. |National Security Adviser |12. |Iron Curtain and the Cold War |18. |Human rights |

 

Chapter 20: Military Policy

 

|1. |Military-industrial complex |7. |Intercontinental ballistic missiles |12. |Readiness |

| | | |(ICBMS) | | |

|2. |“Peace dividend” |8. |Mutual assured destruction (MAD) |13. |Commission on Base Realignment and closure |

| | | | | |(BRAC) |

|3. |“World’s policeman” |9. |“Don ask, don’t tell” |14. |National Security Act (1947) |

|4. |Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS) |10. |Cost overruns |15. |Chain of Command |

|5. |Armed Services Committees |11. |Gold plating |16. |Goldwater-Nichols Act (1986) |

|6. |Strategic defense Initiative (SDI) or |  |  |  |  |

| |“Star Wars” | | | | |

 

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