EMCH 361 REPORT TEMPLATE



University of South Carolina

Department of Mechanical Engineering

EMCH 361 Measurements and Instrumentation

Fall 2001

LAB4: TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT

Your name here

Date lab was performed

Lab Group

Group member #1

Group member #2

Group member #3

Abstract

This should be a one-paragraph summary of your entire report. This means that everything from your objectives to results should be briefly addressed. A good abstract also suggests what the results mean. When laying out this title page, obtain a cover sheet with a window through which the lab title and names above can be viewed. The abstract will then be seen only when opening the cover.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

If sections need to be added to (or deleted from) the table of contents, apply the Heading 1 style to the section title within your text. Then update the TOC by selecting it with the mouse and using the right button. Select “!update field.”

1. Introduction 3

2. Theory 3

2.1 Seebeck, Peltier, and Thompson effects. 3

2.2 Thermocouple used for the lab. 4

2.3 The first order dynamic response and time constant. 4

2.4 Analog to Digital conversion. 4

3. Apparatus 4

4. Procedure 5

5. Results 5

5.1.1 Calibration curves and equations. 6

5.1.2 Heating and cooling curves of the thermocuple. 7

5.1.3 Time constants and exponential curve fitting. 8

6. discussion 9

7. Conclusion 9

8. Acknowledgements 9

9. References 9

10. Appendices 10

To insert table of contents, go to Insert/Index and Tables …/ Table of Contents. Choose Formal style.

LIst of Figure Captions

Figure 1 Calibration curve of the thermocouple (cooling and heating) 6

Figure 2 Calibration curve of the pre-manufactured surface probe 6

Figure 3 Comparison of the cooling curves 7

Figure 4 Comparison of the heating curves 7

Figure 5 Exponential curve fitting for cooling and heating 8

To insert List of Figures, go to Insert/Index and Tables …/ Table of Figures. Choose Formal style. Choose Figures caption label.

List of Table Captions

Table 1 List of apparatus 4

Table 2 Time constants for heating 8

Table 3 Time constants for cooling 9

To insert List of Tables, go to Insert/Index and Tables …/ Table of Figures. Choose Formal style. Choose Tables caption label.

Introduction

This section is an introduction to the lab objectives and its practical uses. It should normally be 2 to 3 paragraphs. The primary functions are to capture the interest of the reader and describe the objectives of this laboratory exercise. The section needs to introduce the lab function and background. Any new concepts and terminology need to be given as well. Last should be the objectives of the lab. Include what should be accomplished or learned through performing this experiment.

Theory

Explain all new concepts covered in this experiment. Most labs will cover at least two concepts: a physical measurement system, such as a thermocouple, and an analysis tool, such as the linear regression. All non-trivial equations must be given here with explanations for all variables. Values for constants, such as material properties, are also given in this section. To create an equation, click on Insert/Object and then open up “Microsoft Equation 3.0” Equations should be center justified, with the equation number in parentheses right justified. Use the ‘Equation’ style to achieve this result.

[pic] (1)

[pic] (2)

1 Seebeck, Peltier, and Thompson effects.

Explain and compare the Seebeck, Peltier, and Thomson effects.

2 Thermocouple used for the lab.

Describe the type of thermocouple made by your group. This should include usable temperature range, color, materials, and anything else specific to your thermocouple.

3 The first order dynamic response and time constant.

Explain first order dynamic response (textbook p.179 – 182) and how this can be used with an exponential curve fitting on Excel for the calculation of time constant.

4 Analog to Digital conversion.

Describe how an A/C voltage signal is converted to a digital output (textbook p.361 – 366). Include explanations of scaling, sampling rate, digital resolution, and aliasing.

Apparatus

Provide a narrative describing all the equipment used in this lab.

Table 1 List of apparatus

|Item |Manufacturer |Model |Serial No. |Type |Range |Resolution |

|Conduction wire | | | | | | |

|Conduction wire | | | | | | |

|Ceramic wire | | | | | | |

|Plug connector | | | | | | |

|A/D converter | | | | | | |

|Spot welder | | | | | | |

|LabView Software | | | | | | |

|Pre-manufactured probe | | | | | | |

Most of the equipment can be listed in a table, as seen in Table 1. Do NOT leave spaces blank, use "NA" for Not Available or "--" for items that do not apply. Use the style ‘Table’ (Arial, 11 pts) for the text in the table. Place the caption of the table (here, ‘Table 1 – List of Apparatus’) above the table. To create a table caption, first highlight the table, and then go to the menu bar and select Insert/Caption. Choose the kind of caption you need, i.e., ‘Table caption’. The caption inserted in this way will update automatically whenever a new table is inserted, or a certain table is moved in front or after another table. If the caption number update does not happen automatically, force it by selecting it and pressing F9 key (or right click, and select Update field)

Procedure

Describe the procedure that was used in performing this lab. This section should give a narrative of what was done, with sufficient details to allow another investigator to fully understand what was done, and to reproduce it independently. If steps were done differently than originally planned, intentionally or by error, describe the changes. The description of the procedure should include enough detail to allow the experiment to be reproduced independently, without your intervention or verbal clarification.

Results

What are the results of the experiment? Most results will fit into tables. Describe all tables and figures in the text, repeating important information as needed. Raw data can often be put in an appendix, but its description and interpretation should be given here. If there are large tables, or a large number of tables and figures, put them into an appendix and provide a summary in this section to show the overall results and identify the trends. All data, except the original raw values, must be converted to consistent units. All data must include the uncertainty values with explanation of how they were determined.

1 Calibration curves and equations.

Give the calibration curves and equations (use the linear curve fit on EXCEL) for the thermocouple and pre-manufactured probe

[pic]

Figure 1 Calibration curve of the thermocouple (cooling and heating)

[pic]

Figure 2 Calibration curve of the pre-manufactured surface probe

2 Heating and cooling curves of the thermocuple.

Graph the heating and cooling curves of the thermocouple. If temperatures are used, they must be corrected with the calibration equation.

[pic]

Figure 3 Comparison of the cooling curves

[pic]

Figure 4 Comparison of the heating curves

3 Time constants and exponential curve fitting.

Calculate the time constants for the thermocouple using the exponential curve fit on EXCEL. Compare the heating and cooling curves with the exponential curve fit

[pic][pic]

Figure 5 Exponential curve fitting for cooling and heating

Table 2 Time constants for heating

|Case |T0 |T( |Time constant ( |

|Heating 1 | | | |

|Heating 2 | | | |

|Heating 3 | | | |

|Average | | | |

Table 3 Time constants for cooling

|Case |T0 |T( |Time constant ( |

|Cooling 1 | | | |

|Cooling 2 | | | |

|Cooling 3 | | | |

|Average | | | |

discussion

Analyze trends in the data. Explain what was found and how it can be used in the future.

Quantify and describe the sources, or suspected sources or error and uncertainty.

Evaluate the convergence between the theory and experiment. Does the experiment confirm the theory ? If not, what could be the cause of differences?

If the lab could be repeated, how should the procedure be changed to improve the results?

Compare the heating and cooling curves with the exponential curve fit. How good is this curve fit? How well do the heating and cooling curves match? Explain any differences

Quantify and compare the uncertainty of the pre-manufactured probe and your own thermocouple.

Conclusion

This section is normally brief, consisting of 1 or 2 paragraphs. Refer to the objectives of the lab, and articulate whether of not they were met, and how. If some objectives were not met, give a brief explanation of why. Explain what was found or learned by performing this lab.

Any ideas for improving the lab can also be included in this section.

Acknowledgements

This is a chance for you to acknowledge the people who helped you complete your project.

References

References are those bibliographical sources that are directly referenced in the text. Make sure all references are complete, including page numbers. When you cite one of these sources in your text, place the last name of the author and the date of publication, separated by a comma, in parentheses after the quotation. Example: (Smith, 1989) or, if you mention the author in your text, then: Smith (1989). With more than two authors, just use the alphabetically first name and then “et al”: (Beckwith, et al, 1993). Write the list of references in the format shown below using the ‘Ref’ style.

BECKWITH, MARRANGONI, and LIENHARD. (1993) Mechanical Measurements. 5th edition. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1993, pp 45-63, 79-91, 98-108

BEER, David; MCMURREY, David. (1997) A Guide to Writing as an Engineer. New York : John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1997, pp 1-246

Appendices

This section is optional. If there are large amounts of raw data, or a large number of graphs, summarize them in the Results section and put the bulk of them here. (In most cases, only raw data will find its way here). All contents of the appendices must be referenced from within the text. Remember that the contents of an appendix is not normally examine in details, unless there is a question with something in the Results section and the reader wants to viewed the raw data given in the Appendix.

However, the format of the data presented in the Appendix must follow the format imposed on the rest of the report. This includes margins, table and figure numbers, captions, and organization. Tables and figures presented in the Appendix must be also included in the list of figures and tables. However, start their numbering afresh, using the prefix A, e.g., Figure A1, Figure A2, …; Table A1, Table A2, …If you want to take advantage of automatic numbering, you can use the codes below to restart the automatic numbering (The code A1 has been modified to restart from 1.)

Figure A1 – Detail of …

Figure A2 – View of …

Table A1 – List of …

Table A2 – List of …

GOOD LUCK WITH YOUR REPORT!

Remember, when in doubt, better ask!

The TA’s are there to assist you to get the best results possible.

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