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Chapter 15 Weight Management Chapter 15Lesson 15.1Key ConceptsUnderlying causes of obesity include a host of various genetic, environmental, and psychological factors.Realistic weight management focuses on individual needs and health promotion, including meal pattern planning and regular physical activity.Key Concepts, cont’dAmerica’s obsession with thinness carries social, physiologic, and biologic costs.IntroductionAmerica is getting heavier66% of adults ages 20 to 74 years are overweight Of this number, 32% meet criteria for obesityCenter for Health Statistics reveals that 17% to 19% of children and adolescents are overweightOverweight and obesity, by age: United States, 1960-2004Obesity and Weight Control Body weight and body fatDefinitionsBody compositionMeasures of weight maintenance goalsStandard height/weight tablesHealthy weight range Individual variation Necessity of body fatObesity and Weight Control, cont’dObesity and healthWeight extremesOverweight and health problemsCauses of obesityBasic energy balanceHormonal controlLeptinGhrelinGenetic and family factors Obesity and Weight Control, cont’dGenetic and family factorsObesity and Weight Control, cont’dIndividual differences and extreme practicesIndividual energy balance levelsExtreme practices Fad dietsScientific inaccuracies and misinformationFailure to address the necessity of changing long-term habitsObesity and Weight Control, cont’dExtreme practices, cont’dFastingSpecific macronutrient restrictionsClothing and body wrapsDrugsReduce energy intake by suppressing appetiteIncrease energy expenditure by stimulating basal metabolic rateReduce the availability of nutrients to enter cellsAlter lipogenesis and lipolysisObesity and Weight Control, cont’dExtreme practices, cont’dSurgeryGastric restrictionMalabsorptive procedures (e.g., gastric bypass)LipectomySurgerySurgery, cont’dSurgery, cont’dSound Weight Management Program Essential characteristicsBehavior modificationBasic principlesBasic strategies and actions Defining problem behavior Recording and analyzing baseline behavior Planning behavior management strategySound Weight Management Program, cont’dDietary principlesEnergy (kilocalories) reduced according to needEnergy (kilocalorie) readjustment to maintain weightRealistic goalsNutritional adequacyCultural appealChapter 15Lesson 15.2Key ConceptsShort-term food patterns, or fads, often stem from food misinformation that appeals to some human psychological need but does not necessarily meet physiologic requirements.Key Concepts, cont’dRealistic weight management focuses on individual needs and health promotion, including meal pattern planning and regular physical activity.America’s obsession with thinness carries social, physiologic, and biologic costs.Sound Weight Management ProgramBasic energy balance componentsEnergy input: food behaviorsEnergy output: exercise behaviorsSound Weight Management Program, cont’dPrinciples of a sound food plan: Energy balance Nutrient balance Distribution balance Food guide Preventive approachFood Misinformation and FadsTypes of claimsFood curesHarmful foodsFood combinations“Natural” foodsFood Misinformation and Fads, cont’dErroneous claimsDangersVulnerable groupsElderly, young persons, obese persons, athletes and coaches, entertainersWhat is the answer?Underweight General causes Wasting disease Poor food intake Malabsorption Hormonal imbalance Energy imbalance Poor living situationUnderweight, cont’dDietary treatmentHigh-calorie dietHigh proteinHigh carbohydrateModerate fatAdequate sources of vitamins and mineralsUnderweight, cont’dDisordered eatingAnorexia nervosaBulimia nervosaBinge eating disorderTreatmentAnorexiaAnorexiaBulimia Nervosa and Binge Eating DisorderDefinitionsWarning signsTreatmentSummaryAmerica is getting bigger, with 66% of adults and 17% to 19% of children and adolescents being overweight.In the traditional medical model, obesity has been viewed as an illness and a health hazard, which is true in cases of clinically severe obesity.Summary, cont’dA sound weight loss program is based on reduced energy intake for gradual weight loss and nutrient balance to meet health standards.The ideal plan begins with prevention, stressing the formation of positive food habits in early childhood to prevent major problems in later life.Summary, cont’dUnderlying causes of obesity include a host of various genetic and environmental factors.America’s obsession with thinness has created extreme weight management problems such as eating disorders (e.g., anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa).Summary, cont’dNewer approaches view moderate overweight differently, however, in terms of the important aspect of fatness and leanness or body composition and propose a more person-centered positive health model ................
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