Jenks Public Schools



1st Semester Review – Mrs. Hankins / Language Arts REFERENCE MATERIALSDictionaryThesaurus Primary sourceSecondary sourceExcerpt (what is an excerpt?)ACTIVE READINGBackground knowledgeConnections -Text-Text -Text-Self -Text-WorldInferences (BK + text = inference)LiteratureTYPES OF SENTENCESFragmentSimple SentenceCompound Sentence FANBOYSComplex Sentence AAWWWUBBISAppositive PhrasePrepositional PhrasesWRITING-CONTENT - development-STYLE – word choice - word variety -MECHANICS (see punctuation and capitalization plus sentence error)PUNCTUATION/CAPITALIZATION*End sentence with period*Commas in items in a series*Punctuation of the title of books*Capitalization of proper nouns*Placement of comma after an introductory word or phrase*Placement of commas around appositive phrase*Quotation marks around a quote and a comma in most instances to introduce one*Usage of semi-colon between two complete sentences*Usage of colon to introduce a list of items*Apostrophe when used to show possessionSENTENCE ERRORSComma SpliceFused SentenceTRANSITIONSAdditionConcludingContrastingComparingTHE WRITING PROCESSBrainstormingDraftingRevisingEditingProofreadingPublishingWORD STUDYPrefixSynonymAntonymHomonymContext cluesTYPES OF WRITINGSummaryParaphraseNarrativeLiterary Analysis ELEMENTS OF A SHORT STORYPlotRising ActionClimaxFalling ActionResolutionCharacters Main character – protagonist Main character’s enemy – antagonistSettingForeshadowingFIGURATIVE LANGUAGEMetaphorsSimilesGENRESFictionNonfictionHistorical FictionScience FictionBiographyAutobiographyPARAGRAPHSIndent!Begin with a topic sentenceSupport topic sentence with concrete detailsExplain concrete details with commentaryFinish paragraph with Conclusion sentence What is the difference between a dictionary and a thesaurus?Dictionary: provides pronunciations of words Thesaurus: provides synonyms and antonyms of words.What is the difference between a primary source and a secondary source?A PRIMARY SOURCE is a document or artifact which was written or created during a particular time period. These sources were present during an experience or time period and offer an inside view of a particular event.Example: the quotes at the beginning of each chapter of Blood on the River are examples of primary sources, sources written during the time Jamestown, in the early 1600s.In contrast, A SECONDARY SOURCE is a secondhand account about people, events, topics or places that is based on what some other writer has read, heard. Example: Blood on the River is a secondary source. What are some examples of primary sources?Good examples of PRIMARY SOURCES are autobiographies, diaries, e-mail, interviews, letters, minutes, news film footage, official records, photographs, raw research data, speeches.What are some examples of secondary sources?Good examples of SECONDARY SOUCES are books, newspapers, pamphlets, encyclopedias and other materials in which information has been gathered for you.What is an excerpt?A passage or segment taken from a longer work,What is background knowledge?Also known as BK, background knowledge is previous learning done on a certain subject, either academic or experiential. Explain Text-Text connections.Connecting something you read in a book (characters, plot, events, settings, etc.) to another piece of literature you have previously read.Explain Text-Self connectionsConnecting something you read to something you have experienced.Explain Text-World connections.Connecting something you have read to something you have seen in a movie, the media, news, or other places in the world.What is an inference?Inferences are made when you use clues in the story to guess what happens. What does this “equation” mean? BK + TEXT = InferenceBK + TEXT = Inference - Background knowledge plus what you are reading in the text can lead you to make an inference about what you are readingWhat is literature?Written works having excellence of form or expression and ideas of lasting and widespread interest that are published in books and later read.What is a sentence fragment?Fragments are incomplete sentences, either missing a subject or a verb.Example: When we went to the store. To Fix: Either omit the word “when” or complete the complex sentence… “When we went to the store, we bought bread.” What makes a sentence whole? A complete sentence contains a subject and a verb.What makes a sentence a simple sentence?A simple sentence contains a subject and a verb, and it expresses a complete thought. In the following simple sentences, subjects are in yellow, and verbs are in green.?? A. Some students like to study in the mornings.B. Juan and Arturo play football every afternoon.C. Alicia goes to the library and studies every day.What makes a sentence a compound sentence?A compound sentence contains two independent clauses joined by a conjunction (FANBOYS only). In the following compound sentences, subjects are in yellow, verbs are in green, and the coordinators and the commas that precede them are in red.?A.? I tried to speak Spanish, and my friend tried to speak English.? B.? Alejandro played football, so Maria went shopping.? C.? Alejandro played football, for Maria went shopping.What makes a sentence a complex sentence?A complex sentence has an independent clause joined by one or more dependent clauses. A complex sentence always has a subordinator such as because, since, after, although, or when or a relative pronoun such as that, who, or which. In the following complex sentences, subjects are in yellow, verbs are in green, and the subordinators and their commas (when required) are in red.A. When he handed in his homework, he forgot to give the teacher the last page.? B. After they finished studying, Juan and Maria went to the movies.What are the FANBOYS and what types of sentences are they used in?The FANBOYS are for, and, nor, but, or, yet, and so. What are the AAAWWUBBIS and what types of sentences are they used in?AAAWWUBBIS are conjunctions that are used at the beginning of a complex sentence. After, As, Although, When, When, Unless, Because, Before, If and Since. (there are others that can be used in a complex sentence, but these are a few to rememberWhat is an appositive phrase and how is it punctuated?An appositive is a noun or noun phrase that renames another noun right beside it. Commas are placed on both sides of the appositive phrase unless the appositive comes at the beginning or end of the sentence. The appositive can be a short or long combination of words. Examples: The insect, a cockroach, is crawling across the kitchen table.The insect, a large cockroach with hairy legs, is crawling across the kitchen table.What does an appositive phrase “do” for the sentence?An appositive is one way to add extra information to a sentence.What are prepositions?A preposition is a directional word that indicates a relationship within a sentence.(anything a squirrel can do to a tree).The book is on the table.The book is beneath the table.The book is leaning against the table.The book is beside the table.She held the book over the table.She read the book during class.What do prepositional phrases “do” for a sentence?A prepositional phrase is one way to add extra information to a sentence.When talking about the content of your writing, what is DEVELOPMENT?Development is the amount of detail you have in your writing.Is there such a thing as UNDERDEVELOPMENT? What about OVERDEVELOPMENT?Yes, you can say too little, but you can also say too much!What is word choice when it comes to your writing?Word choice is choosing just the right words, strong and vivid-sounding words, for your writing.What are 5 words that would be stronger word choices than the word “said”?Whispered, shouted, croaked, grunted and bellowed. (there are many more!)Why is it important to use word variety? (changing around the words you use in a piece of writing – not using the same one over and over)Using the same word over and over doesn’t usually make your writing interesting. When possible, use different words to express yourself.What type of punctuation mark ends MOST sentences?A period.What should come after an introductory word or phrase in a sentence?A comma.Example:Yes, please go to the store.Tomorrow, I will buy you dessert.When you go, please buy me some bread.When you write a sentence with items in a series (3 or more things), where should the commas be placed?Between the items.Example: I love apples, bananas, and pears.She told me to buy wheat bread, cheddar cheese and spicy mustard.What are proper nouns? What should be done to them?Proper nouns name a person, place or thing specifically, (not in general).Example: My old high school is getting renovated.Jenks High School is getting renovated.How should the title of a book be punctuated? (2 things)The title of a book should be underlined and the first letter of each major word should be capitalized. Example:Diary of a Wimpy KidWhat punctuation marks are placed on both sides of a quote to show that these are, in fact, the words of someone besides yourself?Quotation marks are used to indicate that the sentence is a quotation.Example:John Paul questioned, “where did you put my jacket?”What punctuation mark usually comes directly before a quote?As in the example above, you can see that a comma is used to introduce a quotation. If the quotation is at the beginning of the sentence, you should use a comma at the end of the quote.Example:“I found my jacket,” John Paul mentioned.Can a semi-colon be placed between two complete sentences?A semi-colon is an excellent punctuation mark to place between two complete and closely related sentences. Example:Keisha studied for hours for her science test; the test was extremely easy for her.What does a colon introduce?A colon can be used at the end of a sentence to introduce a list of things.Example:I have three favorite fruits: kiwi, strawberries, and mangos.What is the function of an apostrophe when it is not used in a contraction? (such as I’m)An apostrophe shows possession.Examples:Tina’s shirt is dirty.Johan’s turn is next.What is a comma splice and how can it be fixed?A comma splice is when two complete sentences are smashed together with only a comma in between.Example: My family owns a PC, I prefer a Mac.Here are 4 ways to fix this error.Insert a semi-colon between the two sentences.My family owns a PC; I prefer a Mac.Place a period in between the two sentencesMy family owns a PC. I prefer a Mac.Make the sentence compoundMy family owns a PC, but I prefer a Mac.Make the sentence complex.Although my family owns a PC, I prefer a Mac.What is a fused sentence and how can it be fixed?A fused sentences is when two complete sentences are smashed together with nothing in between.Example: My family owns a PC I prefer a Mac.Fixes for this error are same as for the comma splice.What is the function of transitions in a paragraph or essay?Transitions words and phrases help your reader understand where you are going with your writing. Without transitions, a text will most likely seem disorganized and will often be difficult to understand. When used they provide greater organization within a text and lead to greater understanding and enjoyment on the part of the reader.Which ones are used to show addition?In addition, also, as well, furthermore, additionallyWhich ones are used to show comparison?Similarly, Likewise, in comparisonWhich ones are used to show contrast? In contrast, however, on the other handWhich ones are used to show finality (or conclusion)?In conclusion, finally, in summary, What is the first step in the writing process? What happens at this step?This step is known as prewriting or brainstorming and what happens at this step is the writer just puts his/her thoughts on paper. What comes after brainstorming/prewriting? What happens at this step?Drafting is the next step. At this step of writing, the writer attempts to pull the ideas together in an organized format.What is the difference between revision and editing?Revision is the third step in the writing process and editing is the fourth.When you revise you look at what you’ve written and you try to make changes and improvements. You may develop the paper by adding more details. You may also work on the style of the paper by improving your word choice and/or by adding transitional words. On the other hand, editing is anything a computer can do, such as make suggestions for correct spelling and correct grammatical form. What is peer editing?Peer editing is when a friend looks over your paper and makes suggestions for improving it.What is proofreading? Proofreading is looking at the final version of a paper to see if it printed out correctly and scanning for any other last minutes fixes.What is publishing?Publishing is sharing your writing with others!What is a prefix?A prefix is a word part added to the beginning of a word to create a word with a new meaning. Examples: refill, undo, incomplete, precookedWhat is an antonym?An antonym is a word that is opposite in meaning to another.Example: Curly/straight funny/serious angry/calmWhat is a synonym?A synonym is a word that is similar in meaning to another.friend/buddy bargain/deal What are context clues and how can they help you?Context clues are words or phrases that are built into sentences around a difficult word. Context clues help you make logical guesses about the meaning of words you don’t know. What is the difference between a summary and a paraphrase?Paraphrasing is re-writing another writer’s words or ideas in your own words without altering the meaning.? The paraphrase is about the same length as the original since the purpose is to rephrase without leaving out anything, and not to shorten. Summarizing, on the other hand, is putting down the main ideas of someone else’s work in your own words. A summary is always shorter than the original since the idea is to include only the main points of the original work and to leave out the irrelevant.What is a narrative?A narrative means you are telling a story.Define a literary analysis. Literary analysis is when you read literature, think deeply about it and the patterns you see within it, and then use your knowledge to write a well-organized analysis.Define PlotPlot is simply the events of a story from beginning to end.What is rising action in a story and when does it happen?The rising action of a plot is the series of events that occur which are building up tension at the beginning of the story.What is the climax of a story?The climax of the story is the main part. It's when most problems in the story are resolved. It is also thought as the high point of the story.What is the falling action of a story?The falling action occurs after the climax. It is where all the loose ends of the story are tied up.What is the resolution of a story and when does it happen?The very end of the story is the resolution – it reveals the final ending.What is the main character of a story called? The protagonistWhat is the main character’s enemy called?The antagonistWhat is setting?Setting is the time and place that the story occurs.What is foreshadowing?Foreshadowing is when a phrase, sentence or passage in literature gives a hint or a clue of what is to come in the rest of the story.Example: The quotes at the beginning of Blood on the River are examples of foreshadow because they give the reader an idea of what is going to happen in that chapter.What is the difference between metaphors and similes?A simile is a comparison of two unlike objects to show their similarities using like or as.Example: Her eyes are LIKE diamonds.A metaphor is a comparison of two unlike objects to show their similarities.Example: She has diamond eyes.What does the word genre mean?A category or type of literature, such as science fiction or fantasy.What is the difference between fiction and nonfiction?Books/stories that are made up by the author are fiction. On the other hand, books/stories that are written about real people, things and events are nonfiction.Describe the genre of historical fiction?Historical fiction is a story that is set in the past and contains both historically accurate details as well as fictional details. Blood on the River is historical fiction. Describe the genre of science fiction?Science fiction is literature that is usually set in the future, involves some kind of alternative life form (aliens), involves technology and sometimes infers a commentary on society. What is the difference between a biography and an autobiography?A biography is the life story of someone written by an outsider. An autobiography is when someone writes his/her own life story.What is a topic sentence and where is it placed in a paragraph?The topic sentence is the main point of the paragraph and is located at the beginning of the paragraph.What supports a topic sentence? The concrete details are facts or points that directly support the topic sentence.What explains the concrete details?Commentary is an explanation of the previous concrete detail.What sentence ends a paragraph?A concluding sentence that restates (not repeats) the topic sentence.What should you always do to the beginning of a paragraph? Indent!!! ................
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