University of North Carolina Wilmington



Daily Pacing Guide: Animals of the Antarctic3484245344805This pacing guide should be used in conjunction with the PowerPoint “Introduction to the Polar Regions”. Supplemental material that is paired with this lesson is included below. Not all information from the PowerPoint is included in this guide, as it is meant to support, not replace, the PowerPoint-guided lesson.Introducing Animals of the AntarcticA Quick ReviewThe purpose of this section is to reinforce topics from the previous lesson, as well as to answer any questions that students may have about the previous material. Some important information to review is that:The Arctic is a frozen ocean and the Antarctic is a frozen continent. Antarctica is the world’s largest desert. It is the driest desert in the world and it is the windiest place on Earth.Antarctica is colder than the Arctic because not only is Antarctica a giant landmass, but it also has a higher average elevation.90% of the world’s ice is found in Antarctica, with 99% of the continent being covered by ice.Polynyas are an ice-free area in an otherwise frozen ocean. There are 2 types: coastal and open ocean. They are areas of high productivity and are used by animals that need open water access or access above the sea ice. They can be found in the Arctic and Antarctic.Sea ice does not contribute to sea level rise, as the ice is already displacing water. Because land ice is on land, it is not already displacing water. When land ice melts it contributes to sea level rise.Fact or Fiction?Ask students if they think this image is real. If so, where do they think it was taken? If they think it is not real, have them explain why.Answer: FICTIONPolar bears are found exclusively in the Arctic. Penguins are found in Antarctica and in subtropical locations, but they are not found in the Arctic.3 ImagesCartoon: “Well, one of us is in the wrong cartoon.”MemeGlobePolar bears are exclusively found in the North Hemisphere. Penguins are found in Antarctica and other subtropical regions.Discussion: why do we have these misconceptions about the animals of the Antarctic?Have students discuss in groups why they think we have these misconceptions.Does social media, television, marketing, and/or commercials play a role in adding to these misconceptions? Why or why not? Can they give any examples?Misconceptions about Animals in the Polar RegionsMost misconceptions about the polar regions can be seen during the winter months, especially around Christmas.One of the biggest contributors to these misconceptions is Coca-Cola (Coke).Their Christmas commercials often feature both polar bears and penguins together, which is simply not true.Christmas decorations also contribute to this misconception. Examples: Inflatable decorations, decorations in general, Christmas cards, etc.Basis of the Food Chain**All information about each organism presented in this portion of the presentation can be found at . These are presented in no particular order.**Antarctic KrillThe total amount of krill is hard to determine because they are unevenly distributed throughout the ocean. They are also really hard to capture in research nets.Their main food source is phytoplankton, which will be discussed later in this presentation.Different species of krill can be found throughout the world’s oceans.PhytoplanktonMain producers of the Antarctic ecosystemAll life depends on them!!Single-celled photosynthesizersLarge populations in the oceanBloom in the springDifferent species of phytoplankton (like diatoms and algae) can be found throughout the world’s oceans.AmphipodsAre often red in colorPreyed on by penguins and some fishThey can also live inside of jellyfish, ctenophores, and salps (all will be discussed later in this presentation)Different species of amphipods can be found throughout the world’s oceans.Ctenophores(Pronounced TEN-O-FORE)Also called comb jelliesCan be up to 30 centimeters long in the AntarcticTransparent and softPredatory organismsThey can catch small crustaceans and fish using a sticky mucus. They also can eat krillCan be found throughout the water column from the deep ocean to right below the sea iceDifferent species of ctenophores can be found throughout the world’s oceans.CopepodsMost common zooplankton in the worldSmall organismsFeed on phytoplankton, other zooplankton, and detritus Detritus = waste or debrisGet eaten by many animals (krill, invertebrates, fish, baleen whales)Different species of copepods can be found throughout the world’s oceans.Pteropods(Pronounced TEAR-O-PODS)Planktonic snailsOften transparentEaten by fish and other invertebratesDifferent species of pteropods can be found throughout the world’s oceans.JelliesTwo types of jellies: salps and jellyfishSalpsBottom right photoTransparentBarrel shaped2 inches longCan be found by themselves or in colonies (connect themselves in chains)Eat phytoplanktonNot clear if they have any predators in the AntarcticJellyfishDifferent species of jellyfish can be found throughout the world’s oceans.Can be found throughout the water column from right under the ice to the deep oceanPredatory, using stinging cells to catch smaller planktonic organisms (copepods, krill, etc.)Species found in the cold polar seas are often quite largeBottom left photo: point out the penguinTop right photo: point out the scuba diverSquidRange in sizePictured are larval squidsDifferent species of squid can be found throughout the world’s oceans.Can be found throughout the water column, from the surface to the deep oceanEat lots of different organisms (krill, fish, jellyfish, other squid)Predators include sea birds, seals, and whalesFishAntarctic Fish SpeciesTop photo: Antarctic ToothfishBottom photo: Blackfin Ice FishIntegrated QuestionGive students a few minutes to talk and determine their answer.Ask if they agree or disagree with each other’s answers. Why or why not?ANSWER: Glycoproteins. They are antifreeze compounds that keep the fish’s blood and other fluids from freezing, allowing them to live in extremely cold temperatures.Marine MammalsInfographicMarine mammals are exactly what they sound like! Mammals that live in a marine environment. They are dependent on the ocean; however, they do not have to live exclusively in the ocean (they can live on land).In Antarctica, there are no terrestrial or land mammals; there are only marine mammals!There are 5 types of marine mammals, but we are only concerned with 3 of them for our lessons.Ursidae (Ursids)marine bears polar bearOnly live in the Arctic!We will talk about them more in the climate change lessonPinnipedsOtariidae (Otarids)Fur SealsPhocidae (Phocids)True SealsOdobenidae (Odobenids)WalrusOnly live in the Arctic!CetaceansWhalesMysticetes (baleen whales) and the odontocetes (toothed whales)Also includes dolphins and porpoisesOther marine mammals include the Mustelids (sea otter and marine otter) and the Sirenians (dugong and the manatee). Because neither of these species live in the Arctic or Antarctic, we will not be learning about them beyond this.Know Your Pinniped Family InfographicOnly 5 types of true seals are found in the Antarctic!Walrus is exclusively found in the Arctic.Antarctic Fur SealThe blonde colored seal has a condition called leucism, which causes reduced pigmentation. Normally, these seals are a darker color, as seen by the other seals in this photo.Weddell SealVideo: “Weddell Seal Scraping Ice” by Elizabethhf Whales InfographicToothed whales face leftBaleen whales face rightPerson in the middle to get a size perspectiveSouthern Right WhaleWeight = 48,000 – 50,000 poundsBlue WhaleWeight = 220,000 – 264,000 poundsPossibly up to 330,000 poundsCosmopolitan speciesCan be found throughout the world’s oceansVideo“Whales and Seals Feast on Krill”, by BBC Earth Penguins and Other SeabirdsPenguins InfographicFive of the 17 species of penguins can be found in Antarctica!The rest are found throughout the rest of the worldMany tropical speciesNEVER found in the ArcticActivityWorksheet: “Animals of the Antarctic”Students can pick any animal that lives in Antarctica; however, it is highly encouraged that they do not pick an animal that was discussed during this lesson. Students are also encouraged to pick different animals than their classmates. Students may use any legitimate sources to fill out their worksheet. Once completed, this worksheet should act as a fast facts guide for their chosen Antarctic animal.The picture may be printed or hand-drawn, it depends on what they assigning teacher requires.If needed, the teacher may assign animals in a manner of their choosing.Exit TicketHave students complete and turn in the exit ticket before they leave. ................
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