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Global Studies PostersUnderstanding Historical Time I: B.C. and A.D.The terms B.C. and A.D. tell time according to what are Christian Dates:B.C. means “Before Christ.” Any date followed by B.C. means that the event occurred before Jesus Christ was born. This means that a great deal of history occurred before his birth; it also means, for this way of keeping historical time, that the birth of Christ is the year zero.A.D. means “Anno Domini” which means, in Latin, “in the year of our lord.” Dates followed by A.D. mean that these events occurred after the death of Jesus Christ—in other words in the past 2,000 plus years. Understanding Historical Time II: BCE and CEBecause B.C. and A.D. are terms used to tell time according to the date of Jesus Christ’s birth, they are not universal terms. Jews and Muslims are on different calendars which also date from the founding of their respective religions. The solution to this confusion about dates are the terms BCE and CE. BCE means “Before the Common Era.” This way of marking time is the same as they way B.C. and A.D. mark time, but the expression is not Christian.CE means “Common Era,” and it too corresponds with the Christian dates that A.D. describes, but it too is not explicitly Christian.Other Calendars IWhile some Muslims believe their calendar should begin with the year of Muhammad’s birth—either 570 or 571 CE--the Islamic Calendar dates from the year 622 CE, which is when Muhammad and his followers migrated from Mecca to Medina, known as the Hijira. The year 2011 on the Islamic calendar is 1433.Other Calenders IIThe Hebrew or Jewish Calendar begins in the year before the creation described in the Biblical Book of Genesis. The first year of the Hebrew calendar corresponds with year 3761 BCE. To find the year on the Hebrew Calendar, add 3761 to the current year. The year 2012, therefore, is the year 5773 on the Hebrew calendar.Golden AgeMerriam-Websters Collegiate Dictonary (11th Edition) defines golden age this way: golden age n (1555): a period of great happiness, prosperity, and achievement.For our purposes, in Global Studies, we need to define this more comprehensively. The golden age of a civilization is when that civilization is at peace, is building wealth and becoming rich, and is enjoying the fruits of peace and prosperity: education, the arts, and social stability. Golden ages in civilizations, as history shows us, don’t last very long.Understanding Historical Time, Part IIIThere are several terms professional historians use to describe periods of time in world history. They are as follows:Pre-History: Used most broadly, Pre-history describes the period between the beginning of the universe and around 3000-3500 BC, when the first written records of human activity appear. Pre-history is understood mostly by studying artifacts of early humans.Ancient History, Bronze Age: 3000-1000 B.C.Ancient History, Iron Age: Begins 1,000 B.C. Classical Antiquity, 700 B.C. to 476 A.D., which includes:Hellenistic Era: 323 B.C.-146 B.C.Pax Romana: 29 B.C.-200 A.D. Late Antiquity: 284 A.D.-476 A.D.Middle Ages or Medieval Period, 476-1492, which includes:The Dark Ages: 476-1066The Renaissance: 1297-1637, which, by its end point, takes this age into early modern history.Early Modern History, 1492-1789: The early modern period begins with Columbus’ voyage to and discovery of the New World) and ends with the French Revolution in 1789, and includes The Enlightenment, which begins in 1689 and ends 100 years later.Modern History Begins in 1492, with Early Modern History, and Becomes “Modern: in 1789: the Modern Period of History Includes:1789-1914, The “Long” 19th Century1914-1991, The “Short” 20th CenturyContemporary History:Contemporary History Begins with 1991 and Includes Events that Happened since Then.Understanding Historical Time Part IV—The Ordinal CenturiesWhen we talk about the order of centuries, we use ordinal numbers to describe them, such as fifteenth century, sixteenth century, and so on. Remember that the ordinal number describes the preceding century. For example:The twelfth century is the 1100sThe thirteenth century is the 1200sThe fourteenth century is the 1300sThe fifteenth century is the 1400sThe sixteenth century is the 1500sThe seventeenth century is the 1600sThe eighteenth century is the 1700sAnd so on….Causes of HistoryWe have determined that there are nine basic causes of history:Geography and the Natural EnvironmentPeople and MigrationsAgricultureTrade and Commercial Interaction TechnologyCulture and ReligionThe SciencesPolitics and LeadersConflict: War Revolution, and Peace However, we understand that often in history more than one force, and often a combination of interacting forces, cause history.Milestones of World HistoryB.C., Before Christ. The dates below this line are the period of world history also known as B.C.E., which means Before the Common Era9000: Agriculture develops in the Fertile Crescent.8000: First cities develop at Jericho and Catal Huyuk6000: Agriculture begins in the Nile, Yangtze, and Indus River valleys.3500: Bronze tools are made in Sumer.3000: Earliest known writing is used in Mesopotamia.2650: First pyramid is built in Egypt.1500: Hinduism, one of the world’s oldest living religions, emerges in India.1200: Hebrews establish a kingdom in Canaan.528: Buddhism is founded by Siddartha Gautama in Northern India.509: Roman Republic is established as a representative form of government.508: Greeks form a democracy with direct rule by the people.500: Bantu begin their migration to central and southern Africa.400: Maya build their first pyramids.326: Alexander the Great’s empire stretches from Greece to India.220: Construction begins on the Great Wall of China.150: Silk Road links China and Europe through trade.4: Jesus Christ, the central figure of Christianity, is born in BethlehemAll the dates below this line are A.D. ,Anno Domini, which means In the year of our lord; this period is also known as C.E., or Common Era.117: Roman Empire reaches its greatest extent.220: Han dynasty ends and the Chinese Empire goes into decline.476: Western Roman Empire reaches its greatest extent.622: Islam begins to spread.700: Ghana becomes the first empire in West Africa.1096: Christians start a series of crusades against Muslims.1279: Mongols conquer China and create one of the largest empires in history.1325: Aztec settle at Tenochtitlan in central Mexico.1346: Bubonic plague spreads to Europe.1450: Johannes Gutenberg perfects the printing press.1453: Ottomans take Constantinople and end the Byzantine Empire.1492: Columbus reaches the Americas.1503: Leonardo Da Vinci paints the Mona Lisa, a great work of the Italian Renaissance.1517: Reformation begins when Martin Luther protests church corruption.1776: Declaration of Independence is written by colonists rebelling against Britain.1789: French Revolution begins when the people of Paris capture the Bastille.1879: Thomas Edison invents the electric light bulb.1884: Almost all of Africa is claimed by seven European coutnires.1914: World War I begins and soon involves most nations of Europe.1917: Revolution in Russia establishes communist government.1945: Atomic bomb is dropped, World War II ends, and United Nations is formed.1960: Eighteen African countries gain independence in a single year.1991: The Soviet Union collapses and the Cold War ends.2001: Terrorists attack New York City and Washington D.C.The Seven Continents:Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Antarctica, Europe, AustraliaThe Oceans by SizePacific Ocean (60, 060,700 square miles)Atlantic Ocean (29, 637,900 square miles)Indian Ocean (26,469,500 square miles)Southern Ocean (20,327,000 square miles)Arctic Ocean (14,056,000 square miles)The Seas by SizeMediterranean Sea (1,144,800 square miles)Caribbean Sea (1,049,500 square miles)South China Sea (895,400 square miles)Bering Sea (884,900 square miles)Gulf of Mexico (615,000 square miles)Okhotsk Sea (613,800 square miles)East China Sea (482,300 square miles)Hudson Bay (475,800 square miles)Japan Sea (389,100 square miles)Andaman Sea (308,000 square miles)North Sea (222,100 square miles)Red Sea (169,100 square miles) Baltic Sea (163,000 square miles)Historic Ages and Eras Reference SheetStone Age: 570 million years ago – 3000 B.C.Paleolithic Stage/Early Stone AgeMesolithic Stage/Middle Stone AgeNeolithic Stage/New Stone AgeEarly Civilizations: 5000 B.C.Bronze Age: 3000-1200 B.C.(Dark Ages in Greece: 1100-700 B.C.)Iron Age: 1100-1000 C.E.Roman Empire: 500 B.C.-476 C.E.Early Middle Ages: C.E. 476-1000Middle Ages: (Medieval Period) 476-1450Renaissance: 1450-1750Exploration: 1490-1911Reformation: 1500-1600Colonization and Invention: 1600-1700Revolution and Independence: 1700-1815Industrial Revolution: 1750-1900Warring World: 1900-1946Cold War: 1947-1991Mythological Ages and Eras*Age of Gold and the Immortals/The Golden Age: ease and peace, before Zeus, when Cronus ruled; age of innocence and joyAge of Silver: humans become less noble, Zeus ruled; age of unpleasantnessAge of Bronze/Brazen Age: age of warring with bronzeAge of Epic Heroes/Heroic Age: Trojan War and surrounding periodAge of Iron and Dread Sorrow: age of corruption, warfare and unhappiness; no rest from laborMansa Musa MnemonicMansa Musa, king ofMali, was aMuslim, went toMecca, returned to Mali, and build aMany MosquesGlobal Studies Word WallConflict DiplomacyDiplomatCivilizationBarbarismBarbarianTradeCommercial InteractionGold-Salt TradeCultural DiffusionAgricultureManufacturingBronze AgeIron AgeGolden AgeMedievalMiddle AgesCultureLanguageReligionEconomyEconomicSocietySocialFeudalismNation-StateCity-StateEmpireSettlementGlobal Studies Cultural LiteracyAdapted from: Hirsch, E.D., Joseph F. Kett, and James Trefil. The New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy. New York: Houghton Mifflin, 2002.Aristocracy: A hereditary ruling class, or a form of government controlled by such an elite. British Empire: The empire of Britain, which began in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries with the establishment of colonies in North America and ended in the twentieth century as dozens of nations, formerly British possessions, became independent. At the empire’s greatest extent, around 1900, it included Australia, Canada, India, New Zealand, vast portions of Africa, and many smaller territories throughout the world. \Class Structure: The hierarchical organization by which a society or community is divided into classes. Colonialism: The control of one nation by “transplanted” people of another nation—often a geographically distant nation that has a different culture and dominant racial or ethnic group. A classic example of colonialism is the control of India by Britain from the eighteenth century to 1947.Consent of the Governed: A condition urged by many as a requirement for legitimate government: that the authority of a government should depend on the consent of the people, as expressed by votes in elections.Demography (di-mog-ruh-fee): The quantitative study of human populations. Demographers study subjects such as the geographical distribution of people, birth and death rates, socioeconomic status, and age and sex distributions in order to identify the influences on population growth, structure and development.Divine Right of Kings: The doctrine that kings and queens have a God-given right to rule and that rebellion against them is a sin. This belief was common through the seventeenth century and was urged by such kings as Louis XIV of France.Due Process of Law: The principle that an individual cannot be deprived of life, liberty, or property without appropriate legal procedures and safeguards. The Bill of Rights and the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution guarantee that any person accused of a crime must receive due process of law.Equal Protection of the Laws: A phrase in the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution requiring that states guarantee the same rights, privileges, and protections to all citizens. Great Man Theory: An approach to history associated with the nineteenth-century Scottish historian Thomas Carlyle, who declared: “The history of the world is but the biography of great men.” Humanist In the Renaissance, a scholar who studied the languages and cultures of ancient Greece and Rome; today, a scholar of the humanities. Imperialism: Acquisition by a government of other governments or territories, or of economic or cultural power over other nations or territories, often by force. Colonialism is a form of imperialism.Indulgence: In the Roman Catholic Church, a declaration by church authorities that those who say certain prayers of do good deeds will have some or all of their punishment in purgatory remitted. In the Middle Ages, indulgences were frequently sold, and the teaching on indulgences was often distorted. The attack by Martin Luther on the sale of indulgences began the Reformation.Market Economy: An economy in which the greater part of production, distribution, and exchange is controlled by individuals and privately owned corporations rather than by the government, and in which government interference in the market is minimal. Mercantilism (mur-kuhn-ti-liz-uhm): An economic doctrine that flourished in Europe from the sixteenth to the eighteenth centuries. Mercantilists held that nation’s wealth consisted primarily in the amount of gold and silver in its treasury. Accordingly, mercantilist governments imposed extensive restrictions on their economies to ensure a surplus of exports over imports. In the eighteenth century, mercantilism was challenged by the doctrine of laissez-faire.Mesopotamia (mes-uh-puh-tay-mee-uh) A region of Western Asia, in what is now Iraq, known as the “cradle of civilization.” Western writing first developed there, done with sticks on clay tablets. Agricultural organization on a large scale also began in Mesopotamia, along with work in bronze and iron. Nile River: River originating in central Africa and flowing north to the Mediterranean Sea, with its delta in Egypt. The Nile proper is formed by the joining of the Blue Nile, which flows from Ethiopia, and the White Nile, which flows from Lake Victoria. The Nile River Valley in Egypt is the site of the first great civilization.Republic: A form of government which power is explicitly vested in the people, who in turn exercise their power through elected representatives. Today, the terms republic and democracy are virtually interchangeable. “Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it:” Studying history is necessary to avoid repeating past mistakes. This saying comes from the writings of George Santayana, a Spanish-born American author of the late-nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.Seven Wonders of the Ancient World: Seven famous structures of Ancient times: the Colossus of Rhodes, the Hanging Gardens of Babylon, the Pyramids of Egypt (particularly the Great Pyramid of Giza), the statue of Zeus at Olympia, the Temple of Artemis at Ephesus, the Tomb of Mausolus (Mausoleum) at Halicarnassus, and the Lighthouse of Alexandria. All have disappeared except the pyramids.Supply and Demand: In classical economic theory, the relationship between these two factors determines the price of a commodity. This relationship is thought to be the driving force in a free market. As demand for an item increases, prices rise. When manufacturers respond to the price increase by producing a larger supply of that item, this increases competition and drives the price down. Modern economic theory proposes that many other factors affect price, including government regulations, monopolies, and modern techniques of marketing and advertising. ................
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