Earth Science Chapter 19 – Earth, Moon and Sun
Earth Science Chapter 19 – Earth, Moon and Sun
Astronomy – _____.
Rotation – _____
Axis – _____. (similar to axis on a car connecting two wheels)
Revolution – _____
Orbit – _____
The moon rotates and revolves
• The moon revolves around us every _____
• The moon also rotates at the same rate. Because of this the same side of the moon is always facing us.
Phases
• The moon reflects light from the sun back to us. Half of it is always lit, but the phase of the moon depends on _____.
• Full moon – _____
• New moon – _____
• ½ moon is actually a quarter. We see a quarter of the whole moon, half of what is lit up, half of a circle
• waxing – _____
• waning – _____
• gibbous – _____
• crescent – _____
Eclipses – when the moon’s shadow hits earth, or the earth’s shadow hits the moon
• the moon orbits at an angle to our equator, it does not go directly around our center
• Solar - _____
• Lunar - _____. (only occurs when there is a full moon)
• Umbra – _____
• Penumbra – _____
Tides – the moon’s gravitational pull moves the water on the earth because the water is not permanently attached to one spot. This causes high and low tides.
Characteristics of the moon
• Dry and airless
• Small (diameter is less than the distance across the US)
• Large variations of temperature (130 to -180 ºC)
• 1/8th the mass of Earth
• no liquid water but we are searching and are looking for it and have seen good signs
The moon formed when _____.
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Facts:
• Earth completes 1 rotation every _____
• Earth completes 1 revolution around the sun every _____ (0.25 days add up every 4 years to Leap Day in Feb.)
• Earth’s orbit is slightly elliptical
• Earth’s rotation is what causes the sun, moon, and stars to appear to move across the sky
• Earth’s axis is tilted _____degrees
The seasons
• Suns’ rays hit the earth more directly at the _____ than at the _____.
• The poles do not receive as much energy as the equator because _____
• This is why the poles are cold and the equator is hot
• _____ of the earth causes the seasons.
• When N hemisphere is tilted towards the sun (more direct rays) it is _____, when it is tilted away it is _____
• S hemisphere is the _____
• In the summer the sun is higher in the sky and the day is longer.
• Solstice – _____ (actually at 23.5ºN or S latitude) 6/21 and 12/21 each year
• Equinox – _____ (3/21 and 9/22) _____and the sun is _____.
What keeps the Earth and the moon in orbit instead of flying out into space? Gravity. Gravity is _____.
Law of Universal Gravitation – _____ (Sir Isaac Newton).
• Strength of the force depends _____
• Mass – _____
• Weight – _____. Your mass does not change from planet to planet, but your weight does because each planet has a different gravity.
• The smaller the mass, the _____ pull and object has
• If distance increases between objects, the pull _____
Inertia – _____
• This is why the earth does not fall into the sun
• The earth has inertia from motion going away from the sun. This is what generates its orbit.
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Rockets
• device that expels gas in one direction to move in the opposite direction
• first ones made in China in 1100s
• modern rockets first developed in the 1900s
• orbital velocity – _____
• escape velocity - _____
• thrust – _____
• amount of thrust depends on _____
• more thrust = more speed
Multistage Rockets
• smaller rockets are placed on top of each other and break off in stages as fuel is used up
• 1960s Saturn V rocket was used to get to the moon
Race for space
• 1957 Soviets launched _____
• caused concern because we were in the Cold War and did not know what the Soviets could do with the satellite
• 1958 US launched Explorer 1
• 1958 US started NASA
• 1961 Soviets launched _____ into space, orbited earth once
• 1 month later American _____ was into space
• 1962 _____ orbited earth 3 times
Missions to the moon
• _____ program – to get an American to orbit earth
• _____ program – to look for landing sites on the moon and learn how to dock in space
• Surveyor landed on the moon without people and didn’t sink in, proving we could land
• _____ – land on the moon
• 7/20/1969 – Apollo 11 Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin entered the Eagle and landed in the Sea of Tranquility on the moon.
Today
• space shuttles – can carry a crew into space, return to earth, land like an airplane, and be reused, rockets on the sides fall away once in space
• _____– artificial satellite in which people can live and work for long periods, work began in 1980s and it still is being added to today
• space probes – _____.
• Rovers – _____.
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